生物多样性 ›› 2019, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (1): 5-12.DOI: 10.17520/biods.2018246
余建平1,申云逸2,宋小友1,陈小南1,李晟2,申小莉3,*()
收稿日期:
2018-09-13
接受日期:
2019-01-02
出版日期:
2019-01-20
发布日期:
2019-03-15
通讯作者:
申小莉
基金资助:
Yu Jianping1,Shen Yunyi2,Song Xiaoyou1,Chen Xiaonan1,Li Sheng2,Shen Xiaoli3,*()
Received:
2018-09-13
Accepted:
2019-01-02
Online:
2019-01-20
Published:
2019-03-15
Contact:
Shen Xiaoli
摘要:
功能分区是统一协调国家公园不同保护管理目标的主要措施, 对于国家公园的有效管理有重要意义。钱江源国家公园是我国首批国家公园体制试点区之一, 被分为核心保护区、生态保育区、游憩展示区和传统利用区4个部分, 对应不同的保护管理措施。本研究分析了钱江源国家公园体制试点区现有功能分区与其首要保护对象黑麂(Muntiacus crinifrons)的适宜栖息地之间的空间关系。在红外相机调查获取的94个黑麂分布点的基础上, 结合海拔、地形、植被特征、人为活动干扰等15个环境特征变量, 采用MaxEnt模型预测国家公园内黑麂适宜栖息地的空间分布。结果表明, 黑麂倾向于出现在森林较为原始和道路密度较低的区域, 其适宜栖息地面积42.5 km 2, 占国家公园总面积的16.9%。其中, 69.3%的黑麂适宜栖息地位于核心保护区, 30.4%位于生态保育区, 表明国家公园现有功能分区能很好地满足黑麂栖息地保护的需求。此结果也证明黑麂可以作为其分布范围内保存较好的亚热带森林生态系统的指示性物种。通过生境恢复、廊道建设和跨省共建促进黑麂栖息地的完整性保护, 是加强该区域黑麂栖息地保护的关键措施。
余建平, 申云逸, 宋小友, 陈小南, 李晟, 申小莉. 钱江源国家公园体制试点区功能分区对黑麂保护的有效性评估[J]. 生物多样性, 2019, 27(1): 5-12.
Yu Jianping, Shen Yunyi, Song Xiaoyou, Chen Xiaonan, Li Sheng, Shen Xiaoli. Evaluating the effectiveness of functional zones for black muntjac (Muntiacus crinifrons) protection in Qianjiangyuan National Park pilot site[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2019, 27(1): 5-12.
图1 古田山国家级自然保护区2014-2018年红外相机调查网格与黑麂记录位点
Fig. 1 Camera-trapping survey grids and the occurrence locations of black muntjac in the Gutianshan National Nature Reserve, 2014-2018
变量 Variables | 代码 Code | 变量类型 Data type | 范围/类型 Range/Content |
---|---|---|---|
海拔 Elevation (m) | ELE | 连续 Continuous | 170-1,260 |
坡度 Slope (o) | Slope | 连续 Continuous | 0-53.2 |
坡向 Aspect | Aspect | 分类 Categorical | 阳坡/阴坡 Warm/cold aspect |
地表崎岖度 Ruggedness (m) | TRI | 连续 Continuous | 0-52.7 |
土地利用类型 Land use type | LU | 分类 Categorical | 乔木林、竹林、疏林、特殊灌木林地、苗圃等13类 Forest, bamboo forest, shrub, special shrub land, nursery etc. |
森林类型 Forest type | FOR_type | 分类 Categorical | 针叶林、阔叶林、针阔混交林、非林地 Conifer, broadleaf, conifer and broadleaf mixed forest, and non-forest |
森林完整性 Forest intactness | FOR_int | 分类 Categorical | 无干扰的原始林、轻度干扰的天然林、重度干扰的天然林或人工林 Primary forest, natural forest with light disturbance, natural forest with heavy disturbance/planted forests |
林龄 Age of stand | FOR_age | 分类 Categorical | 幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林、成熟林、过熟林、非林地 Young forest, middle-aged forest, near-mature forest, mature forest, over-ripe forest, non-forest land |
优势树种 Dominant species | FOR_spp | 分类 Categorical | 马尾松, 黄山松, 池杉等共60类 Pinus massoniana, Pinus taiwanensis, Taxodium ascendens, etc. |
主干道密度 Density of large roads (m/km2) | LRD_den | 连续 Continuous | 0-2.01 |
总道路密度 Density of all roads (m/km2) | TRD_den | 连续 Continuous | 0.04-4.37 |
与最近道路距离 Distance to nearest road (m) | TRD_dist | 连续 Continuous | 0-3,750 |
居民点密度 House density (m2/km2) | HOU_den | 连续 Continuous | 0-75,100 |
与最近居民点距离 Distance to nearest house (m) | HOU_dist | 连续 Continuous | 0-2,650 |
河流密度 River density (m/km2) | RIV_den | 连续 Continuous | 0.40-2.22 |
与最近河流距离 Distance to nearest river (m) | RIV_dist | 连续 Continuous | 0-1,150 |
表1 用于钱江源国家公园体制试点区内黑麂适宜栖息地评估的环境因子
Table 1 Environmental variables used to construct the distribution models of black muntjac in the Qianjiangyuan National Park pilot site
变量 Variables | 代码 Code | 变量类型 Data type | 范围/类型 Range/Content |
---|---|---|---|
海拔 Elevation (m) | ELE | 连续 Continuous | 170-1,260 |
坡度 Slope (o) | Slope | 连续 Continuous | 0-53.2 |
坡向 Aspect | Aspect | 分类 Categorical | 阳坡/阴坡 Warm/cold aspect |
地表崎岖度 Ruggedness (m) | TRI | 连续 Continuous | 0-52.7 |
土地利用类型 Land use type | LU | 分类 Categorical | 乔木林、竹林、疏林、特殊灌木林地、苗圃等13类 Forest, bamboo forest, shrub, special shrub land, nursery etc. |
森林类型 Forest type | FOR_type | 分类 Categorical | 针叶林、阔叶林、针阔混交林、非林地 Conifer, broadleaf, conifer and broadleaf mixed forest, and non-forest |
森林完整性 Forest intactness | FOR_int | 分类 Categorical | 无干扰的原始林、轻度干扰的天然林、重度干扰的天然林或人工林 Primary forest, natural forest with light disturbance, natural forest with heavy disturbance/planted forests |
林龄 Age of stand | FOR_age | 分类 Categorical | 幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林、成熟林、过熟林、非林地 Young forest, middle-aged forest, near-mature forest, mature forest, over-ripe forest, non-forest land |
优势树种 Dominant species | FOR_spp | 分类 Categorical | 马尾松, 黄山松, 池杉等共60类 Pinus massoniana, Pinus taiwanensis, Taxodium ascendens, etc. |
主干道密度 Density of large roads (m/km2) | LRD_den | 连续 Continuous | 0-2.01 |
总道路密度 Density of all roads (m/km2) | TRD_den | 连续 Continuous | 0.04-4.37 |
与最近道路距离 Distance to nearest road (m) | TRD_dist | 连续 Continuous | 0-3,750 |
居民点密度 House density (m2/km2) | HOU_den | 连续 Continuous | 0-75,100 |
与最近居民点距离 Distance to nearest house (m) | HOU_dist | 连续 Continuous | 0-2,650 |
河流密度 River density (m/km2) | RIV_den | 连续 Continuous | 0.40-2.22 |
与最近河流距离 Distance to nearest river (m) | RIV_dist | 连续 Continuous | 0-1,150 |
斑块编号 Patch ID | 斑块面积 Area (ha) | 核心栖息地面积 Core area (ha) | 核心栖息地数量 Number of core area | 核心栖息地面积比例 Core area percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
所有斑块 All patches | 4,254 | 1,992 | 92 | 46.8 |
1 | 52 | 10 | 2 | 19.4 |
2 | 68 | 13 | 5 | 20.0 |
3 | 262 | 171 | 1 | 65.2 |
4 | 273 | 92 | 13 | 33.9 |
5 | 660 | 195 | 14 | 34.9 |
6 | 2,395 | 1,457 | 28 | 60.8 |
表2 钱江源国家公园体制试点区内黑麂适宜栖息地及6个最大斑块的特征
Table 2 Characteristics of the suitable habitat patches, including the six largest patches, of black muntjac in the Qianjiangyuan National Park pilot site
斑块编号 Patch ID | 斑块面积 Area (ha) | 核心栖息地面积 Core area (ha) | 核心栖息地数量 Number of core area | 核心栖息地面积比例 Core area percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
所有斑块 All patches | 4,254 | 1,992 | 92 | 46.8 |
1 | 52 | 10 | 2 | 19.4 |
2 | 68 | 13 | 5 | 20.0 |
3 | 262 | 171 | 1 | 65.2 |
4 | 273 | 92 | 13 | 33.9 |
5 | 660 | 195 | 14 | 34.9 |
6 | 2,395 | 1,457 | 28 | 60.8 |
图2 钱江源国家公园体制试点区内黑麂适宜栖息地分布图。编号1-6为面积最大的6个栖息地斑块, 以不同颜色显示, 绿色斑块为其余的适宜栖息地。
Fig. 2 Distribution of black muntjac suitable habitat patches in the Qianjiangyuan National Park pilot site. Number 1-6 marks the 6 largest suitable habitat patches, represented in different colors; the left patches are shown in green.
图3 Jackknife检验评估制约黑麂分布的主要环境因子及其相对贡献。代码含义见表1。
Fig. 3 Results of Jackknife evaluation on the relative importance of environmental variables to the presence of black muntjac. Please refer to Table 1 for code definition.
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