基于线粒体和微卫星分子标记分析种群恢复后普氏原羚的遗传多样性与遗传结构

doi:10.17520/biods.2026176

生物多样性

基于线粒体和微卫星分子标记分析种群恢复后普氏原羚的遗传多样性与遗传结构

胡天石^1,2, 宋鹏飞¹, 张婧捷³, 江峰¹, 常宁^1,4, 林中原^1,4, 张欣雨^1,4, 张同作^1,2, 蔡振媛^1,2*

1. 中国科学院西北高原生物研究所青海省动物生态基因组学重点实验室，西宁 810008；2. 中国科学院大学，北京 100048；3. 青海大学省部共建三江源生态与高原农牧业国家重点实验室，西宁 810016；4. 青海大学生态环境工程学院，西宁 810016

收稿日期:2026-05-12 修回日期:2026-08-01 接受日期:2026-08-20
通讯作者: 蔡振媛
基金资助:
青海省重点研发与转化计划(2024-SF-146); 中国科学院“西部之光”; 中央财政林业草原生态保护恢复资金青海湖国家级自然保护区能力建设项目

Genetic diversity and structure of Procapra przewalskii after population restoration based on mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite markers

Tianshi Hu^1,2, Pengfei Song¹, Jingjie Zhang³, Feng Jiang¹, Ning Chang⁴, Zhongyuan Lin^1,4, Xinyu Zhang⁴, Tongzuo Zhang^1,2, Zhenyuan Cai^1,2*

1 Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China

2 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China

3 State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China

4 College of Eco - Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China

Received:2026-05-12 Revised:2026-08-01 Accepted:2026-08-20
Contact: Zhenyuan Cai
Supported by:
Key Research and Transformation Program of Qinghai Province(2024-SF-146); West Light Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences; the Capacity Building Project of Qinghai Lake National Nature Reserve funded by the Central Government Forestry and Grassland Ecological Protection and Restoration

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 普氏原羚（Procapra przewalskii）是世界上最濒危的羚羊之一，近年来，该物种的种群数量呈现恢复式增长，开展种群数量恢复背景下遗传多样性研究，对普氏原羚的有效保护至关重要。本研究对2023–2024年采集的287份普氏原羚粪便样品，采用线粒体和微卫星分子标记，分析其遗传多样性、遗传结构及种群历史动态。结果显示：普氏原羚线粒体呈现出高单倍型多样性、低核苷酸多样性的特征，微卫星分子标记显示在核基因水平上维持着较高的遗传多样性，普氏原羚的遗传多样性水平较2010年前后有升高趋势，但不同地理种群间遗传多样性水平差异明显。现存普氏原羚的遗传变异主要来源于种群内，种群间分化水平较低，未形成显著的谱系地理结构，总体处于中等偏低的近交水平。普氏原羚不同种群间地理距离与遗传距离显著正相关。青藏铁路两侧种群间的遗传分化高于G315公路两侧，表明铁路对核心分布区种群内基因交流产生了阻隔影响。种群历史动态分析表明，普氏原羚经历过种群扩张事件，而有效种群规模在近三四千年发生了快速下降，主要受晚全新世气候转向冷干、植被格局改变及人类农牧活动增强的共同驱动。基于普氏原羚遗传现状，建议将现存普氏原羚作为一个进化显著单元。同时，在青藏铁路两侧构建生态廊道，并在遗传风险评估基础上对鸟岛种群引入外源个体，以实现小种群的遗传复壮。本研究为种群数量恢复背景下现存普氏原羚的科学保护提供了保护遗传学依据。

关键词: 普氏原羚, 遗传多样性, 遗传结构, 种群历史动态, 微卫星, 线粒体DNA, 保护

Abstract

Aims: Genetic diversity is an indispensable component of biodiversity conservation and management. Przewalski’s gazelle (Procapra przewalskii) is among the world’s most endangered antelopes. In recent years, its population size has shown demographic recovery. Therefore, investigating the genetic diversity of Procapra przewalskii in the context of population recovery is essential for the effective conservation of this species.

Methods: We analyzed 287 fecal samples of Procapra przewalskii collected during 2023–2024 using mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite markers. Genetic diversity, genetic structure, and demographic history were assessed.

Results: Mitochondrial DNA revealed high haplotype diversity and low nucleotide diversity, while microsatellite markers indicated relatively high nuclear genetic diversity. The genetic diversity of Procapra przewalskii has shown an increasing trend compared with that around 2010, although marked differences in genetic diversity were observed among geographic populations. Genetic variation in extant Procapra przewalskii was mainly distributed within populations. Genetic differentiation among populations was low, no significant phylogeographic structure was detected, and the overall level of inbreeding was moderate to low. Geographic distance was significantly positively correlated with genetic distance among geographical populations. Moreover, genetic differentiation between populations on either side of the Qinghai–Tibet Railway was higher than that across G315 Highway, indicating that the railway impedes gene flow among populations within the core distribution area. Demographic history analyses indicated that Procapra przewalskii experienced a population expansion event, while the effective population size has undergone a rapid decline over the past three to four thousand years, primarily driven by the combined effects of late-Holocene climatic cooling and drying, vegetation pattern shifts, and intensified human agro-pastoral activities.

Conclusions: Based on the current genetic status of Procapra przewalskii, we recommend that all extant Procapra przewalskii populations be treated as a single evolutionarily significant unit. In addition, ecological corridors should be prioritized on both sides of the Qinghai–Tibet Railway, and the introduction of individuals from external populations into the Bird Island population should be considered after genetic risk assessment, with the aim of achieving genetic rescue of this small population. This study provides a conservation genetic basis for the scientific conservation of extant Procapra przewalskii in the context of population recovery.

Key words: Procapra przewalskii, genetic diversity, genetic structure, demographic history, microsatellites, mitochondrial DNA, conservation

胡天石, 宋鹏飞, 张婧捷, 江峰, 常宁, 林中原, 张欣雨, 张同作, 蔡振媛. 基于线粒体和微卫星分子标记分析种群恢复后普氏原羚的遗传多样性与遗传结构. 生物多样性, DOI: 10.17520/biods.2026176.

Tianshi Hu, Pengfei Song, Jingjie Zhang, Feng Jiang, Ning Chang, Zhongyuan Lin, Xinyu Zhang, Tongzuo Zhang, Zhenyuan Cai. Genetic diversity and structure of Procapra przewalskii after population restoration based on mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite markers. Biodiversity Science, DOI: 10.17520/biods.2026176.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2026176

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