基于鸟类多样性提升的南滇池国家湿地公园生态修复效果

doi:10.17520/biods.2024531

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本研究以东亚-澳大利西亚候鸟迁飞通道上重要的候鸟越冬地与中途停歇地——滇池湖滨带南岸的南滇池国家湿地公园为研究对象。该区域围湖造田和防浪堤建设等人为活动, 导致了湿地生态系统退化与生物多样性衰减。本文首先通过系统性整合生物多样性本底调查、关键物种筛选、生态功能分区等基础研究, 提出了包括水文连通性恢复、多样化生境营造及植被群落优化等措施在内的生态修复策略, 接着采用Jaccard相似性系数和G-F指数对比了公园建设前后的鸟类物种多样性变化, 最后总结了湿地公园建设经验以及对未来湿地公园的建设方向进行了思考。研究结果表明,项目建成后, 湿地公园生物多样性提升, Jaccard相似性系数为0.83, 群落组成相似度高, 公园建设对原有鸟类群落扰动较小; G-F指数从建设前的0.7提升到0.8, 其中科间的多样性指数(D_F)由13.83提升至21.16; 林鸟、水鸟的数量都有提升, 新增鸟类以冬候鸟为主, 实现了设计初衷。建议未来在生物多样性监测和评估、湿地公园管理法规制定和运营维护等方面加强工作。

关键词: 生物多样性保护, 国家湿地公园, 生态保护修复, 滇池, 系统治理

Abstract

Aims & Background South Dianchi National Wetland Park, which is an important wintering and stopover site for migratory birds in the East Asia-Australia migratory corridor, was selected as a research target. The wetland ecosystem has been degraded and the biodiversity declined due to the human activities such as farmland reclamation around the lake and construction of wave breakwaters.

Methods: This study conducted case analysis to describe the protection of the wetland ecosystem and to restoration of the damaged wetland habitats and woodland habitats in terms of determining protection and restoration objectives, dividing ecological zones, removing wave breakwaters, connecting the water system and modifying the forest. In addition, this paper systematically summarized the experience gained in design, implementation, construction, operation and management of the wetland park and reflected on the key tasks that need to be strengthened in the future. The Jaccard similarity index and genus-family index (G-F index) were also used to compare the changes in bird species diversity before and after park construction.

Results: After the completion, the biodiversity of the wetland park has been enhanced. The Jaccard similarity index reached 0.83, indicating high similarity in community composition and low disturbance of the original bird community by the park construction. The G-F index rose from 0.7 to 0.8, and the diversity index at family level (D_F) increased from 13.83 to 21.16. Both forest bird and waterbird populations increased, with newly recorded species being predominantly winter migrant, realizing the original design intent.

Suggestions & Perspectives We suggest that the future work should be strengthened in the aspects of biodiversity monitoring and assessment, the formulation of wetland park management regulations and operation and maintenance etc.

Key words: biodiversity conservation, national wetland park, ecological conservation and restoration, Dianchi, systemic governance

王欣, 鲍风宇 (2025) 基于鸟类多样性提升的南滇池国家湿地公园生态修复效果. 生物多样性, 33, 24531. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024531.

Xin Wang, Fengyu Bao (2025) Ecological restoration effect of South Dianchi National Wetland Park based on the enhancement of bird diversity. Biodiversity Science, 33, 24531. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024531.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2024531

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2025/V33/I5/24531

图/表 7

图1 南滇池国家湿地公园区位示意图(a)、建设前2009年卫星图(b)和建设后2019年卫星图(c)

Fig. 1 Location map (a), satellite image before construction (2009) (b) and after construction (2019) (c) of South Dianchi National Wetland Park

图2 南滇池国家湿地公园湿地生境营造示意图

Fig. 2 Design diagram of South Dianchi National Wetland Park Wetland habitat

图3 南滇池国家湿地公园改造示意图。(a)水系改造示意图; (b)岸线改造示意图; (c)中山杉纯林改造示意图。

Fig. 3 Renovation diagram of South Dianchi National Wetland Park. (a) Water system renovation diagram; (b) Shoreline renovation diagram; (c) Taxodium ‘Zhongshanshan’ forest renovation diagram.

表1 南滇池国家湿地公园建设前后鸟类物种多样性指数对比。DF: 科间的多样性指数; DG: 属间的多样性指数。

Table 1 Comparison of bird biodiversity index of South Dianchi National Wetland Park. The diversity index at genus level (DG) and at family level (DF).

年份 Year	科 Family	属 Genus	D_F指数 D_Findex	D_G指数 D_G index	D_G-_F指数 D_G-_F index	Jaccard相似性系数 Jaccard similarity index
2014	33	76	13.83	4.11	0.7	0.83
2020	36	90	21.16	4.22	0.8	0.83

表2 南滇池国家湿地公园建设前后鸟类居留型对比。占比: 各居留型鸟类物种数占鸟类总物种数的比例。

Table 2 Comparison of bird residency type of South Dianchi National Wetland Park before and after construction. Proportion, The ratio of the number of bird species of each residency type to the total number of bird species.

年份 Year	留鸟 Resident		冬候鸟 Winter migrant		夏候鸟 Summer migrant		旅鸟 Passage migrant
年份 Year	物种数 No. of species	占比 Proportion	物种数 No. of species	占比 Proportion	物种数 No. of species	占比 Proportion	物种数 No. of species	占比 Proportion
2014	55	43.3%	31	24.4%	11	8.6%	14	11.0%
2020	64	42.7%	64	42.7%	14	9.3%	28	18.7%

表3 南滇池国家湿地公园建设前后鸟类种团对比。占比: 各鸟类种团物种数占鸟类总物种数的比例。

Table 3 Comparison of bird species group of South Dianchi National Wetland Park before and after construction. Proportion, The ratio of the number of bird species of each bird species group to the total number of bird species.

年份 Year	林鸟 Forest bird		水鸟 Waterfowl
年份 Year	物种数 No. of species	占比 Proportion	物种数 No. of species	占比 Proportion
2014	53	41.70%	102	80.30%
2020	68	45.30%	112	74.70%

表4 南滇池国家湿地公园建设前后鸟类保护级别对比。占比: 各保护级别鸟类物种数占鸟类总物种数的比例。

Table 4 Comparison of bird protection grade of South Dianchi National Wetland Park before and after construction. Proportion, The ratio of the number of bird species of each bird protection grade to the total number of bird species.

年份 Year	国家一级重点保护野生动物 First-class national key protected wildlife		国家二级重点保护野生动物 Second-class national key protected wildlife
	物种数 No. of species	占比 Proportion	物种数 No. of species	占比 Proportion
	2014	1	0.80%	6	4.70%
2020	2	1.30%	11	7.30%

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