清华大学校园鸟类多样性特征与环境关联

doi:10.17520/biods.2024373

生物多样性 ›› 2025, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (5): 24373. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024373 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2024373

所属专题：昆蒙框架目标12下的中国城市生物多样性研究专辑

• 研究报告 • 下一篇

清华大学校园鸟类多样性特征与环境关联

曾子轩¹^,²(), 杨锐¹^,²^,^*()(), 黄越³(), 陈路遥¹^,²

1.清华大学建筑学院景观学系, 北京 100084
2.清华大学国家公园研究院, 北京 100084
3.中国农业大学园艺学院, 北京 100193

收稿日期:2024-08-18 接受日期:2024-12-15 出版日期:2025-05-20 发布日期:2025-03-31
通讯作者: 杨锐
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(51978365);国家自然科学基金(52378060)

Characteristics of bird diversity and environmental relationships in Tsinghua University campus

Tz-Hsuan Tseng¹^,²(), Rui Yang¹^,²^,^*()(), Yue Huang³(), Luyao Chen¹^,²

1. Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
2. Institute for National Parks, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
3. College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China

Received:2024-08-18 Accepted:2024-12-15 Online:2025-05-20 Published:2025-03-31
Contact: Rui Yang
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51978365);National Natural Science Foundation of China(52378060)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

城市绿地是生物多样性保护的重要载体, 大学校园作为城市建成区的缩影, 对提升小微绿地质量与生物多样性保护有重要意义。然而, 已有大学校园生物多样性研究缺乏连续的时间与空间信息, 且未明确物种与绿地内部植被结构的关联, 可能影响小微绿地内部结构质量的优化。本文以清华大学校园鸟类为研究对象, 通过实地调查鸟类与植物群落, 运用广义线性模型和冗余分析, 探讨了大学校园的鸟类分布时空格局以及鸟类组成与绿地特征的关联。研究发现, 鸟类在大学校园绿地内部呈现集中分布且存在季节差异。鸟类组成与木本食源植物丰富度、灌木均匀度、草本盖度、人工草地盖度、乔木盖度存在关联。其中木本食源植物丰富度与鸟类多度、丰富度及Shannon多样性指数呈正向关联, 灌木均匀度与鸟类丰富度及Shannon多样性指数呈正向关联, 乔木盖度和人工草地盖度仅同时分别小于等于37.5%与小于39.8%时与鸟类多度呈正向关联, 而草本盖度则与鸟类丰富度及Shannon多样性指数呈负向关联。此外, 不同居留型鸟类的生境选择存在差异, 秋季的过境鸟分布仅关联于植被结构, 留鸟和冬候鸟分布同时关联于绿地物理特征和植被结构。我们建议在遵循自然规律营造城市小微绿地时, 应控制乔木盖度和人工草地盖度同时在约40%以下, 提升木本食源植物丰富度和灌木均匀度, 并增加自然草本植物覆盖和植被结构层次。本研究面向城市小微绿地提出定量与定性结合的近自然绿地营造建议, 为落实《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》和《中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划(2023-2030年)》的城市蓝绿空间质量提升目标提供了科学依据。

关键词: 生物多样性, 城市小微绿地, 大学校园, 植被结构, 保护管理

Abstract

Aims: Urban green spaces are crucial for biodiversity conservation, and university campuses, as microcosms of urban built environments, are crucial for enhancing the quality of micro urban green spaces and conserving biodiversity. However, existing studies on campus biodiversity often lack continuous spatial and temporal information, and fail to clarify the relationships between species and the internal structure of green spaces. This gap may hinder the optimization of small green spaces, ultimately limiting the achievement of targets set forth in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) and the China National Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan (2023-2030).

Methods: This study focused on the bird species of Tsinghua University campus, employing generalized linear models and redundancy analysis to investigate the spatiotemporal patterns of bird distribution and analyze the associations between bird community composition and green space characteristics.

Results: The study revealed that birds in university campus green spaces exhibited concentrated distributions with seasonal variations. Bird community composition was associated with the woody food plants richness, shrub evenness, grass coverage, artificial grass coverage, and tree coverage. Among these factors, woody food plants richness promoted bird abundance, species richness, and diversity, while shrub evenness promoted bird richness and diversity. Tree and artificial grass coverage promoted bird abundance only when both are simultaneously below 37.5% and 39.8%, respectively. Grass coverage negatively impacted bird richness and diversity. Furthermore, different bird residency types displayed distinct habitat preferences: Migratory birds in autumn were solely associated with vegetation structure, whereas resident and winter visitors were jointly influenced by both the physical characteristics and vegetation structure of green spaces.

Conclusion: This study suggests that, when designing micro urban green spaces in alignment with natural principles, tree and artificial grass coverage should be kept below 40% simultaneously, while enhancing the woody food plants richness and shrub evenness. Additionally, increasing natural grass coverage and vertical vegetation is recommended. This study provides both quantitative and qualitative recommendations for creating near-natural micro urban green spaces, providing a scientific foundation for achieving the goals of KMGBF and the China National Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan (2023-2030) in improving urban blue and green spaces quality.

Key words: biodiversity, micro urban green space, university campus, vegetation structure, conservation management

曾子轩, 杨锐, 黄越, 陈路遥 (2025) 清华大学校园鸟类多样性特征与环境关联. 生物多样性, 33, 24373. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024373.

Tz-Hsuan Tseng, Rui Yang, Yue Huang, Luyao Chen (2025) Characteristics of bird diversity and environmental relationships in Tsinghua University campus. Biodiversity Science, 33, 24373. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024373.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2024373

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2025/V33/I5/24373

图/表 9

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指标维度 Indicator dimension	指标名称 Indicator name
鸟类组成特征 Bird community composition	鸟类多度, 鸟类丰富度, 鸟类均匀度, Shannon多样性指数* Bird abundance, bird richness, bird evenness, Shannon diversity index*
绿地物理特征 Physical characteristics of green space	面积, 周长, 距离水体距离, 水体面积, 水体盖度, 距离道路距离, 平均噪音, 平均进入人数 Area, perimeter, distance to water, water area, water coverage, distance to road, average noise, average people
绿地植被结构 Vegetation structure of green space	乔木面积, 乔木盖度, 乔木多度, 乔木丰富度, 乔木均匀度, 乔木多样性, 灌木面积, 灌木盖度, 灌木多度, 灌木丰富度, 灌木均匀度, 灌木多样性, 草本盖度, 草本多度, 草本丰富度, 木本食源植物面积, 木本食源植物盖度, 木本食源植物多度, 木本食源植物丰富度, 木本食源植物均匀度, 木本食源植物多样性, 本土物种面积, 本土物种盖度, 本土物种多度, 本土物种丰富度, 本土物种均匀度, 本土物种多样性, 人工草地盖度, 自然草地盖度, 裸地盖度 Tree area, tree coverage, tree abundance, tree richness, tree evenness, tree diversity, shrub area, shrub coverage, shrub abundance, shrub richness, shrub evenness, shrub diversity, grass coverage, grass abundance, grass richness, woody food plant area, woody food plant coverage, woody food plant abundance, woody food plant richness, woody food plant evenness, woody food plant diversity, native species area, native species coverage, native species abundance, native species richness, native species evenness, native species diversity, artificial grass coverage, natural grass coverage, bare coverage

指标维度 Indicator dimension	指标名称 Indicator name
鸟类组成特征 Bird community composition	鸟类多度, 鸟类丰富度, 鸟类均匀度, Shannon多样性指数* Bird abundance, bird richness, bird evenness, Shannon diversity index*
绿地物理特征 Physical characteristics of green space	面积, 周长, 距离水体距离, 水体面积, 水体盖度, 距离道路距离, 平均噪音, 平均进入人数 Area, perimeter, distance to water, water area, water coverage, distance to road, average noise, average people
绿地植被结构 Vegetation structure of green space	乔木面积, 乔木盖度, 乔木多度, 乔木丰富度, 乔木均匀度, 乔木多样性, 灌木面积, 灌木盖度, 灌木多度, 灌木丰富度, 灌木均匀度, 灌木多样性, 草本盖度, 草本多度, 草本丰富度, 木本食源植物面积, 木本食源植物盖度, 木本食源植物多度, 木本食源植物丰富度, 木本食源植物均匀度, 木本食源植物多样性, 本土物种面积, 本土物种盖度, 本土物种多度, 本土物种丰富度, 本土物种均匀度, 本土物种多样性, 人工草地盖度, 自然草地盖度, 裸地盖度 Tree area, tree coverage, tree abundance, tree richness, tree evenness, tree diversity, shrub area, shrub coverage, shrub abundance, shrub richness, shrub evenness, shrub diversity, grass coverage, grass abundance, grass richness, woody food plant area, woody food plant coverage, woody food plant abundance, woody food plant richness, woody food plant evenness, woody food plant diversity, native species area, native species coverage, native species abundance, native species richness, native species evenness, native species diversity, artificial grass coverage, natural grass coverage, bare coverage

绿地名称 Green space	比值 Ratio (%)	绿地名称 Green space	比值 Ratio (%)	绿地名称 Green space	比值 Ratio (%)
新清华西南侧 XQHsw	93.20	零零阁 LLG	5.57	主楼北侧 ZLn	2.34
世纪林 SJL	32.49	主楼东南侧 ZLse	5.51	续园 XY	2.25
新清华南侧 XQHs	26.49	主楼西南侧 ZLsw	4.27	近春园 JCY	2.07
工字厅 GZT	12.32	桃李北侧 TLn	3.73	雕塑园 DSY	1.97
礼射广场 LSGC	10.96	情人坡 QRP	2.68	水木清华 SMQH	1.42
紫荆北侧 ZJn	6.23	世纪林北侧 SJLn	2.40	大礼堂南侧 DLTs	-

绿地名称 Green space	比值 Ratio (%)	绿地名称 Green space	比值 Ratio (%)	绿地名称 Green space	比值 Ratio (%)
新清华西南侧 XQHsw	93.20	零零阁 LLG	5.57	主楼北侧 ZLn	2.34
世纪林 SJL	32.49	主楼东南侧 ZLse	5.51	续园 XY	2.25
新清华南侧 XQHs	26.49	主楼西南侧 ZLsw	4.27	近春园 JCY	2.07
工字厅 GZT	12.32	桃李北侧 TLn	3.73	雕塑园 DSY	1.97
礼射广场 LSGC	10.96	情人坡 QRP	2.68	水木清华 SMQH	1.42
紫荆北侧 ZJn	6.23	世纪林北侧 SJLn	2.40	大礼堂南侧 DLTs	-

解释变量 Explanatory variables	估计值(自助抽样法) Estimate (bootstrap)		exp (估计值) exp (Estimate)	标准误 Standard error	Z	P	R²
鸟类多度 Bird abundance
截距 Intercept		5.75 [5.71 - 5.79]	315.05	0.02	86.91	< 0.001	0.86
木本食源植物丰富度 Woody food plant richness		0.29 [0.26 - 0.33]	1.34	0.03	3.23	0.001
人工草地盖度 Artificial grass coverage		-0.14 [-0.19 - -0.10]	0.86	0.02	-1.90	0.057
乔木盖度 Tree coverage		-0.13 [-0.18 - -0.10]	0.87	0.02	-2.03	0.042
人工草地盖度 × 乔木盖度 Artificial grass coverage × tree coverage		0.56 [0.50 - 0.60]	1.74	0.03	5.25	< 0.001
鸟类丰富度 Bird richness
截距 Intercept		2.87 [2.83 - 2.90]	17.58	0.02	44.01	< 0.001	0.77
木本食源植物丰富度 Woody food plant richness		0.25 [0.21 - 0.29]	1.29	0.02	3.32	0.005
草本盖度 Grass coverage		-0.11 [-0.13 - -0.10]	0.89	0.02	-1.98	0.069
灌木均匀度 Shrub evenness		0.27 [0.23 - 0.31]	1.30	0.03	2.77	0.015
乔木盖度 Tree coverage		-0.18 [-0.23 - -0.15]	0.83	0.02	-2.39	0.032
Shannon多样性指数 Shannon diversity index
截距 Intercept	0.65 [0.63 - 0.67]		1.91	0.01	19.46	< 0.001	0.78
木本食源植物丰富度 Woody food plant richness	0.10 [0.07 - 0.11]		1.10	0.01	2.19	0.045
草本盖度 Grass coverage	-0.09 [-0.10 - -0.09]		0.91	0.01	-2.68	0.017
灌木均匀度 Shrub evenness	0.19 [0.17 - 0.20]		1.20	0.01	4.29	0.000

清华大学校园鸟类多样性特征与环境关联

Characteristics of bird diversity and environmental relationships in Tsinghua University campus

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居留型 Residency type	解释变量 Explanatory variables	P	调整后R²Adjusted R²	显著典范轴累积解释变差 Cumulative explained variation of significant canonical axes	显著典范轴解释率占所有轴比例 Proportion of variance explained by significant canonical axes
留鸟 Residents	面积, 距离水体距离, 平均进入人数, 灌木多样性 Area, distance to water, average people, shrub diversity	0.001	0.34	38%	77%
过境鸟 Passage migrants	灌木盖度, 草本多度, 自然草地盖度, 乔木丰富度, 草本丰富度 Shrub coverage, grass abundance, natural grass coverage, tree richness, grass richness	0.001	0.38	37%	65%
冬候鸟 Winter visitors	裸地盖度, 水体盖度, 乔木丰富度 Bare coverage, water coverage, tree richness	0.002	0.22	19%	54%
夏候鸟 Summer breeders	乔木多度, 乔木盖度, 水体盖度, 草本丰富度 Tree abundance, tree coverage, water coverage, grass richness	0.089	-	-	-

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