从CITES的术语看野生动植物国际贸易监管规则

doi:10.17520/biods.2024545

生物多样性 ›› 2025, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (4): 24545. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024545 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2024545

从CITES的术语看野生动植物国际贸易监管规则

李沫潼¹^,², 何拓³, 李薇⁴, 廖菁⁵, 曾岩¹^,⁶^,^*()

1.中国科学院动物研究所, 北京 100101
2.东北林业大学, 哈尔滨 150040
3.国家林业和草原局野生动物保护监测中心, 北京 100714
4.中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院, 北京 100190
5.国家林业和草原局国际合作司, 北京 100714
6.中华人民共和国濒危物种科学委员会, 北京 100101

收稿日期:2024-12-08 接受日期:2025-03-06 出版日期:2025-04-20 发布日期:2025-03-27
通讯作者: *E-mail: zengy@ioz.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家林业和草原局珍稀濒危物种调查监管与行业规范项目

Regulating international trade in wild fauna and flora: An analysis of CITES terminology

Li Motong¹^,², He Tuo³, Li Wei⁴, Liao Jing⁵, Zeng Yan¹^,⁶^,^*()

1 Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
2 Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
3 Wildlife Conservation Monitoring Center, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100714, China
4 Institutes of Science and Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190,China
5 Department of International Cooperation, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100714, China
6 Endangered Species Scientific Commission, P. R. C., Beijing 100101, China

Received:2024-12-08 Accepted:2025-03-06 Online:2025-04-20 Published:2025-03-27
Contact: *E-mail: zengy@ioz.ac.cn
Supported by:
Rare and Endangered Species Survey, Monitoring and Regulation Project from the National Forestry and Grassland Administration

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》(CITES)作为一项多边条约, 通过严格管制全球野生动植物的合法贸易甚至“禁贸”, 来保护受灭绝威胁的野生动植物。CITES具有强制执行力。它的有效执行依赖于全球各国在政策制定、规则执行、数据收集统计和评估方法上的协调一致。由于CITES签署时的遗留问题, 中文、俄文和阿拉伯文等联合国正式语文不是CITES工作语言。CITES在中国生效40多年, 中国履约机构已将CITES文本和其他官方文件翻译成中文, 但参与制定和履行执行野生动植物国际贸易监管规则仍受制于对CITES英文术语和定义的理解以及中文译文的准确性。本文追溯了CITES签署时的语言方案, 列举了CITES中文文本的重要术语, 对CITES官方发布的150个英文术语进行了分类和解释。掌握CITES术语的类别和特征有助于理解野生动植物国际贸易规则的设立、演变和执行, 进而有效监管野生动植物国际贸易, 推进全球生物多样性治理。本文也将对我国制修订野生动植物保护法律法规和相关标准规范提供启示和参考。

关键词: CITES语言, 多边合作, 物种保护, 贸易监管, 法律实施

Abstract

Background: The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), aims to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. It achieves this by subjecting, and if necessary, suspending, international trade in listed species to certain controls and regulations. The effective implementation of the Convention relies on the coordination and consistency of countries worldwide in terms of terminology comprehension, law enforcement, data collection and statistics, and policy formulation. However, due to legacy issues at the time of CITES’s signing, United Nations’ languages such as Chinese, Russian and Arabic are not working languages of CITES. Despite China’s four-decade implementation of CITES, with Chinese CITES authorities having translated the Convention text and other valid documents into Chinese for domestic dissemination, China’s participation in the formulation and implementation of regulations for international trade in wild fauna and flora remains contingent upon accurate comprehension and translation of CITES terminology and definitions in English. Terminology is the core concept in the formulation and implementation of policies and regulations, and it is also the foundation of rules. As a highly technical and operational international agreement, CITES has a comprehensive implementation system with a complex and intertwined set of rules. Investigating the translation and characteristics of terminology can provide an entry point for understanding the establishment and evolution of CITES regulations.

Main Content: This article traces the linguistic regulations at the time of CITES’ signing, lists important terms related to the conservation of endangered wild animals and plants and their translations in the CITES text and valid documents, and categorizes the CITES terms according to their nature and application scenarios. The definitions and explanations of CITES terms can be categorized into definitional, explanatory, and quotational according to their nature; and into scientific and definitional terms, regulatory and procedural terms, and cooperative and compliance terms according to their application scenarios. By using an online Large Language Model Moonshot AI, 14 terms with the most special English explanations and the greatest differences from common understanding were extracted from the 150 terms of the CITES glossary, and a comparison was made.

Conclusion: The findings indicate that the CITES terminology is primarily anchored in the Convention’s legal framework, embodying purpose-driven linguistic features tailored to regulate wildlife trade. However, divergences from common usage emerge through three distinctive dimensions: more detailed, specific, and operationally robust. When Parties inadequately grasp these terminological nuances during routine implementation of Convention obligations, such comprehension gaps may not only impede regulatory compliance but also precipitate operational ambiguities. In severe cases, it may even trigger or activate the Convention’s review and suspension mechanisms. Mastery of the categories and characteristics of CITES terminology aids in understanding the background, rule evolution, and operational execution of this so-called “Convention with teeth”. It includes compliance and enforcement measures, such as the prohibition of trade. Only with a comprehensive understanding can we effectively implement the Convention, regulate international trade in wild fauna and flora, and advance global biodiversity governance. Additionally, the characteristics and interpretations of CITES terminology also provide insights and references for formulating China’s wildlife protection and management laws and regulations, as well as related standards.

Key words: languages of CITES, multilateral treaty, species conservation, trade regulation, law implementation

李沫潼, 何拓, 李薇, 廖菁, 曾岩 (2025) 从CITES的术语看野生动植物国际贸易监管规则. 生物多样性, 33, 24545. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024545.

Li Motong, He Tuo, Li Wei, Liao Jing, Zeng Yan (2025) Regulating international trade in wild fauna and flora: An analysis of CITES terminology. Biodiversity Science, 33, 24545. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024545.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2024545

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2025/V33/I4/24545

图/表 1

参考文献 11

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中文 In Chinese	英文 In English	CITES解释 CITES interpretation (CITES, 2024c)	日常理解(由Kimi Chat提供) Common understanding (Provided by Kimi Chat)
附录I、II、III	Appendix (I, II, and III)	见正文3.2.1 科学及定义性术语(3)。Refer to Section 3.2.1, Scientific and Definitional Terms (3).	通常不会区分3个不同级别的保护名录, 而是可能认为所有附录下的物种都受到同等程度的保护。Typically, there is no distinction made between the three levels of appendices; all listed species are considered to receive equal protection.
贸易	Trade	见正文2.3 贸易。Refer to Section 2.3, Trade.	一般指市场上的买卖行为, 而不包括特定的国际法规和跨国界的交易定义。Generally, refers to market-based buying and selling activities, excluding specific international regulations or definitions of cross-border transactions.
注释	Annotation	见正文3.2.1 科学及定义性术语(3)。Refer to Section 3.2.1, Scientific and Definitional Terms (3).	通常指的是对文本的一般性解释或评论, 而不涉及法律文件中的特定条款或条件, 但在CITES中是执行附录的重要考虑。Generally, refers to general interpretation or commentary on the text, excluding specific clauses or conditions in legal documents, however it serves as a key consideration for implementing appendices under the Convention.
人工繁育	Breed in captivity	在控制环境下出生或以其他方式生产的动物标本的特征, 这些标本的繁殖基群和子代生产需满足特定条件。Characteristic of animal specimens born or otherwise produced in a controlled environment, with specific conditions regarding the breeding stock and the generation of offspring.	可能简单地认为任何在人工环境中出生或繁殖的动物都是“人工饲养”的, 而不考虑其背后的管理和保护要求。It may be simplistically assumed that any animal born or bred in artificial environments is ‘captive-bred’, disregarding the underlying management and conservation requirements.
控制条件	Controlled conditions	为植物生产而受深度人为操作的一种非自然环境, 包括耕作、施肥、除草、虫害控制、灌溉或苗圃作业等特征。A non-natural environment that is intensively manipulated by human intervention for the purpose of plant production. General characteristics of controlled conditions may include but are not limited to tillage, fertilization, weed and pest control, irrigation, or nursery operations.	可能认为“控制条件”仅指在温室或特定环境中种植植物, 而不涉及具体的农业管理实践。It may be simplistically assumed that “controlled conditions” only refer to plant cultivation in greenhouses or confined environments, without considering specific agricultural management practices.
衍生物	Derivative	任何经过加工的动物或植物部分, 如药物、香水或手表带。Any processed part of an animal or plant (e.g. medicine, perfume, watch strap).	通常不会将这些产品视为“衍生物”, 而是作为最终产品来看待, 没有意识到它们与原始物种的联系。Such items are often categorized as final commodities rather than derivatives under regulatory frameworks, with no acknowledgment of their inherent connection to the original species.
标本	Specimen	见正文2.2 标本。Refer to Section 2.2, Specimen.	通常不会将动物或植物的任何部分或衍生物都视为“标本”, 而CITES中这一术语的广泛性体现了对物种保护的全面考虑。Animal or plant parts and derivatives are not typically classified as “specimens” in general practice, whereas the broad scope of this term under the Convention reflects a comprehensive approach to species protection.
公约前所获标本	Pre-Convention specimen	在公约条款对其生效之前获得的标本, 可能需要一种特别证书来授权其贸易。A specimen acquired before the provisions of the Convention applied to it, which may require a special certificate to authorize trade.	在没有特定法律背景的情况下, 人们可能不会区分“公约前”和“公约后”获得的标本, 而CITES对此有明确的区分和要求。Under CITES Article VII (2), pre-Convention specimens (acquired before the Convention’s entry into force for a species) are exempt from standard trade permits, yet lay interpretations frequently conflate them with post-Convention specimens.
捕养	Ranching	从野外采集卵或幼体动物置于受控制的环境中饲养, 否则其在野外存活至成体的可能性很低。Rearing in a controlled environment of animals taken as eggs or juveniles from the wild, where they would otherwise have had a very low probability of surviving to adulthood.	在日常语境中, “Ranching”通常指的是在农场中饲养动物, 而不是特指从野外捕获的动物幼崽在受控环境中的饲养。In everyday contexts, “ranching” generally refers to raising animals on farms, whereas in regulatory frameworks (e.g., CITES), it specifically denotes the controlled rearing of wild-caught juveniles for commercial purposes.
分列	Split-listing	将一个物种的一个或多个亚种或种群列入一个附录, 而其他亚种或种群被列入另一个附录或未被列入。The inclusion of one or more subspecies or populations of a species in one appendix while other subspecies or populations are included in another appendix or are not included.	在日常语境中, 人们可能不会意识到一个物种的不同亚种或种群可以根据不同保护需求被列在不同的附录中。Public understanding often overlooks the fact that specific subspecies or wild populations may be assigned to separate appendices under international frameworks, reflecting differentiated protection priorities.
更严格的国内措施	Stricter domestic measures	见正文3.2.2 监管与规程性术语(3)。Refer to Section 3.2.2, Regulatory and Procedural Terms (3).	人们可能认为所有国家都遵循相同的国际贸易规则, 而不会意识到某些国家可能会采取更为严格的国内措施。Public perception often operates under the assumption of uniform global trade rules, failing to recognize that sovereign states may enforce more rigorous national controls aligned with conservation mandates.
可追溯性	Traceability	在CITES物种供应链中, 从尽可能接近且有需要的收获点开始, 直至有助于验证合法获得和非致危性判定的环节为止, 获取有关标本和事件相关信息的能力。The ability to obtain information on specimens and related transactions throughout the CITES supply chain, commencing from the point of harvest where practicable and required, and extending to stages enabling verification of legal acquisition and non-detriment determinations.	人们可能会认为可追溯性仅仅是追踪产品的来源, 而CITES中的定义更为全面, 涉及整个供应链的透明度和合法性验证。Public understanding of traceability often limits it to origin tracking, while the Convention’s definition extends to full supply chain transparency and legal compliance validation.
非致危性判定	Non-detriment finding	见正文3.2.2 监管与规程性术语(3)。Refer to Section 3.2.2, Regulatory and Procedural Terms (3).	在日常语境中, 可能会被误解为是一种简单的“安全检查”, 类似于商品质量检查, 等同于一般的保护措施, 而没有意识到它是专门针对国际贸易中的濒危物种保护的特定科学评估机制。In everyday contexts, it might be misinterpreted as a simple “safety inspection”, akin to checking product quality or equating it to general protective measures, without recognizing that it is a specific scientific assessment mechanism designed for international trade to protect endangered species.
合法获得判定	Legal acquisition finding	由管理机构开展的审查, 以确保标本的获取符合国家保护野生动植物的法律法规。The examination conducted by a Management Authority to satisfy itself that the specimen was not obtained in contravention of the laws and regulations of that state for the protection of fauna and flora.	通常不会涉及到如此具体的法律审查过程, 而是可能简单地认为拥有就是合法的。People generally do not engage in such specific legal review processes and may simplistically assume that possession equates to legality.

中文 In Chinese	英文 In English	CITES解释 CITES interpretation (CITES, 2024c)	日常理解(由Kimi Chat提供) Common understanding (Provided by Kimi Chat)
附录I、II、III	Appendix (I, II, and III)	见正文3.2.1 科学及定义性术语(3)。Refer to Section 3.2.1, Scientific and Definitional Terms (3).	通常不会区分3个不同级别的保护名录, 而是可能认为所有附录下的物种都受到同等程度的保护。Typically, there is no distinction made between the three levels of appendices; all listed species are considered to receive equal protection.
贸易	Trade	见正文2.3 贸易。Refer to Section 2.3, Trade.	一般指市场上的买卖行为, 而不包括特定的国际法规和跨国界的交易定义。Generally, refers to market-based buying and selling activities, excluding specific international regulations or definitions of cross-border transactions.
注释	Annotation	见正文3.2.1 科学及定义性术语(3)。Refer to Section 3.2.1, Scientific and Definitional Terms (3).	通常指的是对文本的一般性解释或评论, 而不涉及法律文件中的特定条款或条件, 但在CITES中是执行附录的重要考虑。Generally, refers to general interpretation or commentary on the text, excluding specific clauses or conditions in legal documents, however it serves as a key consideration for implementing appendices under the Convention.
人工繁育	Breed in captivity	在控制环境下出生或以其他方式生产的动物标本的特征, 这些标本的繁殖基群和子代生产需满足特定条件。Characteristic of animal specimens born or otherwise produced in a controlled environment, with specific conditions regarding the breeding stock and the generation of offspring.	可能简单地认为任何在人工环境中出生或繁殖的动物都是“人工饲养”的, 而不考虑其背后的管理和保护要求。It may be simplistically assumed that any animal born or bred in artificial environments is ‘captive-bred’, disregarding the underlying management and conservation requirements.
控制条件	Controlled conditions	为植物生产而受深度人为操作的一种非自然环境, 包括耕作、施肥、除草、虫害控制、灌溉或苗圃作业等特征。A non-natural environment that is intensively manipulated by human intervention for the purpose of plant production. General characteristics of controlled conditions may include but are not limited to tillage, fertilization, weed and pest control, irrigation, or nursery operations.	可能认为“控制条件”仅指在温室或特定环境中种植植物, 而不涉及具体的农业管理实践。It may be simplistically assumed that “controlled conditions” only refer to plant cultivation in greenhouses or confined environments, without considering specific agricultural management practices.
衍生物	Derivative	任何经过加工的动物或植物部分, 如药物、香水或手表带。Any processed part of an animal or plant (e.g. medicine, perfume, watch strap).	通常不会将这些产品视为“衍生物”, 而是作为最终产品来看待, 没有意识到它们与原始物种的联系。Such items are often categorized as final commodities rather than derivatives under regulatory frameworks, with no acknowledgment of their inherent connection to the original species.
标本	Specimen	见正文2.2 标本。Refer to Section 2.2, Specimen.	通常不会将动物或植物的任何部分或衍生物都视为“标本”, 而CITES中这一术语的广泛性体现了对物种保护的全面考虑。Animal or plant parts and derivatives are not typically classified as “specimens” in general practice, whereas the broad scope of this term under the Convention reflects a comprehensive approach to species protection.
公约前所获标本	Pre-Convention specimen	在公约条款对其生效之前获得的标本, 可能需要一种特别证书来授权其贸易。A specimen acquired before the provisions of the Convention applied to it, which may require a special certificate to authorize trade.	在没有特定法律背景的情况下, 人们可能不会区分“公约前”和“公约后”获得的标本, 而CITES对此有明确的区分和要求。Under CITES Article VII (2), pre-Convention specimens (acquired before the Convention’s entry into force for a species) are exempt from standard trade permits, yet lay interpretations frequently conflate them with post-Convention specimens.
捕养	Ranching	从野外采集卵或幼体动物置于受控制的环境中饲养, 否则其在野外存活至成体的可能性很低。Rearing in a controlled environment of animals taken as eggs or juveniles from the wild, where they would otherwise have had a very low probability of surviving to adulthood.	在日常语境中, “Ranching”通常指的是在农场中饲养动物, 而不是特指从野外捕获的动物幼崽在受控环境中的饲养。In everyday contexts, “ranching” generally refers to raising animals on farms, whereas in regulatory frameworks (e.g., CITES), it specifically denotes the controlled rearing of wild-caught juveniles for commercial purposes.
分列	Split-listing	将一个物种的一个或多个亚种或种群列入一个附录, 而其他亚种或种群被列入另一个附录或未被列入。The inclusion of one or more subspecies or populations of a species in one appendix while other subspecies or populations are included in another appendix or are not included.	在日常语境中, 人们可能不会意识到一个物种的不同亚种或种群可以根据不同保护需求被列在不同的附录中。Public understanding often overlooks the fact that specific subspecies or wild populations may be assigned to separate appendices under international frameworks, reflecting differentiated protection priorities.
更严格的国内措施	Stricter domestic measures	见正文3.2.2 监管与规程性术语(3)。Refer to Section 3.2.2, Regulatory and Procedural Terms (3).	人们可能认为所有国家都遵循相同的国际贸易规则, 而不会意识到某些国家可能会采取更为严格的国内措施。Public perception often operates under the assumption of uniform global trade rules, failing to recognize that sovereign states may enforce more rigorous national controls aligned with conservation mandates.
可追溯性	Traceability	在CITES物种供应链中, 从尽可能接近且有需要的收获点开始, 直至有助于验证合法获得和非致危性判定的环节为止, 获取有关标本和事件相关信息的能力。The ability to obtain information on specimens and related transactions throughout the CITES supply chain, commencing from the point of harvest where practicable and required, and extending to stages enabling verification of legal acquisition and non-detriment determinations.	人们可能会认为可追溯性仅仅是追踪产品的来源, 而CITES中的定义更为全面, 涉及整个供应链的透明度和合法性验证。Public understanding of traceability often limits it to origin tracking, while the Convention’s definition extends to full supply chain transparency and legal compliance validation.
非致危性判定	Non-detriment finding	见正文3.2.2 监管与规程性术语(3)。Refer to Section 3.2.2, Regulatory and Procedural Terms (3).	在日常语境中, 可能会被误解为是一种简单的“安全检查”, 类似于商品质量检查, 等同于一般的保护措施, 而没有意识到它是专门针对国际贸易中的濒危物种保护的特定科学评估机制。In everyday contexts, it might be misinterpreted as a simple “safety inspection”, akin to checking product quality or equating it to general protective measures, without recognizing that it is a specific scientific assessment mechanism designed for international trade to protect endangered species.
合法获得判定	Legal acquisition finding	由管理机构开展的审查, 以确保标本的获取符合国家保护野生动植物的法律法规。The examination conducted by a Management Authority to satisfy itself that the specimen was not obtained in contravention of the laws and regulations of that state for the protection of fauna and flora.	通常不会涉及到如此具体的法律审查过程, 而是可能简单地认为拥有就是合法的。People generally do not engage in such specific legal review processes and may simplistically assume that possession equates to legality.

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从CITES的术语看野生动植物国际贸易监管规则

Regulating international trade in wild fauna and flora: An analysis of CITES terminology

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