生物多样性 ›› 2024, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (9): 24070. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024070 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2024070
李蓉姣1, 董江海1, 郑文芳1, 刘入源1, 赵立娟1,2,*(), 高瑞贺1,2,*(
)(
)
收稿日期:
2024-03-01
接受日期:
2024-05-20
出版日期:
2024-09-20
发布日期:
2024-10-24
通讯作者:
* E-mail: gaoruihe1989@163.com;
E-mail: sxndmy2017@163.com基金资助:
Rongjiao Li1, Jianghai Dong1, Wenfang Zheng1, Ruyuan Liu1, Lijuan Zhao1,2,*(), Ruihe Gao1,2,*(
)(
)
Received:
2024-03-01
Accepted:
2024-05-20
Online:
2024-09-20
Published:
2024-10-24
Contact:
* E-mail: gaoruihe1989@163.com;
E-mail: sxndmy2017@163.comSupported by:
摘要:
为阐明关帝山杨桦混交林土壤动物沿海拔梯度的群落变化及环境因子对其多样性特征的影响, 本研究以关帝山杨桦混交林为调查对象, 设置了4个海拔梯度(1,600 m、1,800 m、2,000 m、2,200 m)的实验样地, 于2022-2023年的5月、7月、10月对林下不同土层土壤动物进行调查。采用单因素方差分析方法分析不同海拔杨桦混交林土壤动物群落结构和多样性指数的差异特征, 用Jaccard相似性系数和Cody指数比较土壤动物群落的相似性, 并利用冗余分析明确影响土壤动物多样性特征的环境因素。结果表明: 在关帝山不同海拔杨桦混交林样地中共捕获土壤动物127类24,434头, 群落组成在海拔梯度上分化特征差异明显, 其α多样性指数除Simpson优势度指数外, 均存在显著差异(P < 0.05), 相似性系数在相邻两个海拔间表现为极相似, 物种丰富度相似性较高; 土壤动物的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Margalef丰富度指数均随土层深度的加深逐渐降低, 呈现出明显的表聚性特征; 季节动态上, 多样性、丰富度以及均匀度指数均表现为夏季最高; 此外, 冗余分析结果综合表明温度、湿度和pH值是影响不同海拔土壤动物多样性特征的主要环境因子。本研究结果可为关帝山土壤动物多样性的监测和保护提供理论依据。
李蓉姣, 董江海, 郑文芳, 刘入源, 赵立娟, 高瑞贺 (2024) 关帝山不同海拔杨桦混交林土壤动物多样性特征及其影响因素. 生物多样性, 32, 24070. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024070.
Rongjiao Li, Jianghai Dong, Wenfang Zheng, Ruyuan Liu, Lijuan Zhao, Ruihe Gao (2024) Soil faunal diversity characteristics and influencing factors across the altitude gradient in the poplar-birch forest of Guandi Mountains. Biodiversity Science, 32, 24070. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2024070.
海拔 Elevation (m) | 纬度 Latitude (N) | 经度 Longitude (E) | 坡度 Slope | 坡向 Slope aspect | 郁闭度 Canopy density | 凋落物厚度 Litter thickness (cm) | 胸径 DBH (cm) | 平均树高 Mean tree height (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1,600 | 37°49′ | 111°29′ | 19° | 半阳 Semi-sunny | 0.78 | 6.3 | 17.5 ± 0.7 | 13.4 ± 1.6 |
1,800 | 37°49′ | 111°29′ | 21° | 半阳 Semi-sunny | 0.75 | 5.9 | 16.7 ± 2.7 | 12.9 ± 3.9 |
2,000 | 37°52′ | 111°26′ | 18° | 半阳 Semi-sunny | 0.76 | 6.5 | 17.2 ± 1.2 | 12.6 ± 1.5 |
2,200 | 37°53′ | 111°25′ | 20° | 半阳 Semi-sunny | 0.73 | 6.1 | 15.6 ± 2.5 | 11.9 ± 2.2 |
表1 关帝山不同海拔杨桦混交林样地基本特征(均值 ± 标准误)
Table 1 Basic characteristics of sampling plots of poplar-birch forest at different elevations in Guandi Mountains (mean ± SE)
海拔 Elevation (m) | 纬度 Latitude (N) | 经度 Longitude (E) | 坡度 Slope | 坡向 Slope aspect | 郁闭度 Canopy density | 凋落物厚度 Litter thickness (cm) | 胸径 DBH (cm) | 平均树高 Mean tree height (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1,600 | 37°49′ | 111°29′ | 19° | 半阳 Semi-sunny | 0.78 | 6.3 | 17.5 ± 0.7 | 13.4 ± 1.6 |
1,800 | 37°49′ | 111°29′ | 21° | 半阳 Semi-sunny | 0.75 | 5.9 | 16.7 ± 2.7 | 12.9 ± 3.9 |
2,000 | 37°52′ | 111°26′ | 18° | 半阳 Semi-sunny | 0.76 | 6.5 | 17.2 ± 1.2 | 12.6 ± 1.5 |
2,200 | 37°53′ | 111°25′ | 20° | 半阳 Semi-sunny | 0.73 | 6.1 | 15.6 ± 2.5 | 11.9 ± 2.2 |
海拔 Elevation (m) | 春季 Spring (5月 May) | 夏季 Summer (7月 July) | 秋季 Autumn (10月 October) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
物种数 Ns (%) | 个体数 Ni (%) | 物种数 Ns (%) | 个体数 Ni (%) | 物种数 Ns (%) | 个体数 Ni (%) | |
1,600 | 78 (75.00%) | 5,004 (36.94%) | 87 (76.99%) | 2,998 (35.20%) | 64 (69.57%) | 746 (31.45%) |
1,800 | 79 (75.96%) | 3,863 (28.52%) | 87 (76.99%) | 2,205 (25.89%) | 72 (78.26%) | 706 (29.76%) |
2,000 | 70 (67.31%) | 2,777 (20.50%) | 83 (73.45%) | 1,915 (22.48%) | 53 (57.61%) | 542 (22.85%) |
2,200 | 67 (64.42%) | 1,901 (14.03%) | 75 (66.37%) | 1,399 (16.43%) | 51 (55.43%) | 378 (15.94%) |
总计 Total | 104 | 13,545 | 113 | 8,517 | 92 | 2,372 |
表2 关帝山不同海拔杨桦混交林土壤动物群落结构
Table 2 Soil fauna community structure of poplar-birch forest at different elevations in Guandi Mountains
海拔 Elevation (m) | 春季 Spring (5月 May) | 夏季 Summer (7月 July) | 秋季 Autumn (10月 October) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
物种数 Ns (%) | 个体数 Ni (%) | 物种数 Ns (%) | 个体数 Ni (%) | 物种数 Ns (%) | 个体数 Ni (%) | |
1,600 | 78 (75.00%) | 5,004 (36.94%) | 87 (76.99%) | 2,998 (35.20%) | 64 (69.57%) | 746 (31.45%) |
1,800 | 79 (75.96%) | 3,863 (28.52%) | 87 (76.99%) | 2,205 (25.89%) | 72 (78.26%) | 706 (29.76%) |
2,000 | 70 (67.31%) | 2,777 (20.50%) | 83 (73.45%) | 1,915 (22.48%) | 53 (57.61%) | 542 (22.85%) |
2,200 | 67 (64.42%) | 1,901 (14.03%) | 75 (66.37%) | 1,399 (16.43%) | 51 (55.43%) | 378 (15.94%) |
总计 Total | 104 | 13,545 | 113 | 8,517 | 92 | 2,372 |
图4 关帝山不同海拔杨桦混交林土壤动物多样性差异。不同小写字母表示差异显著(P < 0.05)。
Fig. 4 Diversity of soil faunas in poplar-birch forest at different elevations in Guandi Mountains. Different lowercase letters meant significant difference (P < 0.05).
海拔 Elevation (m) | 1,600 | 1,800 | 2,000 | 2,200 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1,600 | 0.7647 | 0.7391 | 0.7018 | |
1,800 | 14 | 0.7265 | 0.7193 | |
2,000 | 15 | 16 | 0.7547 | |
2,200 | 17 | 16 | 13 |
表3 关帝山不同海拔杨桦混交林土壤动物Jaccard相似性系数(对角线上方)及Cody指数(对角线下方)
Table 3 Jaccard similarity index (above diagonal) and Cody index (below diagonal) of soil faunas in poplar-birch forest at different elevations in Guandi Mountains
海拔 Elevation (m) | 1,600 | 1,800 | 2,000 | 2,200 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1,600 | 0.7647 | 0.7391 | 0.7018 | |
1,800 | 14 | 0.7265 | 0.7193 | |
2,000 | 15 | 16 | 0.7547 | |
2,200 | 17 | 16 | 13 |
指数 Index | 海拔 Elevation (m) | 枯枝落叶层 Litter layer | 0-10 cm | 10-20 cm | 20-30 cm | F | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shannon-Wiener多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') | 1,600 | 4.34 ± 0.15Ba | 4.15 ± 0.10Ba | 4.10 ± 0.24Aa | 3.91 ± 0.25Aa | 1.56 | 0.273 |
1,800 | 4.53 ± 0.12Aa | 4.31 ± 0.14Bab | 4.20 ± 0.03Ac | 4.00 ± 0.27Ac | 5.53 | 0.024* | |
2,000 | 4.24 ± 0.15ABa | 4.21 ± 0.16Ba | 4.19 ± 0.21Aa | 4.11 ± 0.21Aa | 0.90 | 0.482 | |
2,200 | 4.52 ± 0.06Aa | 4.45 ± 0.02Aa | 4.36 ± 0.16Aa | 3.92 ± 0.14Ab | 20.81 | 0.00039** | |
Margalef丰富度指数 Margalef richness index (D) | 1,600 | 6.23 ± 0.19Ba | 5.00 ± 0.31ABb | 4.30 ± 0.27Abc | 3.53 ± 0.70Ac | 20.72 | 0.000396** |
1,800 | 6.93 ± 0.45Aa | 5.41 ± 0.12Ab | 4.57 ± 0.46Ac | 3.72 ± 0.10Ad | 51.19 | 0.000014 | |
2,000 | 6.26 ± 0.34ABa | 4.71 ± 0.26Bb | 4.04 ± 0.21Abc | 3.56 ± 0.40Ac | 42.44 | 0.000029** | |
2,200 | 6.13 ± 0.47ABa | 4.36 ± 0.15Ab | 4.03 ± 0.09Ac | 3.41 ± 0.24Ad | 59.34 | 0.000008** | |
Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index (E) | 1,600 | 0.84 ± 0.01Ba | 0.79 ± 0.03Cab | 0.74 ± 0.03Cbc | 0.70 ± 0.03Ac | 17.06 | 0.001** |
1,800 | 0.87 ± 0.05ABa | 0.81 ± 0.02BCb | 0.76 ± 0.02BCbc | 0.73 ± 0.01ABc | 10.61 | 0.004** | |
2,000 | 0.91 ± 0.01Aa | 0.85 ± 0.03ABb | 0.80 ± 0.04ABb | 0.72 ± 0.02Bc | 25.72 | 0.000184** | |
2,200 | 0.90 ± 0.01Aa | 0.88 ± 0.03Aa | 0.83 ± 0.01Ab | 0.76 ± 0.01Ac | 36.69 | 0.00005** | |
Simpson优势度指数 Simpson dominance index (C) | 1,600 | 0.08 ± 0.01ABa | 0.08 ± 0.01Aa | 0.09 ± 0.02Aa | 0.09 ± 0.02Aa | 0.45 | 0.725 |
1,800 | 0.07 ± 0.00Ba | 0.08 ± 0.01Aa | 0.08 ± 0.03Aa | 0.08 ± 0.01Aa | 0.39 | 0.764 | |
2,000 | 0.06 ± 0.01Aa | 0.08 ± 0.02Aa | 0.08 ± 0.01Aa | 0.09 ± 0.01Ba | 2.89 | 0.103 | |
2,200 | 0.06 ± 0.02Ba | 0.06 ± 0.00Aa | 0.07 ± 0.02Aa | 0.08 ± 0.00ABa | 1.45 | 0.298 |
表4 关帝山不同海拔杨桦混交林不同土层土壤动物群落的多样性指数(均值 ± 标准误)
Table 4 Diversity index of soil faunas in different soil layers of poplar-birch forest at different elevations in Guandi Mountains (mean ± SE)
指数 Index | 海拔 Elevation (m) | 枯枝落叶层 Litter layer | 0-10 cm | 10-20 cm | 20-30 cm | F | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shannon-Wiener多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') | 1,600 | 4.34 ± 0.15Ba | 4.15 ± 0.10Ba | 4.10 ± 0.24Aa | 3.91 ± 0.25Aa | 1.56 | 0.273 |
1,800 | 4.53 ± 0.12Aa | 4.31 ± 0.14Bab | 4.20 ± 0.03Ac | 4.00 ± 0.27Ac | 5.53 | 0.024* | |
2,000 | 4.24 ± 0.15ABa | 4.21 ± 0.16Ba | 4.19 ± 0.21Aa | 4.11 ± 0.21Aa | 0.90 | 0.482 | |
2,200 | 4.52 ± 0.06Aa | 4.45 ± 0.02Aa | 4.36 ± 0.16Aa | 3.92 ± 0.14Ab | 20.81 | 0.00039** | |
Margalef丰富度指数 Margalef richness index (D) | 1,600 | 6.23 ± 0.19Ba | 5.00 ± 0.31ABb | 4.30 ± 0.27Abc | 3.53 ± 0.70Ac | 20.72 | 0.000396** |
1,800 | 6.93 ± 0.45Aa | 5.41 ± 0.12Ab | 4.57 ± 0.46Ac | 3.72 ± 0.10Ad | 51.19 | 0.000014 | |
2,000 | 6.26 ± 0.34ABa | 4.71 ± 0.26Bb | 4.04 ± 0.21Abc | 3.56 ± 0.40Ac | 42.44 | 0.000029** | |
2,200 | 6.13 ± 0.47ABa | 4.36 ± 0.15Ab | 4.03 ± 0.09Ac | 3.41 ± 0.24Ad | 59.34 | 0.000008** | |
Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index (E) | 1,600 | 0.84 ± 0.01Ba | 0.79 ± 0.03Cab | 0.74 ± 0.03Cbc | 0.70 ± 0.03Ac | 17.06 | 0.001** |
1,800 | 0.87 ± 0.05ABa | 0.81 ± 0.02BCb | 0.76 ± 0.02BCbc | 0.73 ± 0.01ABc | 10.61 | 0.004** | |
2,000 | 0.91 ± 0.01Aa | 0.85 ± 0.03ABb | 0.80 ± 0.04ABb | 0.72 ± 0.02Bc | 25.72 | 0.000184** | |
2,200 | 0.90 ± 0.01Aa | 0.88 ± 0.03Aa | 0.83 ± 0.01Ab | 0.76 ± 0.01Ac | 36.69 | 0.00005** | |
Simpson优势度指数 Simpson dominance index (C) | 1,600 | 0.08 ± 0.01ABa | 0.08 ± 0.01Aa | 0.09 ± 0.02Aa | 0.09 ± 0.02Aa | 0.45 | 0.725 |
1,800 | 0.07 ± 0.00Ba | 0.08 ± 0.01Aa | 0.08 ± 0.03Aa | 0.08 ± 0.01Aa | 0.39 | 0.764 | |
2,000 | 0.06 ± 0.01Aa | 0.08 ± 0.02Aa | 0.08 ± 0.01Aa | 0.09 ± 0.01Ba | 2.89 | 0.103 | |
2,200 | 0.06 ± 0.02Ba | 0.06 ± 0.00Aa | 0.07 ± 0.02Aa | 0.08 ± 0.00ABa | 1.45 | 0.298 |
指数 Index | 海拔 Elevation (m) | 春季 Spring (5月 May) | 夏季 Summer (7月 July) | 秋季 Autumn (10月 October) | F | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shannon-Wiener多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') | 1,600 | 4.11 ± 0.12Ba | 4.22 ± 0.12Ba | 4.07 ± 0.28Aa | 0.53 | 0.617 |
1,800 | 4.28 ± 0.17ABa | 4.53 ± 0.05Aa | 4.41 ± 0.12Aa | 3.08 | 0.120 | |
2,000 | 4.08 ± 0.07Ba | 4.46 ± 0.23ABa | 4.33 ± 0.29Aa | 2.30 | 0.182 | |
2,200 | 4.41 ± 0.03Aa | 4.52 ± 0.09Aa | 4.08 ± 0.40Ab | 16.50 | 0.004** | |
Margalef丰富度指数 Margalef richness index (D) | 1,600 | 5.08 ± 0.54Ab | 6.23 ± 0.11Aa | 4.74 ± 0.32Bb | 13.45 | 0.006** |
1,800 | 5.39 ± 0.20Ab | 6.48 ± 0.36Aa | 5.89 ± 0.09Ab | 15.19 | 0.004** | |
2,000 | 5.11 ± 0.23Ab | 6.26 ± 0.51Aa | 4.62 ± 0.53Bb | 10.66 | 0.011* | |
2,200 | 5.44 ± 0.18Aa | 5.80 ± 0.28Aa | 4.35 ± 0.40Bb | 18.81 | 0.003** | |
Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index (E) | 1,600 | 0.71 ± 0.03Ba | 0.77 ± 0.05Aa | 0.70 ± 0.02Ba | 3.36 | 0.105 |
1,800 | 0.73 ± 0.02Bb | 0.79 ± 0.02Aab | 0.76 ± 0.01Aa | 7.75 | 0.022* | |
2,000 | 0.72 ± 0.02Bb | 0.84 ± 0.04Ab | 0.76 ± 0.04Ab | 11.25 | 0.009** | |
2,200 | 0.78 ± 0.02Aa | 0.82 ± 0.06Aa | 0.79 ± 0.01Aa | 1.42 | 0.313 | |
Simpson优势度指数 Simpson dominance index (C) | 1,600 | 0.09 ± 0.01Aa | 0.08 ± 0.01Aa | 0.09 ± 0.02Aa | 1.00 | 0.422 |
1,800 | 0.08 ± 0.01Ba | 0.07 ± 0.01Aa | 0.08 ± 0.01Aa | 0.57 | 0.593 | |
2,000 | 0.10 ± 0.01Aa | 0.07 ± 0.02Aa | 0.08 ± 0.02Aa | 2.38 | 0.174 | |
2,200 | 0.08 ± 0.01Ba | 0.07 ± 0.01Aa | 0.08 ± 0.02Aa | 0.60 | 0.579 |
表5 关帝山不同海拔杨桦混交林不同季节土壤动物群落的多样性指数(均值 ± 标准误)
Table 5 Diversity index of soil fauna of poplar-birch forest at different elevations in Guandi Mountains in different seasons (mean ± SE)
指数 Index | 海拔 Elevation (m) | 春季 Spring (5月 May) | 夏季 Summer (7月 July) | 秋季 Autumn (10月 October) | F | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shannon-Wiener多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') | 1,600 | 4.11 ± 0.12Ba | 4.22 ± 0.12Ba | 4.07 ± 0.28Aa | 0.53 | 0.617 |
1,800 | 4.28 ± 0.17ABa | 4.53 ± 0.05Aa | 4.41 ± 0.12Aa | 3.08 | 0.120 | |
2,000 | 4.08 ± 0.07Ba | 4.46 ± 0.23ABa | 4.33 ± 0.29Aa | 2.30 | 0.182 | |
2,200 | 4.41 ± 0.03Aa | 4.52 ± 0.09Aa | 4.08 ± 0.40Ab | 16.50 | 0.004** | |
Margalef丰富度指数 Margalef richness index (D) | 1,600 | 5.08 ± 0.54Ab | 6.23 ± 0.11Aa | 4.74 ± 0.32Bb | 13.45 | 0.006** |
1,800 | 5.39 ± 0.20Ab | 6.48 ± 0.36Aa | 5.89 ± 0.09Ab | 15.19 | 0.004** | |
2,000 | 5.11 ± 0.23Ab | 6.26 ± 0.51Aa | 4.62 ± 0.53Bb | 10.66 | 0.011* | |
2,200 | 5.44 ± 0.18Aa | 5.80 ± 0.28Aa | 4.35 ± 0.40Bb | 18.81 | 0.003** | |
Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index (E) | 1,600 | 0.71 ± 0.03Ba | 0.77 ± 0.05Aa | 0.70 ± 0.02Ba | 3.36 | 0.105 |
1,800 | 0.73 ± 0.02Bb | 0.79 ± 0.02Aab | 0.76 ± 0.01Aa | 7.75 | 0.022* | |
2,000 | 0.72 ± 0.02Bb | 0.84 ± 0.04Ab | 0.76 ± 0.04Ab | 11.25 | 0.009** | |
2,200 | 0.78 ± 0.02Aa | 0.82 ± 0.06Aa | 0.79 ± 0.01Aa | 1.42 | 0.313 | |
Simpson优势度指数 Simpson dominance index (C) | 1,600 | 0.09 ± 0.01Aa | 0.08 ± 0.01Aa | 0.09 ± 0.02Aa | 1.00 | 0.422 |
1,800 | 0.08 ± 0.01Ba | 0.07 ± 0.01Aa | 0.08 ± 0.01Aa | 0.57 | 0.593 | |
2,000 | 0.10 ± 0.01Aa | 0.07 ± 0.02Aa | 0.08 ± 0.02Aa | 2.38 | 0.174 | |
2,200 | 0.08 ± 0.01Ba | 0.07 ± 0.01Aa | 0.08 ± 0.02Aa | 0.60 | 0.579 |
图5 土壤动物群落结构和多样性与环境因子间的冗余分析。N: 个体数; S: 物种数; H': Shannon多样性指数; E: Pielou均匀度指数; C: Simpson优势度指数; D: Margalef丰富度指数; THK: 凋落物层厚度; T: 温度; RH: 湿度; pH: 酸碱度; EC: 电导率; AN: 速效氮; AP: 速效磷; AK: 速效钾; BD: 容重; MRC: 最大持水量; CWC: 毛管持水量; NP: 非毛管孔隙度; CP: 毛管孔隙度; TSP: 总孔隙度; SOC: 土壤有机碳; TN: 全氮; TP: 全磷。红色代表指数, 蓝色代表环境因子。
Fig. 5 Redundancy analysis ranking of soil fauna community structure and diversity with environmental factors. N, Number of individuals; S, Number of species; H', Shannon-Wiener diversity index; E, Pielou evenness index; C, Simpson dominance index; D, Margalef richness index; THK, Thickness of litter layer; T, Temperature; RH, Humidity; EC, Conductivity; AN, Available nitrogen; AP, Available phosphorus; AK, Available potassium; BD, Bulk density; MRC, Maximum retentive capacity; CWC, Capillary water capacity; NP, Non-capillary porosity; CP, Capillary porosity; TSP, Total porosity; SOC, Soil organic carbon; TN, Total nitrogen; TP, Total phosphorus. Red represents community structure and diversity index, blue represents environmental factors.
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