生物多样性 ›› 2014, Vol. 22 ›› Issue (4): 492-501. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.14002
张宇阳1, 沙志鹏1, 关法春1,2,,A;*(), 王军峰1
收稿日期:
2014-01-06
接受日期:
2014-05-27
出版日期:
2014-07-20
发布日期:
2014-07-24
通讯作者:
关法春
基金资助:
Yuyang Zhang1, Zhipeng Sha1, Fachun Guan1,2,*(), Junfeng Wang1
Received:
2014-01-06
Accepted:
2014-05-27
Online:
2014-07-20
Published:
2014-07-24
Contact:
Guan Fachun
摘要:
探索如何在利用和控制农田杂草的同时又能维持较高的杂草群落多样性的生产方式, 是当前农业发展的重要方向。作者以“农牧一体化”生产方式下的“玉米(Zea mays)田养鹅”处理和常规玉米种植处理为研究对象, 探讨了玉米田养鹅处理放牧前后及同期常规玉米种植处理下杂草生态位、功能群结构和杂草群落生物多样性的变化。结果表明: (1)在玉米田养鹅模式下, 黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum)、紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)和灰绿藜(Chenopodium glaucum)在放牧前的生态位宽度较大, 但放牧后黑麦草、紫花苜蓿的生态位宽度减小, 而灰绿藜、尼泊尔蓼(Polygonum nepalense)、西南草莓(Fragaria moupinensis)和老鹳草(Geranium sibiricum)等物种的生态位宽度则有不同程度的增大, 放牧后群落内新增加了7种杂草; 对照中, 前期丝叶球柱草(Bulbostylis densa)的生态位宽度最大, 而后期鼠麹草(Gnaphalium affine)的生态位宽度变为最大, 新增2种杂草。(2)放牧前玉米田养鹅处理下的黑麦草和紫花苜蓿的重叠度最大, 而放牧后黑麦草和西南草莓的重叠度变为最大; 在常规玉米种植模式下, 前期丝叶球柱草和马唐(Digitaria sanguinalis)的重叠度最高, 而后期丝叶球柱草和鼠麹草的重叠度最高。(3)两种模式下放牧前后均是一年生双子叶(DA)杂草功能群占据最大优势, 但玉米田养鹅处理模式下放牧后多年生功能类群所占的比例较放牧前增加, 且分配更均匀。(4)放牧前, 玉米田养鹅处理的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Margalef物种丰富度指数和Simpson多样性指数均高于对照, 其中Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margalef物种丰富度指数差异显著(P<0.05, n=3), 而Pielou均匀度指数低于对照, 但差异并不显著(P>0.05, n=3); 放牧后玉米田养鹅处理的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Margalef物种丰富度指数仍显著高于对照(P<0.05, n=3), 而Pielou均匀度指数和Simpson多样性指数则分别显著低于对照 (P<0.05, n=3)。放牧前后, 玉米田养鹅处理杂草群落的地上总生物量均高于对照, 但差异不显著(P>0.05, n=3)。(5)玉米田养鹅处理的玉米产量与对照相比减产4.0%, 但并未达到显著差异(P>0.05, n=12)。总的来看, 玉米田养鹅生产方式维持了较高的农田生态系统生物多样性, 虽然造成了一定的减产, 但可通过鹅的产出获得更高的经济效益。
张宇阳, 沙志鹏, 关法春, 王军峰 (2014) 玉米田养鹅措施对杂草群落生态特征的影响. 生物多样性, 22, 492-501. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.14002.
Yuyang Zhang, Zhipeng Sha, Fachun Guan, Junfeng Wang (2014) Effect of raising geese in cornfield on ecological characteristics of weed community. Biodiversity Science, 22, 492-501. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2014.14002.
种号 No. | 种名 Species | 放牧前 Before grazing | 放牧后 After grazing | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
玉米田养鹅种植模式RGICF | 常规种植模式 CK | 玉米田养鹅种植模式RGICF | 常规种植模式 CK | |||
1 | 黑麦草 Lolium multiflorum | 0.998 | - | 0.988 | - | |
2 | 紫花苜蓿 Medicago sativa | 0.993 | - | 0.961 | - | |
3 | 灰绿藜 Chenopodium glaucum | 0.920 | - | 0.925 | 0.500 | |
4 | 牛膝菊 Galinsoga parviflora | 0.814 | 0.460 | 0.859 | - | |
5 | 鼠麹草 Gnaphalium affine | 0.850 | 0.828 | 0.898 | 0.955 | |
6 | 丝叶球柱草 Bulbostylis densa | 0.764 | 0.977 | 0.895 | 0.900 | |
7 | 尼泊尔蓼 Polygonum nepalense | 0.888 | 0.500 | 0.929 | 0.700 | |
8 | 早熟禾 Poa annua | 0.306 | - | - | - | |
9 | 平车前 Plantago depressa | 0.290 | - | 0.631 | - | |
10 | 马唐 Digitaria sanguinalis | 0.886 | 0.797 | 0.813 | 0.795 | |
11 | 毛蕊花 Verbascum thapsus | - | - | 0.793 | - | |
12 | 倒提壶 Cynoglossum amabile | 0.712 | - | 0.579 | - | |
13 | 加拿大白酒草 Conyza Canadensis | - | 0.543 | 0.869 | 0.702 | |
14 | 大籽蒿 Artemisia sieversiana | 0.846 | 0.000 | 0.849 | 0.901 | |
15 | 川滇香薷 Elsholtzia souliei | 0.802 | - | 0.813 | - | |
16 | 藏蓟 Cirsium lanatum | 0.650 | - | 0.306 | - | |
17 | 白草 Pennisetum flaccidum | 0.609 | - | 0.728 | - | |
18 | 尼泊尔酸模 Rumex nepalensis | 0.290 | - | 0.830 | - | |
19 | 西南草莓 Fragaria moupinensis | - | - | 0.949 | - | |
20 | 萨嘎苔草 Carex sagaensis | - | - | 0.710 | - | |
21 | 播娘蒿 Descurainia sophia | - | - | 0.473 | - | |
22 | 蕨 Pteridium aquilinum | - | - | 0.000 | - | |
23 | 节节草 Hippochaete ramosissimum | 0.000 | - | 0.362 | 0.529 | |
24 | 老鹳草 Geranium sibiricum | - | - | 0.937 | - |
表1 玉米田养鹅和常规种植模式下放牧前、后各杂草种群生态位宽度
Table 1 Niche breadth of weed populations before and after grazing under treatments of raising geese in corn fields (RGICF)
种号 No. | 种名 Species | 放牧前 Before grazing | 放牧后 After grazing | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
玉米田养鹅种植模式RGICF | 常规种植模式 CK | 玉米田养鹅种植模式RGICF | 常规种植模式 CK | |||
1 | 黑麦草 Lolium multiflorum | 0.998 | - | 0.988 | - | |
2 | 紫花苜蓿 Medicago sativa | 0.993 | - | 0.961 | - | |
3 | 灰绿藜 Chenopodium glaucum | 0.920 | - | 0.925 | 0.500 | |
4 | 牛膝菊 Galinsoga parviflora | 0.814 | 0.460 | 0.859 | - | |
5 | 鼠麹草 Gnaphalium affine | 0.850 | 0.828 | 0.898 | 0.955 | |
6 | 丝叶球柱草 Bulbostylis densa | 0.764 | 0.977 | 0.895 | 0.900 | |
7 | 尼泊尔蓼 Polygonum nepalense | 0.888 | 0.500 | 0.929 | 0.700 | |
8 | 早熟禾 Poa annua | 0.306 | - | - | - | |
9 | 平车前 Plantago depressa | 0.290 | - | 0.631 | - | |
10 | 马唐 Digitaria sanguinalis | 0.886 | 0.797 | 0.813 | 0.795 | |
11 | 毛蕊花 Verbascum thapsus | - | - | 0.793 | - | |
12 | 倒提壶 Cynoglossum amabile | 0.712 | - | 0.579 | - | |
13 | 加拿大白酒草 Conyza Canadensis | - | 0.543 | 0.869 | 0.702 | |
14 | 大籽蒿 Artemisia sieversiana | 0.846 | 0.000 | 0.849 | 0.901 | |
15 | 川滇香薷 Elsholtzia souliei | 0.802 | - | 0.813 | - | |
16 | 藏蓟 Cirsium lanatum | 0.650 | - | 0.306 | - | |
17 | 白草 Pennisetum flaccidum | 0.609 | - | 0.728 | - | |
18 | 尼泊尔酸模 Rumex nepalensis | 0.290 | - | 0.830 | - | |
19 | 西南草莓 Fragaria moupinensis | - | - | 0.949 | - | |
20 | 萨嘎苔草 Carex sagaensis | - | - | 0.710 | - | |
21 | 播娘蒿 Descurainia sophia | - | - | 0.473 | - | |
22 | 蕨 Pteridium aquilinum | - | - | 0.000 | - | |
23 | 节节草 Hippochaete ramosissimum | 0.000 | - | 0.362 | 0.529 | |
24 | 老鹳草 Geranium sibiricum | - | - | 0.937 | - |
种号 No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 23 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.000 | 0.904 | 0.761 | 0.617 | 0.664 | 0.606 | 0.716 | 0.211 | 0.195 | 0.740 | 0.551 | 0.670 | 0.620 | 0.522 | 0.410 | 0.195 | 0.121 |
2 | 1.000 | 0.748 | 0.555 | 0.725 | 0.605 | 0.697 | 0.196 | 0.220 | 0.689 | 0.524 | 0.645 | 0.702 | 0.506 | 0.459 | 0.220 | 0.098 | |
3 | 1.000 | 0.589 | 0.557 | 0.553 | 0.707 | 0.280 | 0.200 | 0.634 | 0.480 | 0.530 | 0.500 | 0.391 | 0.320 | 0.200 | 0.080 | ||
4 | 1.000 | 0.391 | 0.448 | 0.607 | 0.269 | 0.231 | 0.535 | 0.638 | 0.625 | 0.292 | 0.265 | 0.278 | 0.231 | 0.308 | |||
5 | 1.000 | 0.689 | 0.604 | 0.074 | 0.397 | 0.425 | 0.366 | 0.705 | 0.794 | 0.338 | 0.396 | 0.358 | 0.041 | ||||
6 | 1.000 | 0.380 | 0.216 | 0.549 | 0.546 | 0.510 | 0.686 | 0.727 | 0.418 | 0.483 | 0.490 | 0.000 | |||||
7 | 1.000 | 0.151 | 0.151 | 0.502 | 0.441 | 0.587 | 0.477 | 0.375 | 0.264 | 0.151 | 0.264 | ||||||
8 | 1.000 | 0.333 | 0.257 | 0.294 | 0.129 | 0.175 | 0.511 | 0.162 | 0.600 | 0.000 | |||||||
9 | 1.000 | 0.114 | 0.412 | 0.452 | 0.400 | 0.222 | 0.351 | 0.667 | 0.000 | ||||||||
10 | 1.000 | 0.548 | 0.525 | 0.561 | 0.543 | 0.371 | 0.114 | 0.114 | |||||||||
12 | 1.000 | 0.634 | 0.343 | 0.222 | 0.280 | 0.412 | 0.177 | ||||||||||
14 | 1.000 | 0.584 | 0.319 | 0.415 | 0.452 | 0.161 | |||||||||||
15 | 1.000 | 0.497 | 0.464 | 0.358 | 0.025 | ||||||||||||
16 | 1.000 | 0.556 | 0.222 | 0.000 | |||||||||||||
17 | 1.000 | 0.351 | 0.000 | ||||||||||||||
18 | 1.000 | 0.000 | |||||||||||||||
23 | 1.000 |
表2 玉米田养鹅处理样地放牧前杂草的生态位重叠度(表中物种号参照表1)
Table 2 Niche overlap of weeds before grazing in the treatment of raising geese in corn fields (RGICF). Species number see Table 1
种号 No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 23 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.000 | 0.904 | 0.761 | 0.617 | 0.664 | 0.606 | 0.716 | 0.211 | 0.195 | 0.740 | 0.551 | 0.670 | 0.620 | 0.522 | 0.410 | 0.195 | 0.121 |
2 | 1.000 | 0.748 | 0.555 | 0.725 | 0.605 | 0.697 | 0.196 | 0.220 | 0.689 | 0.524 | 0.645 | 0.702 | 0.506 | 0.459 | 0.220 | 0.098 | |
3 | 1.000 | 0.589 | 0.557 | 0.553 | 0.707 | 0.280 | 0.200 | 0.634 | 0.480 | 0.530 | 0.500 | 0.391 | 0.320 | 0.200 | 0.080 | ||
4 | 1.000 | 0.391 | 0.448 | 0.607 | 0.269 | 0.231 | 0.535 | 0.638 | 0.625 | 0.292 | 0.265 | 0.278 | 0.231 | 0.308 | |||
5 | 1.000 | 0.689 | 0.604 | 0.074 | 0.397 | 0.425 | 0.366 | 0.705 | 0.794 | 0.338 | 0.396 | 0.358 | 0.041 | ||||
6 | 1.000 | 0.380 | 0.216 | 0.549 | 0.546 | 0.510 | 0.686 | 0.727 | 0.418 | 0.483 | 0.490 | 0.000 | |||||
7 | 1.000 | 0.151 | 0.151 | 0.502 | 0.441 | 0.587 | 0.477 | 0.375 | 0.264 | 0.151 | 0.264 | ||||||
8 | 1.000 | 0.333 | 0.257 | 0.294 | 0.129 | 0.175 | 0.511 | 0.162 | 0.600 | 0.000 | |||||||
9 | 1.000 | 0.114 | 0.412 | 0.452 | 0.400 | 0.222 | 0.351 | 0.667 | 0.000 | ||||||||
10 | 1.000 | 0.548 | 0.525 | 0.561 | 0.543 | 0.371 | 0.114 | 0.114 | |||||||||
12 | 1.000 | 0.634 | 0.343 | 0.222 | 0.280 | 0.412 | 0.177 | ||||||||||
14 | 1.000 | 0.584 | 0.319 | 0.415 | 0.452 | 0.161 | |||||||||||
15 | 1.000 | 0.497 | 0.464 | 0.358 | 0.025 | ||||||||||||
16 | 1.000 | 0.556 | 0.222 | 0.000 | |||||||||||||
17 | 1.000 | 0.351 | 0.000 | ||||||||||||||
18 | 1.000 | 0.000 | |||||||||||||||
23 | 1.000 |
种号 No. | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 10 | 13 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4 | 1.000 | 0.478 | 0.258 | 0.167 | 0.176 | 0.167 |
5 | 1.000 | 0.660 | 0.348 | 0.436 | 0.403 | |
6 | 1.000 | 0.427 | 0.670 | 0.408 | ||
7 | 1.000 | 0.235 | 0.667 | |||
10 | 1.000 | 0.382 | ||||
13 | 1.000 |
表3 常规种植管理模式下对照样地前期杂草生态位重叠度(表中物种号参照表1)
Table 3 Niche overlap of weeds in conventionally planting corn fields (CK) before the RGICF treatment was grazed by geese. The species numbers see Table 1.
种号 No. | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 10 | 13 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4 | 1.000 | 0.478 | 0.258 | 0.167 | 0.176 | 0.167 |
5 | 1.000 | 0.660 | 0.348 | 0.436 | 0.403 | |
6 | 1.000 | 0.427 | 0.670 | 0.408 | ||
7 | 1.000 | 0.235 | 0.667 | |||
10 | 1.000 | 0.382 | ||||
13 | 1.000 |
种号 No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.000 | 0.818 | 0.727 | 0.765 | 0.705 | 0.740 | 0.710 | 0.454 | 0.708 | 0.619 | 0.408 | 0.638 | 0.691 | 0.691 | 0.195 | 0.552 | 0.612 | 0.855 | 0.632 | 0.296 | 0.121 | 0.379 | 0.778 |
2 | 1.000 | 0.694 | 0.661 | 0.764 | 0.690 | 0.623 | 0.298 | 0.627 | 0.610 | 0.401 | 0.653 | 0.724 | 0.552 | 0.160 | 0.556 | 0.505 | 0.806 | 0.660 | 0.287 | 0.071 | 0.370 | 0.686 | |
3 | 1.000 | 0.639 | 0.612 | 0.684 | 0.734 | 0.539 | 0.634 | 0.544 | 0.462 | 0.718 | 0.606 | 0.669 | 0.231 | 0.573 | 0.643 | 0.638 | 0.462 | 0.385 | 0.077 | 0.154 | 0.630 | ||
4 | 1.000 | 0.488 | 0.578 | 0.577 | 0.500 | 0.613 | 0.617 | 0.300 | 0.478 | 0.525 | 0.530 | 0.100 | 0.456 | 0.527 | 0.668 | 0.667 | 0.400 | 0.100 | 0.400 | 0.586 | |||
5 | 1.000 | 0.806 | 0.609 | 0.406 | 0.479 | 0.532 | 0.386 | 0.738 | 0.669 | 0.498 | 0.219 | 0.472 | 0.658 | 0.636 | 0.508 | 0.369 | 0.156 | 0.311 | 0.790 | ||||
6 | 1.000 | 0.665 | 0.561 | 0.524 | 0.530 | 0.378 | 0.789 | 0.686 | 0.516 | 0.178 | 0.500 | 0.753 | 0.630 | 0.467 | 0.378 | 0.133 | 0.233 | 0.775 | |||||
7 | 1.000 | 0.459 | 0.512 | 0.555 | 0.497 | 0.676 | 0.537 | 0.724 | 0.377 | 0.514 | 0.683 | 0.635 | 0.361 | 0.295 | 0.115 | 0.230 | 0.697 | ||||||
9 | 1.000 | 0.446 | 0.317 | 0.333 | 0.454 | 0.350 | 0.511 | 0.250 | 0.333 | 0.686 | 0.323 | 0.167 | 0.500 | 0.250 | 0.143 | 0.429 | |||||||
10 | 1.000 | 0.489 | 0.326 | 0.422 | 0.553 | 0.696 | 0.087 | 0.473 | 0.453 | 0.660 | 0.493 | 0.174 | 0.044 | 0.196 | 0.530 | ||||||||
11 | 1.000 | 0.585 | 0.551 | 0.641 | 0.364 | 0.049 | 0.264 | 0.506 | 0.591 | 0.602 | 0.220 | 0.024 | 0.537 | 0.603 | |||||||||
12 | 1.000 | 0.519 | 0.522 | 0.502 | 0.333 | 0.333 | 0.406 | 0.371 | 0.333 | 0.111 | 0.111 | 0.556 | 0.349 | ||||||||||
13 | 1.000 | 0.758 | 0.482 | 0.278 | 0.556 | 0.641 | 0.558 | 0.352 | 0.352 | 0.093 | 0.241 | 0.677 | |||||||||||
14 | 1.000 | 0.442 | 0.150 | 0.417 | 0.557 | 0.686 | 0.450 | 0.200 | 0.050 | 0.325 | 0.633 | ||||||||||||
15 | 1.000 | 0.348 | 0.551 | 0.515 | 0.616 | 0.384 | 0.174 | 0.130 | 0.217 | 0.534 | |||||||||||||
16 | 1.000 | 0.278 | 0.218 | 0.145 | 0.000 | 0.250 | 0.600 | 0.143 | 0.191 | ||||||||||||||
17 | 1.000 | 0.311 | 0.513 | 0.444 | 0.639 | 0.056 | 0.167 | 0.413 | |||||||||||||||
18 | 1.000 | 0.521 | 0.255 | 0.450 | 0.146 | 0.161 | 0.676 | ||||||||||||||||
19 | 1.000 | 0.651 | 0.194 | 0.065 | 0.339 | 0.784 | |||||||||||||||||
20 | 1.000 | 0.167 | 0.000 | 0.476 | 0.500 | ||||||||||||||||||
21 | 1.000 | 0.250 | 0.143 | 0.333 | |||||||||||||||||||
22 | 1.000 | 0.143 | 0.143 | ||||||||||||||||||||
23 | 1.000 | 0.333 | |||||||||||||||||||||
24 | 1.000 |
表4 玉米田养鹅处理放牧后样地杂草的生态位重叠度(表中物种号参照表1)
Table 4 Niche overlap of weeds after grazing in the treatment of raising geese in corn fields (RGICF). The species numbers see Table 1.
种号 No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.000 | 0.818 | 0.727 | 0.765 | 0.705 | 0.740 | 0.710 | 0.454 | 0.708 | 0.619 | 0.408 | 0.638 | 0.691 | 0.691 | 0.195 | 0.552 | 0.612 | 0.855 | 0.632 | 0.296 | 0.121 | 0.379 | 0.778 |
2 | 1.000 | 0.694 | 0.661 | 0.764 | 0.690 | 0.623 | 0.298 | 0.627 | 0.610 | 0.401 | 0.653 | 0.724 | 0.552 | 0.160 | 0.556 | 0.505 | 0.806 | 0.660 | 0.287 | 0.071 | 0.370 | 0.686 | |
3 | 1.000 | 0.639 | 0.612 | 0.684 | 0.734 | 0.539 | 0.634 | 0.544 | 0.462 | 0.718 | 0.606 | 0.669 | 0.231 | 0.573 | 0.643 | 0.638 | 0.462 | 0.385 | 0.077 | 0.154 | 0.630 | ||
4 | 1.000 | 0.488 | 0.578 | 0.577 | 0.500 | 0.613 | 0.617 | 0.300 | 0.478 | 0.525 | 0.530 | 0.100 | 0.456 | 0.527 | 0.668 | 0.667 | 0.400 | 0.100 | 0.400 | 0.586 | |||
5 | 1.000 | 0.806 | 0.609 | 0.406 | 0.479 | 0.532 | 0.386 | 0.738 | 0.669 | 0.498 | 0.219 | 0.472 | 0.658 | 0.636 | 0.508 | 0.369 | 0.156 | 0.311 | 0.790 | ||||
6 | 1.000 | 0.665 | 0.561 | 0.524 | 0.530 | 0.378 | 0.789 | 0.686 | 0.516 | 0.178 | 0.500 | 0.753 | 0.630 | 0.467 | 0.378 | 0.133 | 0.233 | 0.775 | |||||
7 | 1.000 | 0.459 | 0.512 | 0.555 | 0.497 | 0.676 | 0.537 | 0.724 | 0.377 | 0.514 | 0.683 | 0.635 | 0.361 | 0.295 | 0.115 | 0.230 | 0.697 | ||||||
9 | 1.000 | 0.446 | 0.317 | 0.333 | 0.454 | 0.350 | 0.511 | 0.250 | 0.333 | 0.686 | 0.323 | 0.167 | 0.500 | 0.250 | 0.143 | 0.429 | |||||||
10 | 1.000 | 0.489 | 0.326 | 0.422 | 0.553 | 0.696 | 0.087 | 0.473 | 0.453 | 0.660 | 0.493 | 0.174 | 0.044 | 0.196 | 0.530 | ||||||||
11 | 1.000 | 0.585 | 0.551 | 0.641 | 0.364 | 0.049 | 0.264 | 0.506 | 0.591 | 0.602 | 0.220 | 0.024 | 0.537 | 0.603 | |||||||||
12 | 1.000 | 0.519 | 0.522 | 0.502 | 0.333 | 0.333 | 0.406 | 0.371 | 0.333 | 0.111 | 0.111 | 0.556 | 0.349 | ||||||||||
13 | 1.000 | 0.758 | 0.482 | 0.278 | 0.556 | 0.641 | 0.558 | 0.352 | 0.352 | 0.093 | 0.241 | 0.677 | |||||||||||
14 | 1.000 | 0.442 | 0.150 | 0.417 | 0.557 | 0.686 | 0.450 | 0.200 | 0.050 | 0.325 | 0.633 | ||||||||||||
15 | 1.000 | 0.348 | 0.551 | 0.515 | 0.616 | 0.384 | 0.174 | 0.130 | 0.217 | 0.534 | |||||||||||||
16 | 1.000 | 0.278 | 0.218 | 0.145 | 0.000 | 0.250 | 0.600 | 0.143 | 0.191 | ||||||||||||||
17 | 1.000 | 0.311 | 0.513 | 0.444 | 0.639 | 0.056 | 0.167 | 0.413 | |||||||||||||||
18 | 1.000 | 0.521 | 0.255 | 0.450 | 0.146 | 0.161 | 0.676 | ||||||||||||||||
19 | 1.000 | 0.651 | 0.194 | 0.065 | 0.339 | 0.784 | |||||||||||||||||
20 | 1.000 | 0.167 | 0.000 | 0.476 | 0.500 | ||||||||||||||||||
21 | 1.000 | 0.250 | 0.143 | 0.333 | |||||||||||||||||||
22 | 1.000 | 0.143 | 0.143 | ||||||||||||||||||||
23 | 1.000 | 0.333 | |||||||||||||||||||||
24 | 1.000 |
种号 No. | 3 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 10 | 13 | 14 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 | 1.000 | 0.426 | 0.556 | 0.417 | 0.325 | 0.333 | 0.425 |
5 | 1.000 | 0.813 | 0.582 | 0.491 | 0.524 | 0.785 | |
6 | 1.000 | 0.601 | 0.605 | 0.414 | 0.702 | ||
7 | 1.000 | 0.642 | 0.253 | 0.618 | |||
10 | 1.000 | 0.331 | 0.613 | ||||
13 | 1.000 | 0.544 | |||||
14 | 1.000 |
表5 常规种植管理对照样地后期杂草生态位重叠度(表中物种号参照表1)
Table 5 Niche overlap of weeds after grazing in conventionally planting corn fields (CK) after the RGICF treatment was grazed by geese. The species numbers see Table 1.
种号 No. | 3 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 10 | 13 | 14 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 | 1.000 | 0.426 | 0.556 | 0.417 | 0.325 | 0.333 | 0.425 |
5 | 1.000 | 0.813 | 0.582 | 0.491 | 0.524 | 0.785 | |
6 | 1.000 | 0.601 | 0.605 | 0.414 | 0.702 | ||
7 | 1.000 | 0.642 | 0.253 | 0.618 | |||
10 | 1.000 | 0.331 | 0.613 | ||||
13 | 1.000 | 0.544 | |||||
14 | 1.000 |
图1 玉米田养鹅(RGICF)和常规(CK)种植模式下放牧前(a)和放牧后(b)各功能群相对多度。MA: 单子叶一年生或越年生植物; MP: 单子叶多年生植物; DA: 双子叶一年或越年生植物; DP: 双子叶多年生植物; FA: 蕨类一年生植物; FP: 蕨类多年生植物。
Fig. 1 Relative abundance of functional groups before grazing (a) and after grazing (b) under the treatment of raising geese in corn fields (RGICF). MA, Monocotyledonous annuals or biennials; MP, Monocotyledonous perennials; DA, Dicotyledonous annuals or biennials; DP, Dicotyledonous perennials; FA, Fern annuals; FP, Fern perennials.
放牧前 Before grazing | 放牧后 After grazing | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RGICF | CK | df | RGICF | CK | df | ||
Shannon-Wiener指数 Shannon-Wiener index (H’) | 1.67 ± 0.08a | 1.26 ± 0.01b | 2 | 2.05 ± 0.05a | 1.74 ± 0.06b | 2 | |
Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index (E) | 0.63 ± 0.02a | 0.73 ± 0.05a | 2 | 0.67 ± 0.00a | 0.87 ± 0.05b | 2 | |
Margalef丰富度指数 Margalef richness index (DMG) | 2.10 ± 0.31a | 1.34 ± 0.22b | 2 | 3.27 ± 0.23A | 1.55 ± 0.05B | 2 | |
Simpson多样性指数 Simpson diversity index (D) | 0.64 ± 0.02a | 0.61 ± 0.04a | 2 | 0.72 ± 0.01a | 0.79 ± 0.02b | 2 | |
地上生物量 Above-ground biomass (g) | 14.24 ± 7.09a | 3.12 ± 0.26a | 2 | 15.98 ± 6.80a | 5.49 ± 1.72a | 2 |
表6 玉米田养鹅和常规种植模式下杂草群落生物多样性指数和地上生物量
Table 6 Biodiversity indices and above biomass of weed community under different treatments of raising geese in corn fields (RGICF) and conventionally planting corn fields (CK)
放牧前 Before grazing | 放牧后 After grazing | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RGICF | CK | df | RGICF | CK | df | ||
Shannon-Wiener指数 Shannon-Wiener index (H’) | 1.67 ± 0.08a | 1.26 ± 0.01b | 2 | 2.05 ± 0.05a | 1.74 ± 0.06b | 2 | |
Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index (E) | 0.63 ± 0.02a | 0.73 ± 0.05a | 2 | 0.67 ± 0.00a | 0.87 ± 0.05b | 2 | |
Margalef丰富度指数 Margalef richness index (DMG) | 2.10 ± 0.31a | 1.34 ± 0.22b | 2 | 3.27 ± 0.23A | 1.55 ± 0.05B | 2 | |
Simpson多样性指数 Simpson diversity index (D) | 0.64 ± 0.02a | 0.61 ± 0.04a | 2 | 0.72 ± 0.01a | 0.79 ± 0.02b | 2 | |
地上生物量 Above-ground biomass (g) | 14.24 ± 7.09a | 3.12 ± 0.26a | 2 | 15.98 ± 6.80a | 5.49 ± 1.72a | 2 |
图2 玉米田养鹅处理(RGICF)和对照(CK)的玉米产量。不同字母表示在0.05水平上差异显著。
Fig. 2 Corn yield under the treatments of raising geese in the corn fields (RGICF) and conventionally planting corn fields (CK). The bars represent the standard error of the mean. Letters above the bars indicate a difference between treatments at the 0.05 significance level.
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