生态学代谢理论: 基于个体新陈代谢过程解释物种多样性的地理格局

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.09162

生物多样性 ›› 2009, Vol. 17 ›› Issue (6): 625-634. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.09162

所属专题：群落中的物种多样性：格局与机制

生态学代谢理论: 基于个体新陈代谢过程解释物种多样性的地理格局

王志恒, 唐志尧, 方精云^*()

北京大学城市与环境学院生态学系, 北京大学生态学研究与教育中心,北京大学地表过程分析与模拟教育部重点实验室, 北京 100871

收稿日期:2009-06-22 接受日期:2009-11-07 出版日期:2009-11-20 发布日期:2009-11-20
通讯作者: 方精云
作者简介:*E-mail: jyfang@urban.pku.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(40638039);国家自然科学基金(90711002)

Metabolic theory of ecology: an explanation for species richness patterns based on the metabolic processes of organisms

Zhiheng Wang, Zhiyao Tang, Jingyun Fang^*()

Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Center for Ecological Research & Education, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871

Received:2009-06-22 Accepted:2009-11-07 Online:2009-11-20 Published:2009-11-20
Contact: Jingyun Fang

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

新陈代谢是生物的基本生理过程。生态学代谢理论(metabolic theory of ecology)基于生物个体大小和环境温度对个体新陈代谢过程的影响, 使用尺度推移(scaling)的方法来解释多种生态学格局和过程。James Borwn等将这一理论用于解释物种多样性的大尺度格局, 并从机制上解释了物种多样性与环境温度的关系。这一理论提出了两个明确的预测: (1)物种多样性的对数与绝对温度的倒数之间呈线性关系; (2) 这一线性关系的斜率为-0.6至-0.7。这一理论自提出以来, 饱受争议, 经过了正反两方面经验数据的检验, 目前仍未形成一致的结论。虽然这一理论仍面临着一些有待解决的问题, 但它以崭新的思路和方法有别于以往的基于统计学方法的研究。人们过去对该理论的实证检验忽略了两个重要的约束条件, 即除温度以外的环境条件处于理想状态和群落处于平衡状态, 而这两个约束条件是理解该理论的基础。本文对生态学代谢理论的理论框架、预测和含义, 以及以往的检验结果进行阐述, 在此基础上提出了作者对该理论的若干认识和未来研究中应考虑的若干问题。

关键词: 生态学代谢理论, 温度, 能量, 物种多样性, 纬度梯度, 个体大小

Abstract

Metabolisms are fundamental processes of organisms. The recently-proposed Metabolic Theory of Ecology (MTE) seeks to explain ecological patterns and processes in terms of the effects of body size and temperature on the metabolic processes of organisms and using the scaling approach. James Brown and his colleagues extended the MTE to explain large-scale patterns of species diversity, and proposed a potential mechanism for species richness-temperature relationships, which predicted that the number of species increases exponentially with increasing environmental temperature. More quantitatively, they predicted that (1) log-transformed number of species varies linearly with the reciprocal of absolute temperature, and (2) the slope of the relationship ranges between -0.70 and -0.60. The MTE has generated widespread attention and controversy and has been tested by a number of empirical observations, but no agreement has yet been reached. Although several issues need to be resolved, the theory is quite different from conventional regression-based methods because of its biological mechanism-sound approach. Previous empirical tests of the theory may ignore two important assumptions (i.e. unconstrained environments except temperature and equilibrium communities) that are the basis for understanding the MTE. This article reviews the frame-work, predictions, and biological meanings of the MTE and examines previous empirical tests of the theory. We also comment on criticisms raised by previous studies and prospect some aspects for the further study.

Key words: metabolic theory of ecology (MTE), temperature, energy, species diversity, latitudinal gradient, body size

王志恒, 唐志尧, 方精云 (2009) 生态学代谢理论: 基于个体新陈代谢过程解释物种多样性的地理格局. 生物多样性, 17, 625-634. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.09162.

Zhiheng Wang, Zhiyao Tang, Jingyun Fang (2009) Metabolic theory of ecology: an explanation for species richness patterns based on the metabolic processes of organisms. Biodiversity Science, 17, 625-634. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.09162.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.09162

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2009/V17/I6/625

图/表 3

图1 北美树木(A)和两栖动物(B)物种多样性的对数与绝对温度倒数(1,000/T)的关系(引自Allen et al., 2002)

Fig. 1 Changes in log-transformed species richness of (A) trees and (B) amphibians in North America with reciprocal of absolute temperature (i.e. 1,000/T) (Allen et al., 2002).

图2 中国和北美地区树木物种多样性对数与1/kT的关系(引自Wang et al., 2009)。图中, 中国树木物种多样性根据“中国木本植物分布数据库”计算, 北美树木多样性则根据“北美树木分布图集”计算; 空间分辨率为50 km × 50 km至400 km × 400 km; E为个体新陈代谢的活化能, 也即不同分辨率下物种丰富度对数与1/kT线性关系斜率的绝对值。

Fig. 2 Relationships between log-transformed tree species richness and 1/kT in China (A, B, C, D) and North America (E, F, G, H) (Wang et al., 2009). Species richness of trees was estimated using the Database of China’s Woody Plants for China, and Atlas of United States Trees for North America. Grid sizes ranging from 50 km × 50 km to 400 km × 400 km were used to evaluate the effects of spatial scales. E values (i.e. the activity energy) represented the absolute values of the slopes between log-transformed tree species richness and 1/kT.

图3 水分对代谢理论预测能力的影响(根据Wang et al., 2009修改)。图中, 纵轴为使用代谢理论模型预测中国和北美地区树木物种丰富度时的残差, 横轴为年降水量的对数, 物种多样性的空间分辨率为50 km × 50 km。在干旱地区, 代谢理论模型显著高估物种丰富度; 而在湿润地区, 则显著低估物种丰富度。

Fig. 3 Influence of precipitation on the MTE predictions (modified from Wang et al., 2009). Y-axis represents residuals of the MTE models between log-transformed tree diversity and 1/kT using grids of 50 km × 50 km, while the X-axis represents the log-transformed precipitation for each grid. The result indicates that the MTE models tend to overestimate the tree diversity in arid regions, but underestimate in humid regions.

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生态学代谢理论: 基于个体新陈代谢过程解释物种多样性的地理格局

Metabolic theory of ecology: an explanation for species richness patterns based on the metabolic processes of organisms

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