火后恢复时间影响大兴安岭寒温带森林内部与边缘鸟类多样性

doi:10.17520/biods.2022665

生物多样性 ›› 2023, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (7): 22665. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022665

• 研究报告: 动物多样性 • 上一篇下一篇

火后恢复时间影响大兴安岭寒温带森林内部与边缘鸟类多样性

李发扬¹^,², 李滢钰¹^,², 蒋文妮³, 刘曙光⁴, 霍超⁴, 孙巧奇¹^,²^,^*(), 邹红菲¹^,²

1.东北林业大学野生动物与自然保护地学院, 哈尔滨 150040
2.自然资源部寒地国土空间规划与生态保护修复重点实验室, 哈尔滨 150040
3.北京师范大学生命科学学院, 北京 100875
4.黑龙江南瓮河国家级自然保护区管理局, 黑龙江松岭 165012

收稿日期:2022-11-30 接受日期:2023-03-29 出版日期:2023-07-20 发布日期:2023-07-26
通讯作者: *E-mail: qiaoqi.sun@nefu.edu.cn
作者简介:*E-mail: qiaoqi.sun@nefu.edu.cn
基金资助:
黑龙江省自然科学基金(YQ2021C002);黑龙江省博士后科研启动金(LBH-Q20063);教育部中央高校基本科研业务费项目(2572021DT05)

How forest fires affect bird diversity over time in boreal forest interiors and edges in the Greater Khingan Mountains

Fayang Li¹^,², Yingyu Li¹^,², Wenni Jiang³, Shuguang Liu⁴, Chao Huo⁴, Qiaoqi Sun¹^,²^,^*(), Hongfei Zou¹^,²

1. College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040
2. Key Laboratory of National Territory Spatial Planning and Ecological Restoration in Cold Regions, Ministry of Natural Resources, Harbin 150040
3. College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875
4. Heilongjiang Nanwenghe National Nature Reserve Administration, Songling, Heilongjiang 165012

Received:2022-11-30 Accepted:2023-03-29 Online:2023-07-20 Published:2023-07-26
Contact: *E-mail: qiaoqi.sun@nefu.edu.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

中重度火干扰通常会显著改变森林结构与功能, 甚至引发森林演替, 严重影响鸟类群落组成与多样性。大兴安岭是我国林火高发热点地区之一, 但林火对鸟类多样性影响的研究较少, 特别是对功能多样性的影响尚不清楚。本研究于2021年7-8月在大兴安岭地区的黑龙江南瓮河国家级自然保护区, 采用样点法对森林鸟类展开调查, 量化不同林火干扰时间下森林内部和边缘鸟类功能多样性的差异。同时, 通过系统性文献检索, 进一步比较了大兴安岭地区不同林分组成与鸟类功能多样性的关系。结果发现: (1)不同林火事件后, 森林内部鸟类群落的组成差异较小, 但边缘鸟类组成差异较大; (2)森林内部的鸟类功能丰富度和均匀度随火后恢复时间增加逐渐升高, 并且在火后早期阶段森林边缘的功能丰富度更高; (3)随着火后恢复时间的增加, 森林边缘的留鸟比例增加, 夏候鸟比例减少; (4)在大兴安岭地区, 针阔混交林中的鸟类功能丰富度显著高于兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)林。本研究建议在大兴安岭寒温带森林中, 保持森林内部结构稳定性, 同时提升火后早期阶段森林边缘的植被多样性, 这有利于维持鸟类较高的功能丰富度和功能均匀度。

关键词: 鸟类群落, 大兴安岭, 火干扰, 森林演替, 功能多样性

Abstract

Aim: Moderate/high-severity fire is highly likely to induce changes in forest structure, function, and forest succession, which further threaten bird composition and diversity. Greater Khingan Mountains is a fire-prone region, however, little is known about how forest fires influence bird diversity, particularly its functional diversity.

Methods We used the point counts approach to survey birds and quantified changes in bird community structure and functional diversity after several fires had occurred at both forest interiors and edges in the Heilongjiang Nanwenghe National Nature Reserve from July to August 2021. Furthermore, a systematic literature review was conducted to investigate the relationship between forest composition and bird functional diversity in the Greater Khingan Mountains.

Results: The results showed (1) the difference in bird community composition was small in the forest interiors, but was great at forest edges, with different fire severity histories; (2) the functional richness and evenness of birds in the forest interiors gradually increased with the increased recovery time since the fire, and bird functional richness was greatest at the forest edges in the early stages of the post-fire disturbance; (3) over time since the post-fire recovery, the proportion of resident birds increased, but the proportion of summer migratory birds decreased at the forest edges; (4) bird functional richness was significantly higher in the mixed coniferous forests compared to the larch dominant forests in the Greater Khingan Mountains region.

Conclusions: This study suggests that maintaining the structural stability in forest interiors and enhancing plant diversity at the forest edges in the early stages of the post-fire are beneficial for maintaining high bird functional richness and evenness in the boreal forests.

Key words: bird community, Greater Khingan Mountains, fire disturbance, forest succession, functional diversity

李发扬, 李滢钰, 蒋文妮, 刘曙光, 霍超, 孙巧奇, 邹红菲 (2023) 火后恢复时间影响大兴安岭寒温带森林内部与边缘鸟类多样性. 生物多样性, 31, 22665. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022665.

Fayang Li, Yingyu Li, Wenni Jiang, Shuguang Liu, Chao Huo, Qiaoqi Sun, Hongfei Zou (2023) How forest fires affect bird diversity over time in boreal forest interiors and edges in the Greater Khingan Mountains. Biodiversity Science, 31, 22665. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022665.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2022665

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2023/V31/I7/22665

图/表 9

图1 黑龙江南瓮河国家级自然保护区鸟类野外调查样地分布图及其对应的林火历史。图中“FI”和“FE”分别是“forest interior”和“forest edge”的缩写。小图表示自然保护区边界。

Fig. 1 Bird sampling locations with different fire histories in the study area of the Heilongjiang Nanwenghe National Nature Reserve. “FI” and “FE” are abbreviations of “forest interior” and “forest edge” respectively. Inset map shows the boundary of the nature reserve.

图2 大兴安岭地区不同火后恢复时间森林内部和边缘样地示意图(大图), 小图为微生境图。FE-5: 火后5年的森林边缘; FE-15: 火后15年的森林边缘; FE-50: 火后50年的森林边缘; FI-5: 火后5年的森林内部; FI-15: 火后15年的森林内部; FI-50: 火后50年的森林内部。

Fig. 2 Photos of study areas at the forest interior and edge since post-fire recovery in the Greater Khingan Mountains. Inset maps show details of micro-habitats. FE-5, Forest edge 5 years post-fire; FE-15, Forest edge 15 years post-fire; FE-50, Forest edge 50 years post-fire; FI-5, Forest interior 5 years post-fire; FI-15, Forest interior 15 years post-fire; FI-50, Forest interior 50 years post-fire.

表1 不同火后恢复时间森林内部和边缘鸟类物种丰富度与多度

Table 1 Species richness and abundance of birds at the forest interior and edge since post-fire recovery

火后时间 Time since fire (yr)	生境类型 Habitat type	物种丰富度 Species richness	多度 Abundance	总计 Total
火后时间 Time since fire (yr)	生境类型 Habitat type	物种丰富度 Species richness	多度 Abundance	物种丰富度 Species richness	多度 Abundance
5	森林边缘 Forest edge	18	69	33 (80.5%)	173 (41.2%)
5	森林内部 Forest interior	23	104	33 (80.5%)	173 (41.2%)
15	森林边缘 Forest edge	14	68	20 (48.8%)	111 (26.4%)
15	森林内部 Forest interior	16	43	20 (48.8%)	111 (26.4%)
50	森林边缘 Forest edge	16	41	31 (75.6%)	136 (32.4%)
50	森林内部 Forest interior	23	95

图3 基于鸟类多度的样本覆盖度与物种丰富度估计。a: 基于鸟类多度对样本覆盖度的估计; b: 以图a估计的样本覆盖度为基础, 对物种丰富度进一步估计。

Fig. 3 Estimation of sample coverage and species richness based on bird abundance. a, Estimation of sample coverage based on bird abundance; b, Further estimation of species richness based on the sample coverage estimated in figure a.

表2 火后不同恢复时间森林内部和边缘的Jaccard指数(C)

Table 2 Jaccard index (C) at the forest interior and edge since post-fire recovery

		5年 5 years		15年 15 years		50年 50 years
		森林边缘 Forest edge	森林内部 Forest interior	森林边缘 Forest edge	森林内部 Forest interior	森林边缘 Forest edge
5年 5 years	森林内部 Forest interior	0.24
15年 15 years	森林边缘 Forest edge	0.33	0.28
15年 15 years	森林内部 Forest interior	0.26	0.50	0.38
50年 50 years	森林边缘 Forest edge	0.36	0.34	0.15	0.28
	森林内部 Forest interior	0.21	0.59	0.32	0.50	0.26

图4 火后不同恢复时间森林内部和边缘的鸟类功能丰富度(FRic)、功能均匀度(FEve)和功能离散度(FDiv)。不同字母表示组间差异显著, 大小写分别代表P < 0.01和P < 0.05。

Fig. 4 Functional richness (FRic), functional evenness (FEve) and functional divergence (FDiv) of birds at the forest interior and edge since post-fire recovery. Different letters indicate significant differences among groups, with upper and lower case letters representing P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively.

图5 火后不同恢复时间森林内部和边缘鸟类功能组成所占比例。FE-5: 火后5年的森林边缘; FE-15: 火后15年的森林边缘; FE-50: 火后50年的森林边缘; FI-5: 火后5年的森林内部; FI-15: 火后15年的森林内部; FI-50: 火后50年的森林内部。

Fig. 5 Proportion of functional composition of birds at the forest interior and edge since post-fire recovery. FE-5, Forest edge 5 years post-fire; FE-15, Forest edge 15 years post-fire; FE-50, Forest edge 50 years post-fire; FI-5, Forest interior 5 years post-fire; FI-15, Forest interior 15 years post-fire; FI-50, Forest interior 50 years post-fire.

图6 火后不同恢复时间森林内部和边缘鸟类功能丰富度(FRic)、功能均匀度(FEve)、功能离散度(FDiv)的标准化效应值(SES)。FE-5: 火后5年的森林边缘; FE-15: 火后15年的森林边缘; FE-50: 火后50年的森林边缘; FI-5: 火后5年的森林内部; FI-15: 火后15年的森林内部; FI-50: 火后50年的森林内部。

Fig. 6 Standardized effect size (SES) of functional richness (SES.FRic), functional evenness (SES.FEve) and functional divergence (SES.FDiv) at the forest interior and edge since post-fire recovery. FE-5, Forest edge 5 years post-fire; FE-15, Forest edge 15 years post-fire; FE-50, Forest edge 50 years post-fire; FI-5, Forest interior 5 years post-fire; FI-15, Forest interior 15 years post-fire; FI-50, Forest interior 50 years post-fire.

图7 大兴安岭地区不同林分组成下(落叶松、樟子松与混交林)鸟类丰富度、功能丰富度(FRic)、功能均匀度(FEve)、功能离散度(FDiv)的变化。* P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01。

Fig. 7 Changes in bird richness, functional richness (FRic), functional evenness (FEve), functional divergence (FDiv) under different forest compositions (Larix gmelinii, Pinus sylvestris and mixed forest) in the Greater Khingan Mountains. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01.

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火后恢复时间影响大兴安岭寒温带森林内部与边缘鸟类多样性

How forest fires affect bird diversity over time in boreal forest interiors and edges in the Greater Khingan Mountains

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