西双版纳农林复合橡胶林土壤多营养级生物网络结构

doi:10.17520/biods.2022626

生物多样性 ›› 2023, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (6): 22626. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022626

• 研究报告: 动物多样性 • 上一篇下一篇

西双版纳农林复合橡胶林土壤多营养级生物网络结构

王文婷¹^,²^,^*(), 王蓉³, 牛翠平³, 白杨¹, 杨效东¹^,⁴

1.中国科学院西双版纳热带植物园, 云南勐腊 666303
2.中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
3.普洱学院, 云南普洱 665000
4.哀牢山国家森林生态系统野外科学观测研究站, 云南普洱 665000

收稿日期:2022-11-03 接受日期:2023-01-27 出版日期:2023-06-20 发布日期:2023-06-16
通讯作者: * E-mail: wangwenting@xtbg.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(41877064);国家自然科学基金(42061144005)

Soil multitrophic ecological network structure of agroforestry rubber plantation in Xishuangbanna

Wenting Wang¹^,²^,^*(), Rong Wang³, Cuiping Niu³, Yang Bai¹, Xiaodong Yang¹^,⁴

1. Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, Yunnan 666303
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
3. Puer University, Puer, Yunnan 665000
4. National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Forest Ecosystem in Ailao Mountain, Puer, Yunnan 665000

Received:2022-11-03 Accepted:2023-01-27 Online:2023-06-20 Published:2023-06-16
Contact: * E-mail: wangwenting@xtbg.ac.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

过度扩张的单一种植橡胶(Hevea brasiliensis)林会导致土壤生物多样性丧失和生态系统服务功能衰退, 为探究橡胶农林复合措施的实施对土壤生态系统的缓解效应, 解析多营养级土壤生物网络结构复杂性对不同橡胶林种植模式生态系统功能的影响有重要意义。本研究在西双版纳地区选取单一种植的橡胶林、橡胶 + 茶树(Camellia sinensis)、橡胶 + 大叶千斤拔(Flemingia macrophylla)和热带雨林作为研究对象, 分别在干季(3月)和雨季(9月)采集凋落物和土壤样品, 进一步鉴定土壤生物群落, 测定土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性、凋落物生物量和根系生物量, 分析并构建了不同复合种植模式橡胶林的土壤多营养级生物网络。结果表明: (1)总体而言, 不同种植模式橡胶林的土壤真菌和节肢动物丰富度均显著低于热带雨林, 但橡胶林间作大叶千斤拔可提升土壤细菌和线虫丰富度; (2)相较于单一种植橡胶林, 橡胶 + 茶树模式在干季显著增加了土壤多营养级生物网络的复杂性(边数目增加38.26%、节点数目增加37.59%), 且土壤节肢动物在网络结构中占比增加; 而橡胶 + 大叶千斤拔模式则在雨季显著增加此网络的复杂性(边数目增加23.38%、节点数目增加31.58%), 且网络结构以植食性线虫、根结线虫、外生菌根和根瘤菌为主的连接中心和模块中心增多; (3)橡胶 + 大叶千斤拔复合种植模式在干季显著提升土壤总碳氮含量, 在雨季则显著增加β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶和酸性磷酸酶的活性。由此表明, 通过间作方式增加橡胶林植物多样性可提高土壤生物多样性和资源输入, 有助于土壤多营养级食物网络复杂性和土壤养分协调发展, 本文可为探索可持续发展的环境友好型橡胶园种植模式提供重要理论基础和数据支持。

关键词: 西双版纳, 土地利用, 农林复合, 土壤生物多样性, 生态网络

Abstract

Aims: Monoculture rubber plantations present a serious threat to regional biodiversity by reducing the ecological structure and function of terrestrial ecosystems in Xishuangbanna. The present research was conducted to (1) develop mitigation strategies to improve soil health under land use intensification and (2) to clarify the diversity and network complexity of soil multitrophic organisms under the influence of different land use types.

Methods: We set sampling sites in the following land use types: monoculture rubber plantation (MRP), rubber with Camellia sinensis (RCS), rubber with Flemingia macrophylla (RFM) and tropical rainforest (TRF). We collected soil samples in the dry (March) and wet (September) seasons. Soil physico-chemical properties, soil enzyme activities, litter mass and root mass were measured. Relevant soil organisms at the multitrophic level were selected for network analysis. Co-occurrence network analysis methods were used to elucidate the complexity of different trophic levels of biological networks in the different land use types.

Results: The results showed that: (1) richness of fungi and arthropods in rubber plantations was lower than tropical rainforest but bacteria and nematode were densely populated in RFM; (2) when examining samples collected in the dry season, when compared with MRP, the soil multitrophic biological network complexity of the RCS was significantly higher (the number of edges and nodes increased by 38.26% and 37.59%, respectively). Similarly, the proportion of soil arthropods increased in the network structure. The RFM, when compared to MRP, showed significant increase in the complexity of soil multitrophic biological network (the number of edges and nodes increased by 23.38% and 31.58%, respectively). When examining samples collected in the wet season, RFM showed significantly more connecting and modular centers dominated by herbivorous nematodes, root-knot nematodes, ectomycorrhiza and rhizobia; and (3) RFM showed significant increase in the total soil carbon and nitrogen content in dry season but increase in enzymatic activities of β-1,4-glucosidase and acid phosphatase in the wet season.

Conclusion: Our study provides a methodological approach that can accurately predict biological indicators of soil quality for agro-rubber forests. Moreover, we have generated a comprehensive dataset and technical support for the establishment and improvement of sustainable environmental-friendly rubber plantations.

Key words: Xishuangbanna, land use, agroforestry, soil biota diversity, ecological network

王文婷, 王蓉, 牛翠平, 白杨, 杨效东 (2023) 西双版纳农林复合橡胶林土壤多营养级生物网络结构. 生物多样性, 31, 22626. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022626.

Wenting Wang, Rong Wang, Cuiping Niu, Yang Bai, Xiaodong Yang (2023) Soil multitrophic ecological network structure of agroforestry rubber plantation in Xishuangbanna. Biodiversity Science, 31, 22626. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022626.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2022626

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2023/V31/I6/22626

图/表 8

图1 研究地点位置和不同橡胶林种植模式

Fig. 1 Location of the study site and different rubber plantations. NBH, Nabanhe National Nature Reserve; XTBG, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden; LL, Longlin Village in Mengla County.

图2 不同橡胶林种植模式下干季和雨季土壤生物丰富度的多重比较

Fig. 2 Multiple comparison of the soil organisms in dry season and rain season in different rubber plantations. MRP, Monoculture rubber plantation; RCS, Rubber with Camellia sinensis; RFM, Rubber with Flemingia macrophylla; TRF, Tropical rainforest.

图3 基于Bray-Curtis差异度的非度量多维标度(NMDS)排序显示了不同橡胶林种植模式下细菌、真菌、线虫和节肢动物群落的变化。不同颜色/形状代表样本所属的分组信息。

Fig. 3 Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity shows the variation of bacteria, fungi, nematode and arthropod communities in different rubber plantations. The different colors/shapes represent the grouping information to which the sample belongs. MRP, Monoculture rubber plantation; RCS, Rubber with Camellia sinensis; RFM, Rubber with Flemingia macrophylla; TRF, Tropical rainforest.

表1 不同橡胶林种植模式下土壤理化性质的多重比较(平均值 ± 标准误)

Table 1 Multiple comparison of the soil properties in the different rubber plantations (mean ± SE)

测定项目 Item	季节 Season	橡胶林 MRP	橡胶 + 茶树 RCS	橡胶 + 大叶千斤拔 RFM	热带雨林 TRF
土壤总碳 Total carbon (TC, g/kg)	干季 Dry	15.75 ± 1.13^b	17.71 ± 1.38^b	19.47 ± 1.21^ab	22.44 ± 1.78^a
	雨季 Rain	16.29 ± 0.89^b	17.27 ± 1.09^b	18.67 ± 1.07^b	22.25 ± 1.35^a
土壤总氮 Total nitrogen (TN, g/kg)	干季 Dry	1.73 ± 0.09^b	1.87 ± 0.13^b	2.04 ± 0.09^ab	2.34 ± 0.15^a
	雨季 Rain	1.78 ± 0.08^b	1.81 ± 0.10^b	1.98 ± 0.07^b	2.36 ± 0.14^a
土壤总磷 Total phosphorus (TP, g/kg)	干季 Dry	0.35 ± 0.02^a	0.36 ± 0.03^a	0.41 ± 0.04^a	0.36 ± 0.02^a
	雨季 Rain	0.44 ± 0.05^a	0.36 ± 0.03^a	0.38 ± 0.02^a	0.39 ± 0.04^a
β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶 β-1,4-glucosidase (BG, μmol?g^-1 dry soil?h^-1)	干季 Dry	5.03 ± 1.39^a	2.66 ± 0.33^a	6.31 ± 2.41^a	3.95 ± 0.51^a
	雨季 Rain	3.90 ± 1.41^ab	3.38 ± 0.99^b	8.28 ± 2.31^ab	9.00 ± 2.51^a
β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖酶 β-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (NAG, μmol?g^-1 dry soil?h^-1)	干季 Dry	0.71 ± 0.21^a	0.93 ± 0.14^a	1.07 ± 0.35^a	0.74 ± 0.13^a
	雨季 Rain	0.87 ± 0.27^a	0.46 ± 0.13^a	1.08 ± 0.26^a	1.06 ± 0.28^a
酸性磷酸酶 Acid phosphatase (AP, μmol?g^-1 dry soil?h^-1)	干季 Dry	6.97 ± 1.59^a	5.84 ± 1.08^a	8.73 ± 1.90^a	7.21 ± 1.02^a
	雨季 Rain	4.77 ± 1.06^ab	1.93 ± 0.46^b	5.87 ± 1.51^a	6.38 ± 1.51^a
pH	干季 Dry	5.30 ± 0.13^b	5.27 ± 0.10^b	5.74 ± 0.08^a	5.26 ± 0.12^b
	雨季 Rain	5.09 ± 0.15^ab	4.95 ± 0.10^b	5.45 ± 0.06^a	5.21 ± 0.21^ab
土壤含水量 Soil moisture (SM, %)	干季 Dry	29.18 ± 1.60^a	24.38 ± 1.64^b	26.86 ± 1.40^ab	19.34 ± 1.08^c
	雨季 Rain	35.37 ± 2.17^a	31.49 ± 2.20^a	34.03 ± 2.17^a	33.64 ± 1.75^a
凋落物生物量 Litter mass (LM, kg/m²)	干季 Dry	2.42 ± 0.30^a	3.28 ± 0.60^a	2.25 ± 0.27^a	2.77 ± 0.25^a
	雨季 Rain	0.64 ± 0.13^b	0.89 ± 0.30^ab	0.75 ± 0.09^b	1.25 ± 0.09^a
减少比率 Rate of decrease (%)	6个月 6 months	73.42	72.88	66.66	54.74
根系生物量 Root mass (RM, g/100g)	干季 Dry	0.15 ± 0.05^b	0.17 ± 0.06^b	0.13 ± 0.05^b	0.27 ± 0.06^a
	雨季 Rain	0.50 ± 0.19^a	0.36 ± 0.09^a	0.34 ± 0.12^a	0.47 ± 0.14^a
增加比率 Rate of increase (%)	6个月 6 months	71.00	53.52	62.69	43.62

表1 不同橡胶林种植模式下土壤理化性质的多重比较(平均值 ± 标准误)

Table 1 Multiple comparison of the soil properties in the different rubber plantations (mean ± SE)

测定项目 Item	季节 Season	橡胶林 MRP	橡胶 + 茶树 RCS	橡胶 + 大叶千斤拔 RFM	热带雨林 TRF
土壤总碳 Total carbon (TC, g/kg)	干季 Dry	15.75 ± 1.13^b	17.71 ± 1.38^b	19.47 ± 1.21^ab	22.44 ± 1.78^a
	雨季 Rain	16.29 ± 0.89^b	17.27 ± 1.09^b	18.67 ± 1.07^b	22.25 ± 1.35^a
土壤总氮 Total nitrogen (TN, g/kg)	干季 Dry	1.73 ± 0.09^b	1.87 ± 0.13^b	2.04 ± 0.09^ab	2.34 ± 0.15^a
	雨季 Rain	1.78 ± 0.08^b	1.81 ± 0.10^b	1.98 ± 0.07^b	2.36 ± 0.14^a
土壤总磷 Total phosphorus (TP, g/kg)	干季 Dry	0.35 ± 0.02^a	0.36 ± 0.03^a	0.41 ± 0.04^a	0.36 ± 0.02^a
	雨季 Rain	0.44 ± 0.05^a	0.36 ± 0.03^a	0.38 ± 0.02^a	0.39 ± 0.04^a
β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶 β-1,4-glucosidase (BG, μmol?g^-1 dry soil?h^-1)	干季 Dry	5.03 ± 1.39^a	2.66 ± 0.33^a	6.31 ± 2.41^a	3.95 ± 0.51^a
	雨季 Rain	3.90 ± 1.41^ab	3.38 ± 0.99^b	8.28 ± 2.31^ab	9.00 ± 2.51^a
β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖酶 β-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (NAG, μmol?g^-1 dry soil?h^-1)	干季 Dry	0.71 ± 0.21^a	0.93 ± 0.14^a	1.07 ± 0.35^a	0.74 ± 0.13^a
	雨季 Rain	0.87 ± 0.27^a	0.46 ± 0.13^a	1.08 ± 0.26^a	1.06 ± 0.28^a
酸性磷酸酶 Acid phosphatase (AP, μmol?g^-1 dry soil?h^-1)	干季 Dry	6.97 ± 1.59^a	5.84 ± 1.08^a	8.73 ± 1.90^a	7.21 ± 1.02^a
	雨季 Rain	4.77 ± 1.06^ab	1.93 ± 0.46^b	5.87 ± 1.51^a	6.38 ± 1.51^a
pH	干季 Dry	5.30 ± 0.13^b	5.27 ± 0.10^b	5.74 ± 0.08^a	5.26 ± 0.12^b
	雨季 Rain	5.09 ± 0.15^ab	4.95 ± 0.10^b	5.45 ± 0.06^a	5.21 ± 0.21^ab
土壤含水量 Soil moisture (SM, %)	干季 Dry	29.18 ± 1.60^a	24.38 ± 1.64^b	26.86 ± 1.40^ab	19.34 ± 1.08^c
	雨季 Rain	35.37 ± 2.17^a	31.49 ± 2.20^a	34.03 ± 2.17^a	33.64 ± 1.75^a
凋落物生物量 Litter mass (LM, kg/m²)	干季 Dry	2.42 ± 0.30^a	3.28 ± 0.60^a	2.25 ± 0.27^a	2.77 ± 0.25^a
	雨季 Rain	0.64 ± 0.13^b	0.89 ± 0.30^ab	0.75 ± 0.09^b	1.25 ± 0.09^a
减少比率 Rate of decrease (%)	6个月 6 months	73.42	72.88	66.66	54.74
根系生物量 Root mass (RM, g/100g)	干季 Dry	0.15 ± 0.05^b	0.17 ± 0.06^b	0.13 ± 0.05^b	0.27 ± 0.06^a
	雨季 Rain	0.50 ± 0.19^a	0.36 ± 0.09^a	0.34 ± 0.12^a	0.47 ± 0.14^a
增加比率 Rate of increase (%)	6个月 6 months	71.00	53.52	62.69	43.62

表2 不同橡胶林种植模式下土壤生物类群的网络拓扑结构参数

Table 2 Network topology parameters of soil biological groups in different rubber plantations

参数 Parameter	干季 Dry season				雨季 Rain season
	橡胶林	橡胶 + 茶树	橡胶 + 大叶千斤拔	热带雨林	橡胶林	橡胶 + 茶树	橡胶 + 大叶千斤拔	热带雨林
	MRP	RCS	RFM	TRF	MRP	RCS	RFM	TRF
边数目 Number of edges	531	860	530	879	557	642	727	707
正相关边数目 Number of positive edges	445	713	461	767	437	538	575	530
负相关边数目 Number of negative edges	86	147	69	112	120	104	152	177
正相关性比例 Proportion of positive edges	0.84	0.83	0.87	0.87	0.78	0.84	0.79	0.75
平均路径长度 Average path length	4.39	4.17	4.90	3.74	4.16	4.39	4.01	4.19
节点数目 Number of nodes	270	334	293	316	270	295	291	299

图4 不同橡胶林种植模式的土壤多营养级生物共存网络拓扑结构

Fig. 4 Topological structure of the soil multitrophic ecological co-occurrence network in different rubber plantations. MRP, Monoculture rubber plantation; RCS, Rubber with Camellia sinensis; RFM, Rubber with Flemingia macrophylla; TRF, Tropical rainforest.

图5 不同种植模式橡胶林的多营养级土壤生物共存网络节点模块化的关键类群

Fig. 5 Node modularity of the soil multitrophic ecological co-occurrence network in different rubber plantations. MRP, Monoculture rubber plantation; RCS, Rubber with Camellia sinensis; RFM, Rubber with Flemingia macrophylla; TRF, Tropical rainforest. Acau, Acaulosporaceae; Acid, Acidobacteriales; Apha, Aphanolaimus; Aphe, Aphelenchoides; Bolb, Bolbitiaceae; Bole, Boleodorus; Cand, Candida; Cera, Cerasicoccales; Conl, Conlarium; Cyto, Cytophagales; Desu, Desulfovibrionales; Eart, Earthworm; Elap, Elaphomyces; Entol, Entolomataceae; Entot, Entotheonellales; File, Filenchus; Flav, Flavobacteriales; Fuso, Fusobacteriales; Gemm, Gemmatimonadales; Glom, Glomeraceae; Grac, Gracilacus; Lyop, Lyophyllaceae; Melo, Meloidogyne; Mono, Mononchus; Muco, Mucor; Nitr, Nitrospirales; Phyc, Phycisphaerales; Plan, Planctomycetales; Rhiz, Rhizobiales; Rhod, Rhodospirillales; Rubr, Rubrobacterales; Sage, Sagenomella; Seba, Sebacinaceae; Sphi, Sphingobacteriales; Spir, Spirobacillales; Stec, Steccherinaceae; Step, Stephanosporaceae; Ther, Thermogemmatisporales; Tric, Trichoderma; Trid, Tridenchthonidae; Tyle, Tylenchorhynchus.

图6 网络拓扑结构参数、植物属性、土壤生物和土壤理化性质的相关性分析, 相同颜色的文字代表其聚在一类。英文缩写与中文翻译见表1和表2。

Fig. 6 Correlation analysis of ecological network topology parameters, plant attributes, soil organisms and soil properties. Words with the same color represent the same cluster. The English abbreviations and Chinese translations are shown in Table 1 and 2.

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西双版纳农林复合橡胶林土壤多营养级生物网络结构

Soil multitrophic ecological network structure of agroforestry rubber plantation in Xishuangbanna

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