图1 本研究分析的191座佛教寺庙的地理分布。SS: 热带与南亚热带; MS: 中亚热带; NS: 北亚热带; WT: 暖温带; MT: 中温带; PT: 高原温带。

Fig. 1 Map of China showing the 191 Buddhist temples in this study. SS, Tropical and southern subtropical zone; MS, Middle subtropical zone; NS, Northern subtropical zone; WT, Warm temperate zone; MT, Middle temperate zone; PT, Plateau temperate zone.

图2 191座寺庙中物种出现频数(a)和不同气候带寺庙乡土树种比例(b)。采用单因素方差和多重比较分析, 相同小写字母表示差异不显著。气候带代号同图1。

Fig. 2 The species frequency of all species in 191 Buddhist temples (a) and the proportion of native tree species in different climatic zones (b). One-way ANOVA and multiple comparison analysis were used to compare the proportion of native tree species among the Buddhist temples in different climatic zones. The same letters above the boxes indicate insignificant difference (P = 0.17) based on multiple comparisons. The abbreviations of climatic zones are the same as Fig. 1.

图3 中国191座寺庙中佛教树种的地理来源。(a)原始佛教树种; (b)替代佛教树种。

Fig. 3 Geographical origins of Buddhist tree species in 191 Buddhist temples. (a) Original Buddhist tree species; (b) Alternative Buddhist tree species.

图4 不同气候带寺庙中原始佛教树种比例(a)和佛教树种比例(b)。(a)采用秩和检验和多重比较分析; (b)采用单因素方差和多重比较分析。不同小写字母表示差异显著(P < 0.01), 反之表示差异不显著(P = 0.24)。气候带代号同图1。

Fig. 4 The proportion of original Buddhist tree species (a) and Buddhist tree species (b) in different climatic zones. (a) Rank sum test and multiple comparison analysis were used to compare the proportion of original Buddhist tree species among the Buddhist temples in different climatic zones. (b) One-way ANOVA and multiple comparison analysis were used to compare the proportion of Buddhist tree species among the Buddhist temples in different climatic zones. The different letters above the boxes indicate significant difference (P < 0.01) and the same letter above the boxes indicate insignificant difference (P = 0.24), based on multiple comparisons. The abbreviations of climatic zones are the same as Fig. 1.

图5 全国佛教树种组成与环境因子间基于辛普森距离的冗余分析(db-RDA)。圆圈、箭头分别代表寺庙与环境因子, MAT: 年均温; AP: 年降水量, 气候带代号同图1。

Fig. 5 Distance-based redundancy analysis (db-RDA) with Simpson dissimilarity index (βSIM) depicting the relationship between the selected environmental variables and the variation of Buddhist tree species composition among different climatic zones. Circles and arrows indicate temples and environmental factors respectively. MAT, Mean annual temperature; AP, Annual precipitation. The abbreviations of climatic zones are the same as Fig. 1.

图6 典型原始佛教树种及其替代树种的全国分布。(a)觉悟; (b)无忧; (c)涅槃; (d)花供。

Fig. 6 Distribution of original Buddhist tree species and their alternative tree species. (a) Enlightenment, (b) Worry-free, (c) Nirvana, (d) Offering flowers.