生物多样性 ›› 2020, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (6): 668-677. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019392
收稿日期:
2019-12-07
接受日期:
2020-02-14
出版日期:
2020-06-20
发布日期:
2020-08-19
通讯作者:
杨永川
基金资助:
Xinyang Wang,Cheng Jin,Li Huang,Lihua Zhou,Mingming Zheng,Shenhua Qian,Yongchuan Yang()
Received:
2019-12-07
Accepted:
2020-02-14
Online:
2020-06-20
Published:
2020-08-19
Contact:
Yongchuan Yang
摘要:
佛教是我国的主要宗教之一, 佛教寺庙作为佛教文化的物质载体, 对区域生物多样性的保护具有重要意义。本研究收集了中国191座寺庙的树种名录, 分析了不同地区寺庙的树种组成、分布格局及影响因素, 以明确寺庙在生物多样性保护中的作用。结果表明: (1)全国191座寺庙共收集到树种1,059种, 隶属116科410属, 大多数树种(773种)仅出现在1-2座寺庙中; (2)寺庙树种中含有大量乡土植物, 并且保存了丰富的受威胁树种(94种), 具有较高的生物多样性保护价值; (3)不同气候带的佛教树种组成差异较大, 主要受气候因子限制; (4)佛教树种具有清晰的树种替代现象, 由南向北原始佛教树种逐渐由形态相似的本土物种(替代佛教树种)替代。以上结果表明中国寺庙中保存了非常丰富的植物资源, 有效地保护和利用寺庙植物资源对维持区域生物多样性和提升城市绿化水平具有积极作用。
王新阳, 靳程, 黄力, 周礼华, 郑明铭, 钱深华, 杨永川 (2020) 中国佛教寺庙植物多样性和佛教树种替代. 生物多样性, 28, 668-677. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019392.
Xinyang Wang, Cheng Jin, Li Huang, Lihua Zhou, Mingming Zheng, Shenhua Qian, Yongchuan Yang (2020) Plant diversity and species replacement in Chinese Buddhist temples. Biodiversity Science, 28, 668-677. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019392.
图1 本研究分析的191座佛教寺庙的地理分布。SS: 热带与南亚热带; MS: 中亚热带; NS: 北亚热带; WT: 暖温带; MT: 中温带; PT: 高原温带。
Fig. 1 Map of China showing the 191 Buddhist temples in this study. SS, Tropical and southern subtropical zone; MS, Middle subtropical zone; NS, Northern subtropical zone; WT, Warm temperate zone; MT, Middle temperate zone; PT, Plateau temperate zone.
科 Family | 种数 No. of species | 属 Genus | 种数 No. of species |
---|---|---|---|
蔷薇科 Rosaceae | 110 | 枫属 Acer | 25 |
壳斗科 Fagaceae | 45 | 卫矛属 Euonymus | 19 |
樟科 Lauraceae | 45 | 榕属 Ficus | 19 |
豆科 Fabaceae | 44 | 杜鹃花属 Rhododendron | 18 |
木兰科 Magnoliaceae | 34 | 山茶属 Camellia | 17 |
山茶科 Theaceae | 34 | 樱属 Cerasus | 14 |
大戟科 Euphorbiaceae | 33 | 松属 Pinus | 14 |
桑科 Moraceae | 28 | 蔷薇属 Rosa | 13 |
木犀科 Oleaceae | 28 | 悬钩子属 Rubus | 13 |
槭树科Aceraceae | 25 | 柳属 Salix | 13 |
表1 191座寺庙树种数最多的前10个科与属
Table 1 Number of tree species in the top 10 families and genera in 191 Buddhist temples
科 Family | 种数 No. of species | 属 Genus | 种数 No. of species |
---|---|---|---|
蔷薇科 Rosaceae | 110 | 枫属 Acer | 25 |
壳斗科 Fagaceae | 45 | 卫矛属 Euonymus | 19 |
樟科 Lauraceae | 45 | 榕属 Ficus | 19 |
豆科 Fabaceae | 44 | 杜鹃花属 Rhododendron | 18 |
木兰科 Magnoliaceae | 34 | 山茶属 Camellia | 17 |
山茶科 Theaceae | 34 | 樱属 Cerasus | 14 |
大戟科 Euphorbiaceae | 33 | 松属 Pinus | 14 |
桑科 Moraceae | 28 | 蔷薇属 Rosa | 13 |
木犀科 Oleaceae | 28 | 悬钩子属 Rubus | 13 |
槭树科Aceraceae | 25 | 柳属 Salix | 13 |
物种 Species | 科 Family | 频率 Frequency (%) | 佛教文化含义 Buddhist cultural values |
---|---|---|---|
银杏 Ginkgo biloba | 银杏科 Ginkgoaceae | 48.2 | 菩提树替代树 Alternative tree species of Ficus religiosa |
木犀 Osmanthus fragrans | 木犀科 Oleaceae | 32.5 | - |
圆柏 Juniperus chinensis | 柏科 Cupressaceae | 31.4 | 佛教香料植物 Buddhist aromatic plant |
侧柏 Platycladus orientalis | 柏科 Cupressaceae | 29.8 | 佛教香料植物 Buddhist aromatic plant |
槐 Sophora japonica | 豆科 Fabaceae | 29.3 | - |
樟 Cinnamomum camphora | 樟科 Lauraceae | 22.5 | 佛教香料植物 Buddhist aromatic plant |
紫薇 Lagerstroemia indica | 千屈菜科 Lythraceae | 19.4 | - |
玉兰 Yulania denudata | 木兰科 Magnoliaceae | 18.3 | 山玉兰替代树 Alternative tree species of Lirianthe delavayi |
蜡梅 Chimonanthus praecox | 蜡梅科 Calycanthaceae | 17.8 | - |
柏木 Cupressus funebris | 柏科 Cupressaceae | 16.2 | 佛教香料植物 Buddhist aromatic plant |
雪松 Cedrus deodara | 松科 Pinaceae | 16.2 | - |
罗汉松 Podocarpus macrophyllus | 罗汉松科 Podocarpaceae | 14.7 | 种子象征修行僧 The seed symbolizes the image of monk |
鸡爪枫 Acer palmatum | 槭树科 Aceraceae | 13.6 | - |
油松 Pinus tabuliformis | 松科 Pinaceae | 13.6 | - |
山茶 Camellia japonica | 山茶科 Theaceae | 13.1 | 象征禅宗清心寡欲 Symbolizing a pure heart and few desires in Dhyana’s thought |
臭椿 Ailanthus altissima | 苦木科 Simaroubaceae | 12.6 | - |
南天竹 Nandina domestica | 小檗科 Berberidaceae | 12.6 | 寓意消灾除忧 Symbolizing the elimination of disaster and worry |
杜鹃 Rhododendron simsii | 杜鹃花科 Ericaceae | 12.0 | - |
朴树 Celtis sinensis | 榆科 Ulmaceae | 12.0 | - |
石榴 Punica granatum | 千屈菜科 Lythraceae | 11.5 | 寓意小因大果 Symbolizing small cause making big fruit |
表2 191座寺庙中出现频率前20的树种及其佛教文化含义
Table 2 The top 20 commonly used tree species and their Buddhist cultural values in 191 Buddhist temples
物种 Species | 科 Family | 频率 Frequency (%) | 佛教文化含义 Buddhist cultural values |
---|---|---|---|
银杏 Ginkgo biloba | 银杏科 Ginkgoaceae | 48.2 | 菩提树替代树 Alternative tree species of Ficus religiosa |
木犀 Osmanthus fragrans | 木犀科 Oleaceae | 32.5 | - |
圆柏 Juniperus chinensis | 柏科 Cupressaceae | 31.4 | 佛教香料植物 Buddhist aromatic plant |
侧柏 Platycladus orientalis | 柏科 Cupressaceae | 29.8 | 佛教香料植物 Buddhist aromatic plant |
槐 Sophora japonica | 豆科 Fabaceae | 29.3 | - |
樟 Cinnamomum camphora | 樟科 Lauraceae | 22.5 | 佛教香料植物 Buddhist aromatic plant |
紫薇 Lagerstroemia indica | 千屈菜科 Lythraceae | 19.4 | - |
玉兰 Yulania denudata | 木兰科 Magnoliaceae | 18.3 | 山玉兰替代树 Alternative tree species of Lirianthe delavayi |
蜡梅 Chimonanthus praecox | 蜡梅科 Calycanthaceae | 17.8 | - |
柏木 Cupressus funebris | 柏科 Cupressaceae | 16.2 | 佛教香料植物 Buddhist aromatic plant |
雪松 Cedrus deodara | 松科 Pinaceae | 16.2 | - |
罗汉松 Podocarpus macrophyllus | 罗汉松科 Podocarpaceae | 14.7 | 种子象征修行僧 The seed symbolizes the image of monk |
鸡爪枫 Acer palmatum | 槭树科 Aceraceae | 13.6 | - |
油松 Pinus tabuliformis | 松科 Pinaceae | 13.6 | - |
山茶 Camellia japonica | 山茶科 Theaceae | 13.1 | 象征禅宗清心寡欲 Symbolizing a pure heart and few desires in Dhyana’s thought |
臭椿 Ailanthus altissima | 苦木科 Simaroubaceae | 12.6 | - |
南天竹 Nandina domestica | 小檗科 Berberidaceae | 12.6 | 寓意消灾除忧 Symbolizing the elimination of disaster and worry |
杜鹃 Rhododendron simsii | 杜鹃花科 Ericaceae | 12.0 | - |
朴树 Celtis sinensis | 榆科 Ulmaceae | 12.0 | - |
石榴 Punica granatum | 千屈菜科 Lythraceae | 11.5 | 寓意小因大果 Symbolizing small cause making big fruit |
图2 191座寺庙中物种出现频数(a)和不同气候带寺庙乡土树种比例(b)。采用单因素方差和多重比较分析, 相同小写字母表示差异不显著。气候带代号同图1。
Fig. 2 The species frequency of all species in 191 Buddhist temples (a) and the proportion of native tree species in different climatic zones (b). One-way ANOVA and multiple comparison analysis were used to compare the proportion of native tree species among the Buddhist temples in different climatic zones. The same letters above the boxes indicate insignificant difference (P = 0.17) based on multiple comparisons. The abbreviations of climatic zones are the same as Fig. 1.
图3 中国191座寺庙中佛教树种的地理来源。(a)原始佛教树种; (b)替代佛教树种。
Fig. 3 Geographical origins of Buddhist tree species in 191 Buddhist temples. (a) Original Buddhist tree species; (b) Alternative Buddhist tree species.
图4 不同气候带寺庙中原始佛教树种比例(a)和佛教树种比例(b)。(a)采用秩和检验和多重比较分析; (b)采用单因素方差和多重比较分析。不同小写字母表示差异显著(P < 0.01), 反之表示差异不显著(P = 0.24)。气候带代号同图1。
Fig. 4 The proportion of original Buddhist tree species (a) and Buddhist tree species (b) in different climatic zones. (a) Rank sum test and multiple comparison analysis were used to compare the proportion of original Buddhist tree species among the Buddhist temples in different climatic zones. (b) One-way ANOVA and multiple comparison analysis were used to compare the proportion of Buddhist tree species among the Buddhist temples in different climatic zones. The different letters above the boxes indicate significant difference (P < 0.01) and the same letter above the boxes indicate insignificant difference (P = 0.24), based on multiple comparisons. The abbreviations of climatic zones are the same as Fig. 1.
图5 全国佛教树种组成与环境因子间基于辛普森距离的冗余分析(db-RDA)。圆圈、箭头分别代表寺庙与环境因子, MAT: 年均温; AP: 年降水量, 气候带代号同图1。
Fig. 5 Distance-based redundancy analysis (db-RDA) with Simpson dissimilarity index (βSIM) depicting the relationship between the selected environmental variables and the variation of Buddhist tree species composition among different climatic zones. Circles and arrows indicate temples and environmental factors respectively. MAT, Mean annual temperature; AP, Annual precipitation. The abbreviations of climatic zones are the same as Fig. 1.
图6 典型原始佛教树种及其替代树种的全国分布。(a)觉悟; (b)无忧; (c)涅槃; (d)花供。
Fig. 6 Distribution of original Buddhist tree species and their alternative tree species. (a) Enlightenment, (b) Worry-free, (c) Nirvana, (d) Offering flowers.
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