基于地形的牲畜空间利用特征及干扰评价——以王朗国家级自然保护区为例

doi:10.17520/biods.2019122

生物多样性 ›› 2019, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (6): 630-637. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019122 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2019122

• 研究报告: 动物多样性 • 上一篇下一篇

基于地形的牲畜空间利用特征及干扰评价——以王朗国家级自然保护区为例

陈星¹,赵联军²,胡茜茜¹,罗春平²,梁春平²,蒋仕伟²,梁磊¹,郑维超^3,^*(),官天培^1,^*()

1 绵阳师范学院生态安全与保护四川省重点实验室, 四川绵阳 621000
2 王朗国家级自然保护区, 四川平武 622550
3 唐家河国家级自然保护区, 四川青川 628100

收稿日期:2019-04-09 接受日期:2019-06-14 出版日期:2019-06-20 发布日期:2019-06-20
通讯作者: 郑维超,官天培
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(31300319)

Impact of livestock terrain utilization patterns on wildlife: A case study of Wanglang National Nature Reserve

Chen Xing¹,Zhao Lianjun²,Hu Xixi¹,Luo Chunping²,Liang Chunping²,Jiang Shiwei²,Liang Lei¹,Zheng Weichao^3,^*(),Guan Tianpei^1,^*()

1 Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Teachers’ College, Mianyang, Sichuan 621000
2 Wanglang National Nature Reserve, Pingwu, Sichuan 622550
3 Tangjiahe National Nature Reserve, Qingchuan, Sichuan 628100

Received:2019-04-09 Accepted:2019-06-14 Online:2019-06-20 Published:2019-06-20
Contact: Zheng Weichao,Guan Tianpei

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

地形是栖息地的基本要素, 从地形评价动物的空间利用特征能够掌握动物的分布规律并进行预测。为掌握保护区内牲畜的空间利用特征, 并评价它们对主要保护动物的潜在影响, 我们于2018年5-11月调查了王朗国家级自然保护区内牛和马的分布, 并结合红外相机监测结果及历史监测数据进行了分析和评价。结果表明: (1)虽然两种牲畜均偏好低海拔、低坡度、光照良好(半阳坡、阳坡)、距水源近的栖息地, 但它们在地形利用上存在显著差异; (2)牲畜活动最频繁的三条沟分别是竹根岔右一支沟、竹根岔正沟和大窝凼洋洞沟, 且呈现不同的干扰特征; (3)基于监测数据, 羚牛(Budorcas taxicolor tibetana)可能是保护区内最易受牛马活动威胁的保护动物。红外相机监测结果显示, 羚牛沿海拔分布现状可能是回避牲畜密集区域的结果。基于本研究, 我们建议: (1)保护区重点关注竹根岔(右一支沟、正沟、白沙沟)、大窝凼(洋洞沟、外侧坡)两个核心区的牲畜活动情况, 并尽快针对放牧采取措施。例如, 持续监测重点干扰区域牲畜的种群数量和空间分布趋势。(2)严格限制牲畜继续向高海拔栖息地入侵。(3)管控放牧投盐等干扰的发生频率。(4)加强执法力度, 防止牲畜对保护区带来的干扰持续和扩大, 威胁物种安全。

关键词: 海拔, 栖息地, 放牧, 西南地区, 大熊猫, 国家公园

Abstract

Terrain use is a fundamental factor of wildlife habitat and is closely related to other environmental factors. To assess the impact of cattle and horse on wildlife, we conducted field surveys in Wanglang National Nature Reserve and analyzed terrain preferences. We also deployed infrared cameras and historical biodiversity data to evaluate the risk of disturbance to key protected species based on altitudinal distribution of livestock. Results showed: (1) Both horse and cattle preferred low altitude habitats with low slopes, close to water with half to full sun aspects. However, there was also significant differences in terrain use between these two domestic animals. (2) The areas with the most frequent disturbance by livestock in the Wanglang Nature Reserve were Youyizhigou and Zhenggou in Zhugencha, and Yangdonggou in Dawodang. (3) Based on historical data, takin (Budorcas taxicolor tibetana) is likely the most influenced wildlife species, as the degree of overlap with livestock along altitudinal gradients is very high. Infrared camera data showed that areas frequented by livestock had fewer takin individuals recorded, indicating a negative relationship due to co-existence. Based on our findings, we suggest, (1) nature reserve should focus livestock in two core areas of Zhugencha (Youyizhigou, Zhenggou and Baishagou) and Dawodang (Yangdonggou and Waicepo) by monitoring the population and distribution of livestock in these areas; (2) they should prohibit the dispersal and distribution of livestock towards higher elevations; (3) the frequency with which local herdsman feed livestock salt needs to be controlled; (4) the strength of law enforcement towards illegal herds should be elevated.

Key words: elevation, habitat, grazing, Southwest of China, giant panda, national park

陈星, 赵联军, 胡茜茜, 罗春平, 梁春平, 蒋仕伟, 梁磊, 郑维超, 官天培 (2019) 基于地形的牲畜空间利用特征及干扰评价——以王朗国家级自然保护区为例. 生物多样性, 27, 630-637. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019122.

Chen Xing, Zhao Lianjun, Hu Xixi, Luo Chunping, Liang Chunping, Jiang Shiwei, Liang Lei, Zheng Weichao, Guan Tianpei (2019) Impact of livestock terrain utilization patterns on wildlife: A case study of Wanglang National Nature Reserve. Biodiversity Science, 27, 630-637. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019122.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2019122

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2019/V27/I6/630

图/表 6

图1 王朗保护区野外调查样线及相机分布。1: 大窝凼右一支沟; 2: 竹根岔右一支沟; 3: 铁板房沟; 4: 竹根岔右二支沟; 5: 大草坪左; 6: 大窝凼洋洞沟; 7: 大窝凼外侧坡; 8: 白沙沟; 9: 豹子沟与解放沟之间的山脊; 10: 竹根岔正沟; 11: 七棵树沟; 12: 天然苗圃沟; 13: 二道坪; 14: 竹根岔老停车场对坡; 15: 竹根岔南沟; 16: 补充样线1; 17: 补充样线2。

Fig. 1 The location of camera and linear transects in Wanglang National Nature Reserve. 1, Youyizhigou of Dawodang; 2, Youyizhigou of Zhugencha; 3, Tiebanfanggou; 4, Youerzhigou of Zhugencha; 5, The left of Dacaoping; 6, Yangdonggou of Dawodang; 7, Waicepo of Dawodang; 8, Baishagou; 9, The ridge between Baozigou and Jiefanggou; 10, Zhenggou of Zhugencha; 11, Qikeshugou; 12, Tianranmiaopugou; 13, Erdaoping; 14, Laotingchechangduipo of Zhugencha; 15, Nangou of Zhugencha; 16, The first supplementary survey trail; 17, The second supplementary survey trail.

表1 牛和马的地形选择偏好

Table 1 Terrain preference of cattle and horse

地形因子 Terrain factor	牛 Cattle	马 Horse	可选择性 Availability
海拔 Elevation (m)	2,987.33 ± 7.04	3,092.97 ± 6.42	3,496.97 ± 3.44
坡度 Slope (°)	16.28 ± 0.36	16.28 ± 0.28	30.57 ± 0.09
地形起伏度 Terrain roughness index	28.08 ± 0.56	28.23 ± 0.49	47.51 ± 0.16
距水源距离 Distance to water (m)	187.12 ± 7.21	153.48 ± 5.52	465.2 ± 2.25
太阳辐射值 Solar radiation value (WH/m²)	985,160.94 ± 3,125.05	978,059.35 ± 2,252.7	947,815.03 ± 880.76
阴坡 Shady slope (%)	5.52	7.11	11.58
阳坡 Sunny slope (%)	18.14	12.24	10.31
半阴坡 Semi-shady slope (%)	26.71	36.62	39.67
半阳坡 Semi-sunny slope (%)	49.64	44.03	38.44

表2 牲畜地形选择特征检验

Table 2 Test of terrain utilization of livestock

地形因子 Terrain factor	牛-马 Cattle-horse	牛-背景值 Cattle-background	马-背景值 Horse-background
海拔 Elevation	0.000	0.000	0.000
坡度 Slope	0.663	0.000	0.000
地形起伏度 Terrain roughness index	1.000	0.000	0.000
距水源距离 Distance to water	0.000	0.000	0.000
太阳辐射值 Solar radiation value	0.005	0.000	0.000

图2 王朗保护区主要沟系牲畜干扰沿海拔分布格局。1: 白沙沟; 2: 竹根岔老停车场对坡; 3: 竹根岔正沟; 4: 大窝凼外侧坡; 5: 大窝凼洋洞沟; 6: 大窝凼右一支沟; 7: 二道坪; 8: 竹根岔右一支沟; 9: 豹子沟与解放沟之间的山脊; 10: 七棵树沟。

Fig. 2 Distribution patterns of free range livestock in different valleys of Wanglang National Nature Reserve along altitudinal gradients. 1, Baishagou; 2, Laotingchechangduipo of Zhugencha; 3, Zhenggou of Zhugencha; 4, Waicepo of Dawodang; 5, Yangdonggou of Dawodang; 6, Youyizhigou of Dawodang; 7, Erdaoping; 8, Youyizhigou of Zhugencha; 9, The ridge between Baozigou and Jiefanggou; 10, Qikeshugou.

表3 牲畜与野生动物分布海拔差异检验

Table 3 Test of difference on altitudinal distribution between livestock and sympatric wildlife

物种 Species	牛 Cattle	马 Horse
大熊猫 Ailuropoda melanoleuca	0.001	0.000
中华斑羚 Naemorhedus griseus	0.091	0.000
中华鬣羚 Capricornis milneedwardsii	0.661	0.001
羚牛 Budorcas taxicolor tibetana	0.314	1.000

图3 野生动物与牲畜的海拔分布特征

Fig. 3 Patterns of altitude distribution of wildlife and livestock

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基于地形的牲畜空间利用特征及干扰评价——以王朗国家级自然保护区为例

Impact of livestock terrain utilization patterns on wildlife: A case study of Wanglang National Nature Reserve

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