基于地形的牲畜空间利用特征及干扰评价——以王朗国家级自然保护区为例

doi:10.17520/biods.2019122

生物多样性 ›› 2019, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (6): 630-637. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019122

• 研究报告:动物多样性 • 上一篇下一篇

基于地形的牲畜空间利用特征及干扰评价——以王朗国家级自然保护区为例

陈星¹,赵联军²,胡茜茜¹,罗春平²,梁春平²,蒋仕伟²,梁磊¹,郑维超^3,^*(),官天培^1,^*()

1 绵阳师范学院生态安全与保护四川省重点实验室, 四川绵阳 621000
2 王朗国家级自然保护区, 四川平武 622550
3 唐家河国家级自然保护区, 四川青川 628100

收稿日期:2019-04-09 接受日期:2019-06-14 出版日期:2019-06-20 发布日期:2019-06-20
通讯作者: 郑维超,官天培
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(31300319)

Impact of livestock terrain utilization patterns on wildlife: A case study of Wanglang National Nature Reserve

Chen Xing¹,Zhao Lianjun²,Hu Xixi¹,Luo Chunping²,Liang Chunping²,Jiang Shiwei²,Liang Lei¹,Zheng Weichao^3,^*(),Guan Tianpei^1,^*()

1 Ecological Security and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Mianyang Teachers’ College, Mianyang, Sichuan 621000
2 Wanglang National Nature Reserve, Pingwu, Sichuan 622550
3 Tangjiahe National Nature Reserve, Qingchuan, Sichuan 628100

Received:2019-04-09 Accepted:2019-06-14 Online:2019-06-20 Published:2019-06-20
Contact: Zheng Weichao,Guan Tianpei

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

地形是栖息地的基本要素, 从地形评价动物的空间利用特征能够掌握动物的分布规律并进行预测。为掌握保护区内牲畜的空间利用特征, 并评价它们对主要保护动物的潜在影响, 我们于2018年5-11月调查了王朗国家级自然保护区内牛和马的分布, 并结合红外相机监测结果及历史监测数据进行了分析和评价。结果表明: (1)虽然两种牲畜均偏好低海拔、低坡度、光照良好(半阳坡、阳坡)、距水源近的栖息地, 但它们在地形利用上存在显著差异; (2)牲畜活动最频繁的三条沟分别是竹根岔右一支沟、竹根岔正沟和大窝凼洋洞沟, 且呈现不同的干扰特征; (3)基于监测数据, 羚牛(Budorcas taxicolor tibetana)可能是保护区内最易受牛马活动威胁的保护动物。红外相机监测结果显示, 羚牛沿海拔分布现状可能是回避牲畜密集区域的结果。基于本研究, 我们建议: (1)保护区重点关注竹根岔(右一支沟、正沟、白沙沟)、大窝凼(洋洞沟、外侧坡)两个核心区的牲畜活动情况, 并尽快针对放牧采取措施。例如, 持续监测重点干扰区域牲畜的种群数量和空间分布趋势。(2)严格限制牲畜继续向高海拔栖息地入侵。(3)管控放牧投盐等干扰的发生频率。(4)加强执法力度, 防止牲畜对保护区带来的干扰持续和扩大, 威胁物种安全。

关键词: 海拔, 栖息地, 放牧, 西南地区, 大熊猫, 国家公园

Abstract

Terrain use is a fundamental factor of wildlife habitat and is closely related to other environmental factors. To assess the impact of cattle and horse on wildlife, we conducted field surveys in Wanglang National Nature Reserve and analyzed terrain preferences. We also deployed infrared cameras and historical biodiversity data to evaluate the risk of disturbance to key protected species based on altitudinal distribution of livestock. Results showed: (1) Both horse and cattle preferred low altitude habitats with low slopes, close to water with half to full sun aspects. However, there was also significant differences in terrain use between these two domestic animals. (2) The areas with the most frequent disturbance by livestock in the Wanglang Nature Reserve were Youyizhigou and Zhenggou in Zhugencha, and Yangdonggou in Dawodang. (3) Based on historical data, takin (Budorcas taxicolor tibetana) is likely the most influenced wildlife species, as the degree of overlap with livestock along altitudinal gradients is very high. Infrared camera data showed that areas frequented by livestock had fewer takin individuals recorded, indicating a negative relationship due to co-existence. Based on our findings, we suggest, (1) nature reserve should focus livestock in two core areas of Zhugencha (Youyizhigou, Zhenggou and Baishagou) and Dawodang (Yangdonggou and Waicepo) by monitoring the population and distribution of livestock in these areas; (2) they should prohibit the dispersal and distribution of livestock towards higher elevations; (3) the frequency with which local herdsman feed livestock salt needs to be controlled; (4) the strength of law enforcement towards illegal herds should be elevated.

Key words: elevation, habitat, grazing, Southwest of China, giant panda, national park

陈星,赵联军,胡茜茜,罗春平,梁春平,蒋仕伟,梁磊,郑维超,官天培 (2019) 基于地形的牲畜空间利用特征及干扰评价——以王朗国家级自然保护区为例. 生物多样性, 27, 630-637. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019122.

Chen Xing,Zhao Lianjun,Hu Xixi,Luo Chunping,Liang Chunping,Jiang Shiwei,Liang Lei,Zheng Weichao,Guan Tianpei (2019) Impact of livestock terrain utilization patterns on wildlife: A case study of Wanglang National Nature Reserve. Biodiversity Science, 27, 630-637. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019122.

导出引用管理器 EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2019122

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2019/V27/I6/630

图/表 6

图1 王朗保护区野外调查样线及相机分布。1: 大窝凼右一支沟; 2: 竹根岔右一支沟; 3: 铁板房沟; 4: 竹根岔右二支沟; 5: 大草坪左; 6: 大窝凼洋洞沟; 7: 大窝凼外侧坡; 8: 白沙沟; 9: 豹子沟与解放沟之间的山脊; 10: 竹根岔正沟; 11: 七棵树沟; 12: 天然苗圃沟; 13: 二道坪; 14: 竹根岔老停车场对坡; 15: 竹根岔南沟; 16: 补充样线1; 17: 补充样线2。

Fig. 1 The location of camera and linear transects in Wanglang National Nature Reserve. 1, Youyizhigou of Dawodang; 2, Youyizhigou of Zhugencha; 3, Tiebanfanggou; 4, Youerzhigou of Zhugencha; 5, The left of Dacaoping; 6, Yangdonggou of Dawodang; 7, Waicepo of Dawodang; 8, Baishagou; 9, The ridge between Baozigou and Jiefanggou; 10, Zhenggou of Zhugencha; 11, Qikeshugou; 12, Tianranmiaopugou; 13, Erdaoping; 14, Laotingchechangduipo of Zhugencha; 15, Nangou of Zhugencha; 16, The first supplementary survey trail; 17, The second supplementary survey trail.

表1 牛和马的地形选择偏好

Table 1 Terrain preference of cattle and horse

地形因子 Terrain factor	牛 Cattle	马 Horse	可选择性 Availability
海拔 Elevation (m)	2,987.33 ± 7.04	3,092.97 ± 6.42	3,496.97 ± 3.44
坡度 Slope (°)	16.28 ± 0.36	16.28 ± 0.28	30.57 ± 0.09
地形起伏度 Terrain roughness index	28.08 ± 0.56	28.23 ± 0.49	47.51 ± 0.16
距水源距离 Distance to water (m)	187.12 ± 7.21	153.48 ± 5.52	465.2 ± 2.25
太阳辐射值 Solar radiation value (WH/m²)	985,160.94 ± 3,125.05	978,059.35 ± 2,252.7	947,815.03 ± 880.76
阴坡 Shady slope (%)	5.52	7.11	11.58
阳坡 Sunny slope (%)	18.14	12.24	10.31
半阴坡 Semi-shady slope (%)	26.71	36.62	39.67
半阳坡 Semi-sunny slope (%)	49.64	44.03	38.44

表2 牲畜地形选择特征检验

Table 2 Test of terrain utilization of livestock

地形因子 Terrain factor	牛-马 Cattle-horse	牛-背景值 Cattle-background	马-背景值 Horse-background
海拔 Elevation	0.000	0.000	0.000
坡度 Slope	0.663	0.000	0.000
地形起伏度 Terrain roughness index	1.000	0.000	0.000
距水源距离 Distance to water	0.000	0.000	0.000
太阳辐射值 Solar radiation value	0.005	0.000	0.000

图2 王朗保护区主要沟系牲畜干扰沿海拔分布格局。1: 白沙沟; 2: 竹根岔老停车场对坡; 3: 竹根岔正沟; 4: 大窝凼外侧坡; 5: 大窝凼洋洞沟; 6: 大窝凼右一支沟; 7: 二道坪; 8: 竹根岔右一支沟; 9: 豹子沟与解放沟之间的山脊; 10: 七棵树沟。

Fig. 2 Distribution patterns of free range livestock in different valleys of Wanglang National Nature Reserve along altitudinal gradients. 1, Baishagou; 2, Laotingchechangduipo of Zhugencha; 3, Zhenggou of Zhugencha; 4, Waicepo of Dawodang; 5, Yangdonggou of Dawodang; 6, Youyizhigou of Dawodang; 7, Erdaoping; 8, Youyizhigou of Zhugencha; 9, The ridge between Baozigou and Jiefanggou; 10, Qikeshugou.

表3 牲畜与野生动物分布海拔差异检验

Table 3 Test of difference on altitudinal distribution between livestock and sympatric wildlife

物种 Species	牛 Cattle	马 Horse
大熊猫 Ailuropoda melanoleuca	0.001	0.000
中华斑羚 Naemorhedus griseus	0.091	0.000
中华鬣羚 Capricornis milneedwardsii	0.661	0.001
羚牛 Budorcas taxicolor tibetana	0.314	1.000

图3 野生动物与牲畜的海拔分布特征

Fig. 3 Patterns of altitude distribution of wildlife and livestock

参考文献 33

[1]	Arlettaz R, Nusslé S, Baltic M, Vogel P, Palme R, Jenni- Eiermann S, Patthey P, Genoud M ( 2015) Disturbance of wildlife by outdoor winter recreation: Allostatic stress response and altered activity-energy budgets. Ecological Applications, 25, 1197-1212. DOI URL
[2]	Atickem A, Loe LE ( 2014) Livestock-wildlife conflicts in the Ethiopian highlands: Assessing the dietary and spatial overlap between mountain nyala and cattle. African Journal of Ecology, 52, 343-351.
[3]	Carmel Y, Kadmon R ( 1999) Effects of grazing and topography on long-term vegetation changes in a Mediterranean ecosystem in Israel. Plant Ecology, 145, 243-254. DOI URL
[4]	Cheng CL, Li JQ ( 2006) Economic status and development strategy in local communities surrounding Wanglang Nature Reserve. Journal of Beijing Forestry University (Social Sciences), 5(1), 69-72. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 程春龙, 李俊清 ( 2006) 王朗自然保护区周边社区经济现状和发展对策研究. 北京林业大学学报(社会科学版), 5(1), 69-72.]
[5]	Craigie ID, Baillie JEM, Balmford A, Carbone C, Collen B, Green RE, Hutton JM ( 2010) Large mammal population declines in Africa’s protected areas. Biological Conservation, 143, 2221-2228. DOI URL
[6]	Guan TP, Ge BM, Mcshea WJ, Li S, Song YL, Stewart CM ( 2013) Seasonal migration by a large forest ungulate: A study on takin (Budorcas taxicolor) in Sichuan Province, China. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 59, 81-91. DOI URL
[7]	Guan TP, Wang F, Li S, Mcshea WJ ( 2015) Nature reserve requirements for landscape-dependent ungulates: The case of endangered takin (Budorcas taxicolor) in southwestern China. Biological Conservation, 182, 63-71. DOI URL
[8]	Hüseyin KF, Seefeldt SS, Sahin B ( 2007) The effects of long-term grazing exclosures on range plants in the Central Anatolian Region of Turkey. Environmental Management, 39, 326-337. DOI URL
[9]	Khadka KK, James DA ( 2016) Habitat selection by endangered Himalayan musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster) and impacts of livestock grazing in Nepal Himalaya: Implications for conservation. Journal for Nature Conservation, 31, 38-42. DOI URL
[10]	Kittur S, Sathyakumar S, Rawat GS ( 2010) Assessment of spatial and habitat use overlap between Himalayan tahr and livestock in Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary, India. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 56, 195-204. DOI URL
[11]	Li BB, Pimm SL, Li S, Zhao LJ, Luo CP ( 2017) Free-ranging livestock threaten the long-term survival of giant pandas. Biological Conservation, 216, 18-25. DOI URL
[12]	Li JS, Song YL, Wang XZ, Zeng ZG ( 2003) Spatial pattern of small mammals community diversity in different grazing pressure in montane desert-steppe. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 25, 51-58. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 李俊生, 宋延龄, 王学志, 曾治高 ( 2003) 放牧压力条件下荒漠草原小型哺乳动物群落多样性的空间格局. 生态学报, 25, 51-58.]
[13]	Ma XD, Zhang SJ, Su ZY, Ou YD, Liu G ( 2010) Community structure in relation to microtopography in a montane evergreen broadleaved forest in Chebaling National Nature Reserve. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 30, 5151-5160. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 马旭东, 张苏峻, 苏志尧, 区余端, 刘刚 ( 2010) 车八岭山地常绿阔叶林群落结构特征与微地形条件的关系. 生态学报, 30, 5151-5160.]
[14]	Madhusudan MD ( 2004) Recovery of wild large herbivores following livestock decline in a tropical Indian wildlife reserve. Journal of Applied Ecology, 41, 858-869. DOI URL
[15]	Maxwell SL, Fuller RA, Brooks TM, Watson JEM ( 2016) Biodiversity: The ravages of guns, nets and bulldozers. Nature, 536, 143-145. DOI
[16]	Mishra C, Wieren SEV, Ketner P, Heitkönig IMA, Prins HHT ( 2004) Competition between domestic livestock and wild bharal Pseudois nayaur in the Indian Trans-Himalaya. Journal of Applied Ecology, 41, 344-354. DOI URL
[17]	Qi D, Zhang SN, Zhang ZJ, Hu YB, Yang XY, Wang HJ, Wei FW ( 2012) Measures of giant panda habitat selection across multiple spatial scales for species conservation. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 76, 1092-1100. DOI URL
[18]	Ran JH, Liu SY, Wang HJ, Sun ZY, Zeng ZY, Liu SC ( 2003) Habitat selection by giant pandas and grazing livestock in the Xiaoxiangling Mountains of Sichuan Province. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 23, 2253-2259. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 冉江洪, 刘少英, 王鸿加, 孙治宇, 曾宗永, 刘世昌 ( 2003) 小相岭大熊猫与放牧家畜的生境选择. 生态学报, 23, 2253-2259.]
[19]	Shen ZH, Jin YX, Zhang XS ( 2000) Gradient analysis of the influence of mountain topography on vegetation pattern. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 24, 430-435. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 沈泽昊, 金义兴, 张新时 ( 2000) 地形对亚热带山地景观尺度植被格局影响的梯度分析. 植物生态学报, 24, 430-435.]
[20]	Shi D, Yang W, Jiang SW, Yuan ZW, Lei XH ( 2009) Preliminary research on insects biodiversity in Wanglang National Nature Reserve. Sichuan Journal of Zoology, 28, 691-695. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 师丹, 杨伟, 蒋仕伟, 袁志伟, 雷喜红 ( 2009) 四川王朗国家级自然保护区昆虫生物多样性初步研究. 四川动物, 28, 691-695.]
[21]	Sichuan Forestry Department ( 2015) The Pandas of Sichuan— The 4th Survey Report on Giant Panda in Sichuan Province. Sichuan Science and Technology Press, Chengdu. (in Chinese)
	[ 四川省林业厅( 2015) 四川的大熊猫——四川省第四次大熊猫调查报告. 四川科技出版社, 成都.]
[22]	Takala T, Tahvanainen T, Kouki J ( 2014) Grazing promotes bryophyte species richness in semi-natural grasslands. Annales Botanici Fennici, 51, 148-160. DOI URL
[23]	Wang F, McShea WJ, Wang DJ, Li S ( 2015) Shared resources between giant panda and sympatric wild and domestic mammals. Biological Conservation, 186, 319-325. DOI URL
[24]	Wang X, Hou J, Zhang JD, Bai WK, Huang JY, Zhou SQ, Ouyang ZY ( 2018) Divergent behavioral responses of sympatric species to grazing disturbance. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 38, 129-137. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 王晓, 侯金, 张晋东, 白文科, 黄金燕, 周世强, 欧阳志云 ( 2018) 同域分布的珍稀野生动物对放牧的行为响应策略. 生态学报, 38, 129-137.]
[25]	Watson JE, Dudley N, Segan DB, Hockings M ( 2014) The performance and potential of protected areas. Nature, 515, 67-73. DOI
[26]	Webb EL, Stanfield BJ, Jensen ML ( 1999) Effects of topography on rainforest tree community structure and diversity in American Samoa, and implications for frugivore and nectarivore populations. Journal of Biogeography, 26, 887-897. DOI URL
[27]	Wei FW, Zhang ZJ, Hu JC ( 2011) Research advances and perspectives on the ecology of wild giant pandas. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 31, 412-421. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 魏辅文, 张泽钧, 胡锦矗 ( 2011) 野生大熊猫生态学研究进展与前瞻. 兽类学报, 31, 412-421.]
[28]	Wei LY, Wei QZ, Mo ZP, Tong DW ( 2016) Effects of different disturbances on species diversity and productivity of the shrub-grass vegetation on the degraded land in Northwest Guangxi, China. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 23, 288-293. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 韦兰英, 韦启忠, 莫祝平, 童德文 ( 2016) 不同干扰方式对桂西北灌草植被物种多样性和生产力的影响. 水土保持研究, 23, 288-293.]
[29]	Wu Y, Zhang WX, Zhang LQ, Wu J ( 2012) Analysis of correlation between terrain and forest spatial distribution based on DEM. Journal of Northeast Forestry University, 40(11), 96-98. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 吴英, 张万幸, 张丽琼, 伍静 ( 2012) 基于DEM的地形与植被分布关联分析. 东北林业大学学报, 40(11), 96-98.]
[30]	Yu GQ, Kang ZJ, Liu MS, Chen ZF, Deng ZC ( 2018) Preliminary survey using infrared camera reveals fauna and avifauna diversity at Hupingshan National Nature Reserve, Hunan, China. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 38, 104-112. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 于桂清, 康祖杰, 刘美斯, 陈振法, 邓忠次 ( 2018) 利用红外相机对湖南壶瓶山国家级自然保护区兽类和鸟类多样性的初步调查. 兽类学报, 38, 104-112.]
[31]	Zhang RZ ( 2011) Zoogeography of China. Science Press, Beijing. (in Chinese)
	[ 张荣祖 ( 2011) 中国动物地理. 科学出版社, 北京.]
[32]	Zhao BB, Niu KC, Du GZ ( 2009) The effect of grazing on above-ground biomass allocation of 27 plant species in an alpine meadow plant community in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 29, 1596-1606. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 赵彬彬, 牛克昌, 杜国祯 ( 2009) 放牧对青藏高原东缘高寒草甸群落27种植物地上生物量分配的影响. 生态学报, 29, 1596-1606.]
[33]	Zhao P, Qu JJ, Xu XY, Tang JN, Han QJ, Xie SB, Wang T, Lai JH ( 2019) Study on the characteristics of sandy alpine grasslands and its relationship between plant distribution and microtopography in the source regions of Yangtze River. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 39, 1030-1040. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 赵鹏, 屈建军, 徐先英, 唐进年, 韩庆杰, 谢胜波, 王涛, 赖俊华 ( 2019) 长江源区沙化高寒草地植被群落特征及其与地形因子的关系. 生态学报, 39, 1030-1040.]

基于地形的牲畜空间利用特征及干扰评价——以王朗国家级自然保护区为例

Impact of livestock terrain utilization patterns on wildlife: A case study of Wanglang National Nature Reserve

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

可视化

被引次数

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

图/表 6

参考文献 33

相关文章 15

编辑推荐

Metrics

本文评价

[1]	李婷婷朱锡红吴光年宋虓徐爱春. 镇海棘螈产卵场微生境选择[J]. 生物多样性, 2023, 31(1): 22293-.
[2]	赵琳程建斌曾文李果龚海兵张贵权刘定震. 大熊猫母兽可根据幼仔的尖叫叫声辨别自己的后代[J]. 生物多样性, 2023, 31(1): 22362-.
[3]	孙翊斐王士政冯佳伟王天明. 东北虎豹国家公园森林声景的昼夜和季节变化[J]. 生物多样性, 2023, 31(1): 22523-.
[4]	马子驭, 何再新, 王一晴, 宋大昭, 夏凡, 崔士明, 苏红信, 邓建林, 李平, 李晟. 中国云豹种群分布现状与关键栖息地信息更新[J]. 生物多样性, 2022, 30(9): 22349-.
[5]	王双贵, 郭志宏, 顾伯健, 李天醍, 苏玉兵, 马伯丞, 管宏信, 黄巧雯, 王放, 张卓锦. 六盘山华北豹的栖息地利用及保护建议[J]. 生物多样性, 2022, 30(9): 22342-.
[6]	王一晴, 马子驭, 王刚, 刘炎林, 宋大昭, 刘蓓蓓, 李露, 范新国, 黄巧雯, 李晟. 太行山华北豹袭击家畜的时空特点与管理建议: 以山西省和顺县为例[J]. 生物多样性, 2022, 30(9): 21510-.
[7]	胡远芳, 李斌强, 梁丹, 李兴权, 刘兰香, 杨家伟, 罗旭. 人为干扰对白腹锦鸡活动节律的影响[J]. 生物多样性, 2022, 30(8): 21484-.
[8]	李国华, 郭向阳, 李霖明, 任明迅, 万玲, 丁琼, 李娟玲. 海南热带雨林国家公园不同植被类型的大型真菌多样性[J]. 生物多样性, 2022, 30(7): 22110-.
[9]	颜文博, 莫燕妮, 曾治高, 薛少亮, 王琦, 梁春生, 黄祝礼, 罗文, 刘大业, 莫世琴, 李晓光, 梁路, 杜鹍鹏. 海南尖峰岭中华穿山甲的分布与保护现状[J]. 生物多样性, 2022, 30(6): 22106-.
[10]	祖奎玲, 王志恒. 山地物种海拔分布对气候变化响应的研究进展[J]. 生物多样性, 2022, 30(5): 21451-.
[11]	赵鑫蕊, 何思源, 苏杨. 生态系统完整性在管理层面的体现方式: 以跨省国家公园统一管理的体制机制为例[J]. 生物多样性, 2022, 30(3): 21493-.
[12]	王重阳, 赵联军, 孟世勇. 王朗国家级自然保护区滑坡体兰科植物分布格局及其保护策略[J]. 生物多样性, 2022, 30(2): 21313-.
[13]	陈秋菊, 孙智闲, 李雪健, 张睿, 席蕊, 田晨, 王鑫, 邢迎春, 赵亚辉. 武夷山国家公园及其周边鱼类多样性[J]. 生物多样性, 2022, 30(11): 22260-.
[14]	阿卜杜赛麦提·买尔迪亚力, 王云, 陶双成, 孔亚平, 王昊, 吕植. 我国道路对野生动物影响研究的现状与挑战[J]. 生物多样性, 2022, 30(11): 22209-.
[15]	黄永江, 苏涛, 朱海, 贾林波, 胡瑾瑾, 纪运恒, 周浙昆. 横断山南段上新世的植被多样性与分布格局[J]. 生物多样性, 2022, 30(11): 22295-.