遥感在生物多样性研究中的应用进展

doi:10.17520/biods.2018054

生物多样性 ›› 2018, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (8): 789-806. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2018054

遥感在生物多样性研究中的应用进展

郭庆华^1,^2,^*(), 胡天宇^1,², 姜媛茜³, 金时超^1,², 王瑞^1,², 关宏灿^1,², 杨秋丽⁴, 李玉美^1,², 吴芳芳^1,², 翟秋萍^1,², 刘瑾^1,², 苏艳军^1,²

1 中国科学院植物研究所植被与环境变化国家重点实验室, 北京 100093
2 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
3 北京城市学院城市建设学部, 北京 100083
4 新疆大学资源与环境科学学院, 乌鲁木齐 830046

收稿日期:2018-07-22 接受日期:2018-07-24 出版日期:2018-08-20 发布日期:2018-09-27
通讯作者: 郭庆华
作者简介:# 共同第一作者
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2016YFC0500202)和2017年北京高等学校高水平人才交叉培养“实培计划”项目

Advances in remote sensing application for biodiversity research

Qinghua Guo^1,^2,^*(), Tianyu Hu^1,², Yuanxi Jiang³, Shichao Jin^1,², Rui Wang¹, Hongcan Guan^1,², Qiuli Yang⁴, Yumei Li^1,², Fangfang Wu^1,², Qiuping Zhai^1,², Jin Liu^1,², Yanjun Su^1,²

1 State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093
2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
3 Urban Construction School, Beijing City University, Beijing 100083
4 College of Resource and Environment Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046

Received:2018-07-22 Accepted:2018-07-24 Online:2018-08-20 Published:2018-09-27
Contact: Guo Qinghua
About author:# Co-first authors

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着人口的持续增长, 人类经济活动对自然资源的利用强度不断升级以及全球气候变暖, 全球物种正以前所未有的速度丧失, 生物多样性成为了全球关注的热点问题。传统生物多样性研究以地面调查方法为主, 重点关注物种或样地水平, 但无法满足景观尺度、区域尺度以及全球尺度的生物多样性保护和评估需求。遥感作为获取生物多样性信息的另一种手段, 近年来在生物多样性领域发展迅速, 其覆盖广、序列性以及可重复性等特点使之在大尺度生物多样性监测和制图以及评估方面具有极大优势。本文主要通过文献收集整理, 从观测手段、研究尺度、观测对象和生物多样性关注点等方面综述了遥感在生物多样性研究中的应用现状, 重点分析不同遥感平台的技术优势和局限性, 并探讨了未来遥感在生物多样性研究的应用趋势。遥感平台按观测高度可分为近地面遥感、航空遥感和卫星遥感, 能够获取样地-景观-区域-洲际-全球尺度的生物多样性信息。星载平台在生物多样性研究中应用最多, 航空遥感的应用研究偏少主要受飞行成本限制。近地面遥感作为一个新兴平台, 能够直接观测到物种的个体, 获取生物多样性关注的物种和种群信息, 是未来遥感在生物多样性应用中的发展方向。虽然遥感技术在生物多样性研究中的应用存在一定的局限性, 未来随着传感器发展和多源数据融合技术的完善, 遥感能更好地从多个尺度、全方位地服务于生物多样性保护和评估。

关键词: 卫星遥感, 航空遥感, 近地面遥感, 无人机, 激光雷达

Abstract

Since rapid human population growth, overconsumption of natural resources by human activities and climate change, loss and extinction of species is increasing, and biodiversity become an important global issue. Traditional ground-based biodiversity researches focus on the species or community, which can not provide necessary information for biodiversity conservation and assessment at a large scale. Since the advantages in spatial coverage and time series, remote sensing is very useful in large-scale biodiversity monitoring, mapping and assessment. According to the height of the platform, remote sensing platforms can be classified into satellite remote sensing, airborne remote sensing and near-surface remote sensing, which can obtain biodiversity information at different spatial scales. The purpose of this study is to review the recent advances of application of different remote sensing platforms for biodiversity research. We focus on the following aspects, such as observation methods, research scale, and analyze advantages and limitations of different remote sensing platforms. Finally, we summary the future application of remote sensing in biodiversity research. From the literature statistics result, we found that satellite platform were used more frequently in biodiversity research than other remote sensing platform. Due to the high flight cost, the biodiversity researches used airborne remote sensing was fewer than the researches used satellite. Near-surface remote sensing includes the UAV platform and the ground-based platform, which is an emerging remote sensing platform and hotspot in remote sensing of biodiversity. Compared to satellite and airborne remote sensing platforms, the near-surface remote sensing platform can directly observe the individuals and can directly obtain information from species or population. Although there are some limitations in these three platforms, we believe that remote sensing technology can better serve biodiversity conservation and assessment from different temporal and spatial scales with the development of remote sensing platforms and the improvement of sensors.

Key words: satellite remote sensing, airborne remote sensing, near-surface remote sensing, UAV, lidar

郭庆华, 胡天宇, 姜媛茜, 金时超, 王瑞, 关宏灿, 杨秋丽, 李玉美, 吴芳芳, 翟秋萍, 刘瑾, 苏艳军 (2018) 遥感在生物多样性研究中的应用进展. 生物多样性, 26, 789-806. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2018054.

Qinghua Guo, Tianyu Hu, Yuanxi Jiang, Shichao Jin, Rui Wang, Hongcan Guan, Qiuli Yang, Yumei Li, Fangfang Wu, Qiuping Zhai, Jin Liu, Yanjun Su (2018) Advances in remote sensing application for biodiversity research. Biodiversity Science, 26, 789-806. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2018054.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2018054

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2018/V26/I8/789

图/表 9

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卫星 Satellite		传感器 Sensor	传感器类型 Type of sensor	波段数 Bands	空间分辨率 Spatial resolution	重返时间 Repeat interval	发射时间 Launch date
LandSat 5		TM	多光谱 Multispectral	7	Band 1-5, 7: 30 m Band 6: 120 m	16 d	1984 (2013宣布失效) (Deactivated in 2013)
LandSat 7		ETM+	全色/多光谱 Panchromatic/ multispectral	8	Band 8: 15 m Band 1-5, 7: 30 m Band 6: 60 m	16 d	1999 (2003.05设备故障,影像出现条带状) (SLC-off in 2003.05)
LandSat 8		OLI	全色/多光谱 Panchromatic/ multispectral	9	Band 8: 15 m Band 1-7, 9: 30 m	16 d	2013
LandSat 8		TRS	热红外 Thermal infrared	2	100 m	16 d	2013
QucikBird-2		CCD相机 CCD camera	全色/多光谱 Panchromatic/ multispectral	4	全色: 0.61 m Panchromatic 多光谱: 2.44 m Multispectral	1-6 d	2001 (2015宣布失效) (Deactivated in 2015)
IKONOS		CCD相机 CCD camera	全色/多光谱 Panchromatic/ multispectral	4	全色: 1 m Panchromatic 多光谱: 4 m Multispectral	3 d	1999 (2015年宣布退役) (Deactivated in 2015)
SPOT 5		HRG	全色/多光谱 Panchromatic/ multispectral	4	全色: 2.5 m Panchromatic Band 1-3: 10 m Band 4: 20 m	26 d	2002
SPOT 7		NAOMI	全色/多光谱 Panchromatic/ multispectral	4	全色: 1.5 m Panchromatic 多光谱: 6 m Multispectral	26 d	2014
GeoEye-1		CCD相机	全色/多光谱 Panchromatic/ multispectral	4	全色: 0.41 m Panchromatic 多光谱: 1.65 m Multispectral	2-3 d	2008
WorldView-3		CCD相机	全色/多光谱/短波红外/CAVIS Panchromatic/ multispectral/ Short wavelength infrared/CAVIS	29	全色: 0.31 m Panchromatic 多光谱: 1.24 m Multispectral 短波红外: 3.7 m Short wavelength infrared CAVIS 30 m	小于1 d	2014
卫星 Satellite		传感器 Sensor	传感器类型 Type of sensor	波段数 Bands	空间分辨率 Spatial resolution	重返时间 Repeat interval	发射时间 Launch date
WorldView-4		CCD相机	全色/多光谱 Panchromatic/ multispectral	4	全色: 0.31 m Panchromatic 多光谱: 1.24 m Multispectral	1或4.5 d	2016
Terra		ASTER	近红外/短波红外/ 热红外 Near Infrared/Short Wavelength Infrared/ Thermal Infrared	15	近红外: 15 m Near Infrared 短波红外: 30 m Short wavelength infrared 热红外: 90 m Thermal infrared	16 d	1999
Terra		MODIS	多光谱 Multispectral	36	Band 1, 2: 250 m Band 3-7: 500 m Band 8-36: 1,000 m	16 d	1999
AQUA		MODIS	多光谱 Multispectral	36	Band 1, 2: 250 m Band 3-7: 500 m Band 8-36: 1,000 m	16 d	2002
Sentinel-1A		C波段合成孔径雷达 SAR (synthetic aperture radar) with C band	SAR	-	条带模式:55 m Strip map mode 干涉宽幅模式: 520 m Interferometric wide swath mode 超宽幅模式: 20*40 m Extra wide swath mode	6 d	2014
Sentinel-2A		多光谱成像仪 Multispectral scanner	多光谱 Multispectral	13	Band 2-4, 8: 10 m Band 5-7, 8A, 11, 12: 20 m Band 1, 9, 10: 60 m	10 d	2015
GF-1		全色多光谱相机 Panchromatic multispectral scanner	全色/多光谱 Panchromatic/ multispectral	5	Band 1: 2 m Band 2-5: 8 m	4 d	2013
GF-1		多光谱相机 Multispectral scanner	多光谱 Multispectral	4	16 m	4 d	2013
GF-2		全色多光谱相机 Panchromatic multispectral scanner	全色/多光谱 Panchromatic/ multispectral	5	Band 1: 1 m Band 2-5: 4 m	5 d	2014
GF-3		C波段合成孔径雷达 SAR with C band	SAR	-	因成像模式而定 (1, 3, 5, 8, 10, 25, 50, 100, 500 m) Resolution depend on the scan mode	-	2016
GF-4		面阵凝视相机 Staring array camera	可见光/近红外/ 中波红外 Visible/Near infrared/ Middle infrared	6	可见光近红外: 50 m Visible/near infrared 中波红外: 400 m Middle infrared	20 s	2015
ZY-1 02C		全色多光谱相机 Panchromatic multispectral scanner	全色/多光谱 Panchromatic/ multispectral	4	全色: 5m Panchromatic 多光谱: 10 m Multispectral	3 d	2011
ZY-1 02C		全色高分辨率相机 Panchromatic high-resolution scanner	全色 Panchromatic	-	2.36 m	3 d	2011
ZY-3		正视全色TDI CCD相机 Ortho-panchromatic TDI CCD camera	全色 Panchromatic	-	2.1 m	5 d	2012
		前视、后视TDI CCD相机 fore sigh and back sight TDI CCD camera	全色 Panchromatic	-	3.5 m
		正视多光谱相机 Multispectral ortho-imager	多光谱 Multispectral	4	6 m
卫星 Satellite	传感器 Sensor	传感器类型 Type of sensor	波段数 Bands	空间分辨率 Spatial resolution	重返时间 Repeat interval	发射时间 Launch date
HJ-1A	CCD相机 CCD camera	多光谱 Multispectral	4	30 m	4 d	2008
HJ-1A	高光谱成像仪 Hyperspectral scanner	高光谱 Hyperspectral	110-128	100 m	4 d	2008
HJ-1B	CCD相机 CCD camera	多光谱 Multispectral	4	30 m	4 d	2008
HJ-1B	红外多光谱相机 Infrared multispectral scanner	红外 Infrared	4	150 m	4 d	2008
HJ-1C	合成孔径雷达 SAR	SAR	-	单视模式: 5 m Single mode 距离向四视模式: 20 m Four sights at range direction	4 d	2012

卫星 Satellite		传感器 Sensor	传感器类型 Type of sensor	波段数 Bands	空间分辨率 Spatial resolution	重返时间 Repeat interval	发射时间 Launch date
LandSat 5		TM	多光谱 Multispectral	7	Band 1-5, 7: 30 m Band 6: 120 m	16 d	1984 (2013宣布失效) (Deactivated in 2013)
LandSat 7		ETM+	全色/多光谱 Panchromatic/ multispectral	8	Band 8: 15 m Band 1-5, 7: 30 m Band 6: 60 m	16 d	1999 (2003.05设备故障,影像出现条带状) (SLC-off in 2003.05)
LandSat 8		OLI	全色/多光谱 Panchromatic/ multispectral	9	Band 8: 15 m Band 1-7, 9: 30 m	16 d	2013
LandSat 8		TRS	热红外 Thermal infrared	2	100 m	16 d	2013
QucikBird-2		CCD相机 CCD camera	全色/多光谱 Panchromatic/ multispectral	4	全色: 0.61 m Panchromatic 多光谱: 2.44 m Multispectral	1-6 d	2001 (2015宣布失效) (Deactivated in 2015)
IKONOS		CCD相机 CCD camera	全色/多光谱 Panchromatic/ multispectral	4	全色: 1 m Panchromatic 多光谱: 4 m Multispectral	3 d	1999 (2015年宣布退役) (Deactivated in 2015)
SPOT 5		HRG	全色/多光谱 Panchromatic/ multispectral	4	全色: 2.5 m Panchromatic Band 1-3: 10 m Band 4: 20 m	26 d	2002
SPOT 7		NAOMI	全色/多光谱 Panchromatic/ multispectral	4	全色: 1.5 m Panchromatic 多光谱: 6 m Multispectral	26 d	2014
GeoEye-1		CCD相机	全色/多光谱 Panchromatic/ multispectral	4	全色: 0.41 m Panchromatic 多光谱: 1.65 m Multispectral	2-3 d	2008
WorldView-3		CCD相机	全色/多光谱/短波红外/CAVIS Panchromatic/ multispectral/ Short wavelength infrared/CAVIS	29	全色: 0.31 m Panchromatic 多光谱: 1.24 m Multispectral 短波红外: 3.7 m Short wavelength infrared CAVIS 30 m	小于1 d	2014
卫星 Satellite		传感器 Sensor	传感器类型 Type of sensor	波段数 Bands	空间分辨率 Spatial resolution	重返时间 Repeat interval	发射时间 Launch date
WorldView-4		CCD相机	全色/多光谱 Panchromatic/ multispectral	4	全色: 0.31 m Panchromatic 多光谱: 1.24 m Multispectral	1或4.5 d	2016
Terra		ASTER	近红外/短波红外/ 热红外 Near Infrared/Short Wavelength Infrared/ Thermal Infrared	15	近红外: 15 m Near Infrared 短波红外: 30 m Short wavelength infrared 热红外: 90 m Thermal infrared	16 d	1999
Terra		MODIS	多光谱 Multispectral	36	Band 1, 2: 250 m Band 3-7: 500 m Band 8-36: 1,000 m	16 d	1999
AQUA		MODIS	多光谱 Multispectral	36	Band 1, 2: 250 m Band 3-7: 500 m Band 8-36: 1,000 m	16 d	2002
Sentinel-1A		C波段合成孔径雷达 SAR (synthetic aperture radar) with C band	SAR	-	条带模式:55 m Strip map mode 干涉宽幅模式: 520 m Interferometric wide swath mode 超宽幅模式: 20*40 m Extra wide swath mode	6 d	2014
Sentinel-2A		多光谱成像仪 Multispectral scanner	多光谱 Multispectral	13	Band 2-4, 8: 10 m Band 5-7, 8A, 11, 12: 20 m Band 1, 9, 10: 60 m	10 d	2015
GF-1		全色多光谱相机 Panchromatic multispectral scanner	全色/多光谱 Panchromatic/ multispectral	5	Band 1: 2 m Band 2-5: 8 m	4 d	2013
GF-1		多光谱相机 Multispectral scanner	多光谱 Multispectral	4	16 m	4 d	2013
GF-2		全色多光谱相机 Panchromatic multispectral scanner	全色/多光谱 Panchromatic/ multispectral	5	Band 1: 1 m Band 2-5: 4 m	5 d	2014
GF-3		C波段合成孔径雷达 SAR with C band	SAR	-	因成像模式而定 (1, 3, 5, 8, 10, 25, 50, 100, 500 m) Resolution depend on the scan mode	-	2016
GF-4		面阵凝视相机 Staring array camera	可见光/近红外/ 中波红外 Visible/Near infrared/ Middle infrared	6	可见光近红外: 50 m Visible/near infrared 中波红外: 400 m Middle infrared	20 s	2015
ZY-1 02C		全色多光谱相机 Panchromatic multispectral scanner	全色/多光谱 Panchromatic/ multispectral	4	全色: 5m Panchromatic 多光谱: 10 m Multispectral	3 d	2011
ZY-1 02C		全色高分辨率相机 Panchromatic high-resolution scanner	全色 Panchromatic	-	2.36 m	3 d	2011
ZY-3		正视全色TDI CCD相机 Ortho-panchromatic TDI CCD camera	全色 Panchromatic	-	2.1 m	5 d	2012
		前视、后视TDI CCD相机 fore sigh and back sight TDI CCD camera	全色 Panchromatic	-	3.5 m
		正视多光谱相机 Multispectral ortho-imager	多光谱 Multispectral	4	6 m
卫星 Satellite	传感器 Sensor	传感器类型 Type of sensor	波段数 Bands	空间分辨率 Spatial resolution	重返时间 Repeat interval	发射时间 Launch date
HJ-1A	CCD相机 CCD camera	多光谱 Multispectral	4	30 m	4 d	2008
HJ-1A	高光谱成像仪 Hyperspectral scanner	高光谱 Hyperspectral	110-128	100 m	4 d	2008
HJ-1B	CCD相机 CCD camera	多光谱 Multispectral	4	30 m	4 d	2008
HJ-1B	红外多光谱相机 Infrared multispectral scanner	红外 Infrared	4	150 m	4 d	2008
HJ-1C	合成孔径雷达 SAR	SAR	-	单视模式: 5 m Single mode 距离向四视模式: 20 m Four sights at range direction	4 d	2012

生物多样性核心指标 Essential biodiversity variables	卫星遥感能获取的指标 Indicators obtained from satellite remote sensing
物种数量 Species populations	物种分布 Species distribution (Saveraid et al, 2001; Leyequien et al, 2007; Shirley et al, 2013; Sequeira et al, 2014)
物种性状 Species traits	叶面积指数 LAI (Fuentes et al, 2008)、氮素含量 Nitrogen content (Ojoyi et al, 2017)等
群落组成 Community composition	物种密度 Species density (Hernández-Stefanoni & Dupuy, 2007; Godinho et al, 2016)、物种丰富度 Species richness (Knudby et al, 2010; Lucas et al, 2010)等
生态系统功能 Ecosystem function	植被绿度 Greenness (Zhou et al, 2014)、植被物候 Phenology (Ganguly et al, 2010)、光合作用能力和生态系统生产力 Photosynthesis and ecosystem productivity (Franklin et al, 2006; Mishra & Chaudhuri, 2015)等
生态系统结构 Ecosystem structure	景观破碎化和异质性 Landscape fragmentation and heterogeneity (Saatchi et al, 2001; Wang & Moskovits, 2001; Tuanmu & Jetz, 2015)、土地覆盖和土地利用 Landcover and land use (Farashi et al, 2016; Zhao et al, 2016)、植被高度 Vegetation height (Su et al, 2017)等

生物多样性核心指标 Essential biodiversity variables	卫星遥感能获取的指标 Indicators obtained from satellite remote sensing
物种数量 Species populations	物种分布 Species distribution (Saveraid et al, 2001; Leyequien et al, 2007; Shirley et al, 2013; Sequeira et al, 2014)
物种性状 Species traits	叶面积指数 LAI (Fuentes et al, 2008)、氮素含量 Nitrogen content (Ojoyi et al, 2017)等
群落组成 Community composition	物种密度 Species density (Hernández-Stefanoni & Dupuy, 2007; Godinho et al, 2016)、物种丰富度 Species richness (Knudby et al, 2010; Lucas et al, 2010)等
生态系统功能 Ecosystem function	植被绿度 Greenness (Zhou et al, 2014)、植被物候 Phenology (Ganguly et al, 2010)、光合作用能力和生态系统生产力 Photosynthesis and ecosystem productivity (Franklin et al, 2006; Mishra & Chaudhuri, 2015)等
生态系统结构 Ecosystem structure	景观破碎化和异质性 Landscape fragmentation and heterogeneity (Saatchi et al, 2001; Wang & Moskovits, 2001; Tuanmu & Jetz, 2015)、土地覆盖和土地利用 Landcover and land use (Farashi et al, 2016; Zhao et al, 2016)、植被高度 Vegetation height (Su et al, 2017)等

空间幅度与观测平台 Scale & Observation platform	指标 Indicators	参数 Parameters
全球/洲际/国家 Global/continental/national 卫星平台 Satellite borne	生境类型 Habitat type	土地覆盖类型/植被类型/二者结合 Landcover/vegetation type/both
	立地条件 Stand condition	陆面温度 Land surface temperature 大气降水 Precipitation 高程、坡度、坡向、坡位 Elevation, slope, aspect, slope position
	生境结构 Habitat structure	植被覆盖度 Canopy cover 植被冠层高度 Canopy height
	生境质量 Habitat quality	植被指数 NDVI/EVI/SAVI 叶面积指数 LAI 地上生物量 Aboveground biomass 绿度 Greenness 光合有效辐射吸收比率 FPAR
区域/省际 Regional/province-scale 机载平台 Airborne	生境类型 Habitat type	土地覆盖类型/植被类型/二者结合 Landcover/vegetation type/both
	立地条件 Stand condition	陆面温度 Land surface temperature 大气降水 Precipitation 高程、坡度、坡向、坡位 Elevation, slope, aspect, slope position
	生境结构 Habitat structure	植被覆盖度 Canopy cover 植被冠层高度 Canopy height
	生境质量 Habitat quality	植被指数 NDVI/EVI/SAVI 叶面积指数 LAI 地上生物量 Aboveground biomass 绿度 Greenness 光合有效辐射吸收比率 FPAR
景观 Landscape 无人机平台 UAV borne	生境类型 Habitat type	植被类型 Vegetation type 景观多样性指数 Landscape diversity index
	立地条件 Stand condition	陆面温度 Land surface temperature 大气降水 Precipitation 高程、坡度、坡向、坡位 Elevation, slope, aspect, slope position 土壤含水量 Soil water content
	生境结构 Habitat structure	植被覆盖度 Canopy cover 植被冠层高度 Canopy height 植被密度 Vegetation density 斑块大小、形状、丰富度 Size, shape and richness of patches
	生境质量 Habitat quality	植被指数 NDVI/EVI/SAVI 叶面积指数 LAI 地上生物量 Aboveground biomass 绿度 Greenness 光合有效辐射吸收比率 FPAR 景观聚集度指数 Landscape aggregation metrics 景观连通性指数 Landscape connectivity metrics 景观破碎化程度 Landscape fragmentation index
局地/样地 Local/plot 地基移动/固定平台 Terrestrial or mobile platform	生境类型 Habitat type	植被类型 Vegetation type 物种多样性指数 Biodiversity index
	立地条件 Stand condition	土壤含水量 Soil water content 高程、坡度、坡向、坡位 Elevation, slope, aspect, slope position
	生境结构 Habitat structure	植被覆盖度 Canopy cover 冠层高度 Canopy height 植被密度 Vegetation density 单木树高 Individual tree height 枝下高 Crown base height 植被冠层高度剖面 Vegetation height profile 冠幅 Crown size
空间幅度与观测平台 Scale & Observation platform	指标 Indicators	参数 Parameters
	生境质量 Habitat quality	植被指数 NDVI/EVI/SAVI 叶面积指数 LAI 地上生物量 Aboveground biomass 绿度 Greenness 光合有效辐射吸收比率FPAR 景观聚集度指数 Landscape aggregation metrics 景观连通性指数 Landscape connectivity metrics

遥感在生物多样性研究中的应用进展

Advances in remote sensing application for biodiversity research

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