生物多样性 ›› 2017, Vol. 25 ›› Issue (8): 864-873.  DOI: 10.17520/biods.2017069

所属专题: 传粉生物学

• 综述 • 上一篇    下一篇

风媒传粉的研究方法探讨

朱亚如, 龚燕兵*()   

  1. 武汉大学生命科学学院杂交水稻国家重点实验室 武汉 430072
  • 收稿日期:2017-03-06 接受日期:2017-05-04 出版日期:2017-08-20 发布日期:2017-08-31
  • 通讯作者: 龚燕兵
  • 作者简介:# 共同第一作者 Co-first authors
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金(31670228)和湖北省自然科学基金(2011CDA095)

Methods of wind pollination

Yaru Zhu, Yanbing Gong*()   

  1. State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072
  • Received:2017-03-06 Accepted:2017-05-04 Online:2017-08-20 Published:2017-08-31
  • Contact: Gong Yanbing

摘要:

种子植物的花粉传递依赖多样化的传粉媒介, 与动物传粉相比, 风媒传粉往往被认为效率较低而受到较少关注。然而, 绝大部分裸子植物和至少10%的被子植物依赖风媒传粉, 在被子植物中至少发生了65次从动物媒向风媒的传粉转变, 而且同种植物内风媒与虫媒并存的混合传粉机制也已屡见报道。因此, 亟需更加完善的研究方法以揭示生态系统中大量隐藏的风媒传粉现象和机理。本文首先介绍了风媒传粉植物的种类和生境多样性, 以明确风媒传粉的研究范围。在此基础上, 论述了在野外条件下应首选使用花粉捕获法(黏性玻片或空气颗粒取样器)测量空气中的花粉数量; 同时应结合传粉者排除法和套袋、去雄等传粉处理, 确定风媒传粉的生殖贡献大小以及动物传粉、自动自交和无融合生殖并存的可能性。如果野外条件受限, 应采集相关植物组织, 在实验室使用频闪摄影或沉降塔法测量花粉的沉降系数以推测风媒传粉的可能性, 并利用风洞实验和计算机模拟探明不同条件下的风媒传粉效率和空气动力学基础。同时, 应进一步研究影响风媒传粉的生物(风媒传粉综合征)和非生物因素, 以探寻风媒传粉发生的原因和进化生态后果。以上方法并不能相互替代, 研究者应尽量全面使用各类方法以准确描述风媒传粉现象并解释其适应机理。

关键词: 风媒传粉, 种子植物, 花粉, 野外方法, 空气动力学

Abstract

The transfer of pollen in most seed plants relies on diverse pollination vectors. In comparison with animal pollination (zoophily), wind pollination (anemophily) has long been regarded as an inefficient mode and thus has received relatively little attention. However, the majority of gymnosperm species and over 10% of angiosperm species are wind pollinated, and the evolution of wind pollination from insect-pollinated ancestors has occurred at least 65 times in angiosperms. Furthermore, ambophily, a combination of wind and insect pollination, is also reported frequently. More refined methods are thus seriously needed to explore the existence and mechanisms of wind pollination in diverse ecosystems. In this paper, we explore the scope of anemophily research by describing the species and habitat diversities of wind-pollinated plants. In field experiments, we recommend using pollen traps (sticky slides or airborne particle samplers) to quantify airborne pollen, and conducting pollinator exclusion, bagging, and emasculation treatments to explore the reproductive contribution of anemophily and the possibilities of zoophily, autogamy, and apomixis. In constrained field conditions, researchers can bring relevant plant tissues back to the laboratory for experiments examining aerodynamics, i.e., measuring the settling velocity of pollen using stroboscopic photography or drop towers, calculating the pollination efficiency using wind tunnels, and evaluating the aerodynamics based on computer models in different simulated conditions. Furthermore, the abiotic and biotic factors (wind pollination syndromes) associated with anemophily should also be studied to explore the causes as well as the ecological and evolutionary consequences of wind pollination. The above methods cannot substitute for one another, as researchers should use them as a comprehensive unit when possible to reveal the details and mechanisms of wind pollination.

Key words: wind pollination, seed plants, pollen, field methods, aerodynamics