小兴安岭铁力林业局冬季西伯利亚狍(Capreolus pygargus)的生境选择

doi:10.17520/biods.2016246

生物多样性 ›› 2017, Vol. 25 ›› Issue (4): 401-408. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2016246

• 研究报告: 动物多样性 • 上一篇下一篇

小兴安岭铁力林业局冬季西伯利亚狍(Capreolus pygargus)的生境选择

陈龙^1,², 李月辉^1,^*(), 胡远满¹, 熊在平¹, 吴文^1,², 李悦³, 问青春⁴

1 中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所, 中国科学院森林生态与管理重点实验室, 沈阳 110016
2 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
3 辽宁大学环境学院, 沈阳 110036
4 辽宁省环境监测中心, 沈阳 110161;

收稿日期:2016-09-02 接受日期:2017-04-11 出版日期:2017-04-20 发布日期:2017-04-20
通讯作者: 李月辉
基金资助:
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(41271201, 41371198)

Habitat selection by roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) over winter in the Tieli Forestry Bureau of the Lesser Xing’an Mountains

Long Chen^1,², Yuehui Li^1,^*(), Yuanman Hu¹, Zaiping Xiong¹, Wen Wu^1,², Yue Li³, Qingchun Wen⁴

1 Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016
2 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049
3 College of Environmental Sciences, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036
4 Environmental Monitoring Experiment Center of Liaoning Province, Shenyang 110161

Received:2016-09-02 Accepted:2017-04-11 Online:2017-04-20 Published:2017-04-20
Contact: Li Yuehui

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了揭示西伯利亚狍(Capreolus pygargus)的生境选择倾向, 本文在小兴安岭铁力林业局布设22条样线, 每条样线长1.5 km左右, 于2014年11月、2015年1月和12月沿着样线共设置西伯利亚狍的利用样方105个和对照样方68个, 记录样方内15个生境因子特征。利用Bailey’s法判断西伯利亚狍对各生境因子的选择倾向, 使用资源选择函数分析西伯利亚狍对生境因子的综合选择。结果表明, 西伯利亚狍倾向选择的地形特征分别为海拔 ≤ 300 m或 ≥ 450 m、上坡位或坡度 > 4°; 倾向选择的植被特征分别为农田或针叶林、林龄 ≤ 25 yr、郁闭度 ≥ 0.6、乔木数量 ≤ 15棵、乔木平均高 < 15 m、乔木平均胸径 ≤ 10 cm、灌木盖度 ≤ 0.3或草本盖度 > 0.2; 倾向选择的食物特征为食物多; 倾向选择的安全特征分别为能见度 > 50 m或雪深 ≤ 10 cm。影响西伯利亚狍生境综合选择的主要因子为坡向、坡度、植被类型、郁闭度、乔木数量、乔木平均高和能见度。铁力林业局西伯利亚狍喜欢农田、喜欢易于感知威胁并能够迅速逃跑的相对开阔的生境; 地形特征、植被特征和安全特征是影响综合选择的主要生境特征。本研究提示, 构建适宜农田林地空间配置的景观格局将成为景观尺度保护西伯利亚狍种群的途径。

关键词: 西伯利亚狍, 小兴安岭, 森林景观, 生境选择, 资源选择函数, 能见度

Abstract

Habitat selection by roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) was explored by using line-transect sampling in the Tieli Forestry Bureau of the Lesser Xing’an Mountains. A total of 22 line-transects, each of which was about 1.5 km long, were installed. Fifteen habitat factors were measured in 105 plots used by roe deer and 68 control plots, respectively, in November 2014, January and December 2015. Based on Bailey’s method analyzing the selectivity of roe deer using habitat factors, the result showed that in terms of topographic factors, roe deer preferred the habitats with altitude ≤ 300 m or ≥ 450 m, gradient > 4°or upper slope position; in terms of vegetation factors, roe deer preferred the farmland or coniferous forest, tree age ≤ 25 yr, canopy closure ≥ 0.6, number of trees ≤ 15, average tree height < 15 m, average DBH ≤ 10 cm, shrub coverage ≤ 0.3 or herbage coverage > 0.2; in terms of food factors, roe deer preferred much food abundance; and in terms of safety factors, roe deer preferred visibility > 50 m or snow depth ≤ 10 cm. The resource selection function revealed that the dominant factors influencing habitat selection by roe deer were aspect of slope, gradient, vegetation type, canopy closure, number of trees, average tree height and visibility. The roe deer in the Tieli Forestry Bureau preferred agriculture land and open habitat where they can quickly perceive danger and escape from other animals or humans. Those factors involving topography, vegetation, security predominantly determined their habitat selection. This research suggested protecting the roe deer population by constructing an optimal forest landscape pattern mixed with agriculture lands of a certain area percentage and spatial arrangement.

Key words: roe deer (Capreolus pygargus), Lesser Xing’, an Mountains, forest landscape, habitat selection, resource selection function, visibility

陈龙, 李月辉, 胡远满, 熊在平, 吴文, 李悦, 问青春 (2017) 小兴安岭铁力林业局冬季西伯利亚狍(Capreolus pygargus)的生境选择. 生物多样性, 25, 401-408. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2016246.

Long Chen, Yuehui Li, Yuanman Hu, Zaiping Xiong, Wen Wu, Yue Li, Qingchun Wen (2017) Habitat selection by roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) over winter in the Tieli Forestry Bureau of the Lesser Xing’an Mountains. Biodiversity Science, 25, 401-408. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2016246.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2016246

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图/表 2

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生境因子 Habitat factor	类别或等级标准 Classification criteria	实际利用比例 Actual proportion used (P_i)	期望利用比例 Expected proportion used (P_io)	P_i的Bailey’s 95%置信区间 Bailey’s 95% interval for P_i	选择性 Preference
海拔	≤ 300	0.732	0.723	0.728 ≤ P_Halt1≤ 0.741	+
Altitude (H_alt, m)	300 < H_alt < 450	0.181	0.221	0.156 ≤ P_Halt2 ≤ 0.213	-
	≥ 450	0.087	0.056	0.062 ≤ P_Halt3≤ 0.121	+
坡向	半阴半阳坡 Half-sunny slope	0.695	0.694	0.650 ≤ P_Asp1 ≤ 0.741	0
Aspect of slope (Asp)	阴坡 Shady slope	0.181	0.196	0.156 ≤ P_Asp2≤ 0.214	0
	阳坡 Sunny slope	0.124	0.110	0.090 ≤ P_Asp3≤ 0.169	0
坡度	≤ 4°	0.307	0.462	0.303 ≤ P_Grad1 ≤ 0.316	-
Gradient (Grad)	4° < Grad < 8°	0.331	0.236	0.300 ≤ P_Grad2 ≤ 0.367	+
	≥ 8°	0.362	0.303	0.318 ≤ P_Grad3≤ 0.411	+
坡位	上 Upper	0.238	0.208	0.234 ≤ P_Pos1 ≤ 0.249	+
Slope position (Pos)	中 Middle	0.352	0.416	0.317 ≤ P_Pos2≤ 0.394	-
	下 Lower	0.410	0.376	0.359 ≤ P_Pos3 ≤ 0.465	0
植被类型	农田 Farmland	0.152	0.092	0.112 ≤ P_Veg1≤ 0.205	+
Vegetation type (Veg)	灌丛 Shrub	0.048	0.087	0.034 ≤ P_Veg2 ≤ 0.071	-
	针叶林 Coniferous forest	0.067	0.058	0.064 ≤ P_Veg3≤ 0.076	+
	阔叶林 Broad-leaved forest	0.648	0.653	0.593 ≤ P_Veg4 ≤ 0.702	0
	针阔混交林 Coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest	0.086	0.110	0.061 ≤ P_Veg5≤ 0.121	0
林龄	≤ 25	0.228	0.174	0.225 ≤ P_Age1≤ 0.237	+
Tree age (Age, yr)	25 < Age < 45	0.480	0.559	0.447 ≤ P_Age2≤ 0.518	-
	≥ 45	0.291	0.267	0.250 ≤ P_Age3≤ 0.339	0
郁闭度	≤ 0.3	0.331	0.421	0.327 ≤ P_C1≤ 0.340	-
Canopy closure (C)	0.3 < C < 0.6	0.441	0.421	0.408 ≤ P_C2≤ 0.479	0
	≥ 0.6	0.228	0.159	0.191 ≤ P_C3≤ 0.273	+
乔木数量	≤ 15	0.913	0.656	0.910 ≤ P_N1≤ 0.921	+
Number of trees (N)	15 < N < 30	0.071	0.159	0.054 ≤ P_N2≤ 0.095	-
	≥ 30	0.016	0.185	0.006 ≤ P_N3≤ 0.038	-
乔木平均高	≤ 10	0.189	0.144	0.186 ≤ P_Htree1≤ 0.198	+
Average tree height (H_tree, m)	10 < H_tree <15	0.189	0.128	0.164 ≤ P_Htree2≤ 0.221	+
	≥ 15	0.622	0.728	0.576 ≤ P_Htree3 ≤ 0.669	-
乔木平均胸径	≤ 10	0.339	0.251	0.335 ≤ P_DBH1≤ 0.348	+
Average DBH (DBH, cm)	10 < DBH < 20	0.488	0.585	0.455 ≤ P_DBH2≤ 0.526	-
	≥ 20	0.173	0.164	0.140 ≤ P_DBH3≤ 0.215	0
灌木盖度	≤ 0.3	0.567	0.477	0.563 ≤ P_Cshrub1≤ 0.576	+
Shrub coverage (C_shrub)	0.3 < C_shrub< 0.6	0.323	0.354	0.292 ≤ P_Cshrub2 ≤ 0.359	0
	≥ 0.6	0.110	0.169	0.083 ≤ P_Cshrub3≤ 0.147	-
草本盖度	≤ 0.2	0.480	0.626	0.476 ≤ P_Cherb1≤ 0.490	-
Herbage coverage (C_herb)	0.2 < C_herb < 0.4	0.299	0.205	0.269 ≤ P_Cherb2 ≤ 0.335	+
	≥ 0.4	0.220	0.169	0.183 ≤ P_Cherb3≤ 0.265	+
食物丰富度	无 Nothing	0.076	0.087	0.073 ≤ P_Fa1≤ 0.086	-
Food abundance (Fa)	少 Little	0.038	0.121	0.026 ≤ P_Fa2≤ 0.060	-
	一般 General	0.067	0.179	0.045 ≤ P_Fa3 ≤ 0.099	-
	多 Much	0.610	0.422	0.555 ≤ P_Fa4≤ 0.665	+
	丰富 Rich	0.210	0.191	0.162 ≤ P_Fa5≤ 0.266	0
能见度	≤50	0.567	0.703	0.563 ≤ P_Vis1 ≤ 0.576	-
Visibility (Vis, m)	50 < Vis < 90	0.252	0.179	0.224 ≤ P_Vis2≤ 0.287	+
	≥ 90	0.181	0.118	0.147 ≤ P_Vis3≤ 0.223	+
雪深	≤ 10	0.622	0.503	0.618 ≤ P_Sd1≤ 0.631	+
Snow depth (Sd, cm)	10 < Sd < 20	0.087	0.241	0.069 ≤ P_Sd2≤ 0.113	-
	≥ 20	0.291	0.256	0.250 ≤ P_Sd3≤ 0.339	0

生境因子 Habitat factor	类别或等级标准 Classification criteria	实际利用比例 Actual proportion used (P_i)	期望利用比例 Expected proportion used (P_io)	P_i的Bailey’s 95%置信区间 Bailey’s 95% interval for P_i	选择性 Preference
海拔	≤ 300	0.732	0.723	0.728 ≤ P_Halt1≤ 0.741	+
Altitude (H_alt, m)	300 < H_alt < 450	0.181	0.221	0.156 ≤ P_Halt2 ≤ 0.213	-
	≥ 450	0.087	0.056	0.062 ≤ P_Halt3≤ 0.121	+
坡向	半阴半阳坡 Half-sunny slope	0.695	0.694	0.650 ≤ P_Asp1 ≤ 0.741	0
Aspect of slope (Asp)	阴坡 Shady slope	0.181	0.196	0.156 ≤ P_Asp2≤ 0.214	0
	阳坡 Sunny slope	0.124	0.110	0.090 ≤ P_Asp3≤ 0.169	0
坡度	≤ 4°	0.307	0.462	0.303 ≤ P_Grad1 ≤ 0.316	-
Gradient (Grad)	4° < Grad < 8°	0.331	0.236	0.300 ≤ P_Grad2 ≤ 0.367	+
	≥ 8°	0.362	0.303	0.318 ≤ P_Grad3≤ 0.411	+
坡位	上 Upper	0.238	0.208	0.234 ≤ P_Pos1 ≤ 0.249	+
Slope position (Pos)	中 Middle	0.352	0.416	0.317 ≤ P_Pos2≤ 0.394	-
	下 Lower	0.410	0.376	0.359 ≤ P_Pos3 ≤ 0.465	0
植被类型	农田 Farmland	0.152	0.092	0.112 ≤ P_Veg1≤ 0.205	+
Vegetation type (Veg)	灌丛 Shrub	0.048	0.087	0.034 ≤ P_Veg2 ≤ 0.071	-
	针叶林 Coniferous forest	0.067	0.058	0.064 ≤ P_Veg3≤ 0.076	+
	阔叶林 Broad-leaved forest	0.648	0.653	0.593 ≤ P_Veg4 ≤ 0.702	0
	针阔混交林 Coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest	0.086	0.110	0.061 ≤ P_Veg5≤ 0.121	0
林龄	≤ 25	0.228	0.174	0.225 ≤ P_Age1≤ 0.237	+
Tree age (Age, yr)	25 < Age < 45	0.480	0.559	0.447 ≤ P_Age2≤ 0.518	-
	≥ 45	0.291	0.267	0.250 ≤ P_Age3≤ 0.339	0
郁闭度	≤ 0.3	0.331	0.421	0.327 ≤ P_C1≤ 0.340	-
Canopy closure (C)	0.3 < C < 0.6	0.441	0.421	0.408 ≤ P_C2≤ 0.479	0
	≥ 0.6	0.228	0.159	0.191 ≤ P_C3≤ 0.273	+
乔木数量	≤ 15	0.913	0.656	0.910 ≤ P_N1≤ 0.921	+
Number of trees (N)	15 < N < 30	0.071	0.159	0.054 ≤ P_N2≤ 0.095	-
	≥ 30	0.016	0.185	0.006 ≤ P_N3≤ 0.038	-
乔木平均高	≤ 10	0.189	0.144	0.186 ≤ P_Htree1≤ 0.198	+
Average tree height (H_tree, m)	10 < H_tree <15	0.189	0.128	0.164 ≤ P_Htree2≤ 0.221	+
	≥ 15	0.622	0.728	0.576 ≤ P_Htree3 ≤ 0.669	-
乔木平均胸径	≤ 10	0.339	0.251	0.335 ≤ P_DBH1≤ 0.348	+
Average DBH (DBH, cm)	10 < DBH < 20	0.488	0.585	0.455 ≤ P_DBH2≤ 0.526	-
	≥ 20	0.173	0.164	0.140 ≤ P_DBH3≤ 0.215	0
灌木盖度	≤ 0.3	0.567	0.477	0.563 ≤ P_Cshrub1≤ 0.576	+
Shrub coverage (C_shrub)	0.3 < C_shrub< 0.6	0.323	0.354	0.292 ≤ P_Cshrub2 ≤ 0.359	0
	≥ 0.6	0.110	0.169	0.083 ≤ P_Cshrub3≤ 0.147	-
草本盖度	≤ 0.2	0.480	0.626	0.476 ≤ P_Cherb1≤ 0.490	-
Herbage coverage (C_herb)	0.2 < C_herb < 0.4	0.299	0.205	0.269 ≤ P_Cherb2 ≤ 0.335	+
	≥ 0.4	0.220	0.169	0.183 ≤ P_Cherb3≤ 0.265	+
食物丰富度	无 Nothing	0.076	0.087	0.073 ≤ P_Fa1≤ 0.086	-
Food abundance (Fa)	少 Little	0.038	0.121	0.026 ≤ P_Fa2≤ 0.060	-
	一般 General	0.067	0.179	0.045 ≤ P_Fa3 ≤ 0.099	-
	多 Much	0.610	0.422	0.555 ≤ P_Fa4≤ 0.665	+
	丰富 Rich	0.210	0.191	0.162 ≤ P_Fa5≤ 0.266	0
能见度	≤50	0.567	0.703	0.563 ≤ P_Vis1 ≤ 0.576	-
Visibility (Vis, m)	50 < Vis < 90	0.252	0.179	0.224 ≤ P_Vis2≤ 0.287	+
	≥ 90	0.181	0.118	0.147 ≤ P_Vis3≤ 0.223	+
雪深	≤ 10	0.622	0.503	0.618 ≤ P_Sd1≤ 0.631	+
Snow depth (Sd, cm)	10 < Sd < 20	0.087	0.241	0.069 ≤ P_Sd2≤ 0.113	-
	≥ 20	0.291	0.256	0.250 ≤ P_Sd3≤ 0.339	0

变量 Variable	回归系数β Regression coefficient β	标准误 Standard error	Wald 统计量 Wald statistic	P
坡向 Aspect of slope	1.148	0.564	2.037	0.042*
坡度 Gradient	0.310	0.112	2.767	0.006**
郁闭度 Canopy closure	7.099	2.246	3.161	0.002**
植被类型 Vegetation type	0.672	0.319	2.110	0.035*
乔木数量 Number of trees	-0.196	0.046	-4.291	1.78e-05**
乔木平均高 Average tree height	-0.355	0.095	-3.730	0.000**
能见度 Visibility	0.080	0.031	2.533	0.011*
常量 Constant	-4.153	2.398	-1.732	0.083

变量 Variable	回归系数β Regression coefficient β	标准误 Standard error	Wald 统计量 Wald statistic	P
坡向 Aspect of slope	1.148	0.564	2.037	0.042*
坡度 Gradient	0.310	0.112	2.767	0.006**
郁闭度 Canopy closure	7.099	2.246	3.161	0.002**
植被类型 Vegetation type	0.672	0.319	2.110	0.035*
乔木数量 Number of trees	-0.196	0.046	-4.291	1.78e-05**
乔木平均高 Average tree height	-0.355	0.095	-3.730	0.000**
能见度 Visibility	0.080	0.031	2.533	0.011*
常量 Constant	-4.153	2.398	-1.732	0.083

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小兴安岭铁力林业局冬季西伯利亚狍(Capreolus pygargus)的生境选择

Habitat selection by roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) over winter in the Tieli Forestry Bureau of the Lesser Xing’an Mountains

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