生物多样性 ›› 2016, Vol. 24 ›› Issue (6): 649-657. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2015290
所属专题: 生物多样性与生态系统功能
欧阳明, 杨清培*(), 陈昕, 杨光耀, 施建敏, 方向民
收稿日期:
2015-10-25
接受日期:
2016-04-19
出版日期:
2016-06-20
发布日期:
2016-06-20
通讯作者:
杨清培
基金资助:
Ming Ouyang, Qingpei Yang*(), Xin Chen, Guangyao Yang, Jianmin Shi, Xiangmin Fang
Received:
2015-10-25
Accepted:
2016-04-19
Online:
2016-06-20
Published:
2016-06-20
Contact:
Yang Qingpei
摘要:
毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)向邻近次生常绿阔叶林扩张现象明显, 极大地影响了常绿阔叶林的生态功能, 但关于其扩张对常绿阔叶林的群落结构与生物多样性影响的后效研究较少。本文采用时空替代法, 在江西井冈山国家级自然保护区沿毛竹扩张方向, 依次设置毛竹林、竹阔混交林和常绿阔叶林样地, 比较分析了扩张前后群落物种相似性、群落结构和多样性指数等特征。结果表明: (1)毛竹林与常绿阔叶林乔木层、灌木层和草本层的Bray-Curtis相似性指数很小, 分别为0.003、0.046和0.030。(2)毛竹林的垂直结构呈“>”型, 高度12-14 m区间的多度百分比达33.3%, 径级结构集中分布于5-10 cm区间, 达总数的90.0%; 常绿阔叶林的垂直结构为“L”型, 高度2-4 m的物种数占54.3%, 径级分布范围较广, 4个较大径级区间的平均百分比为10.3%。(3)乔木层的Shannon-Wiener指数由常绿阔叶林的2.56降至毛竹林的0.06, 降幅高达98%; 灌木层也由2.58降至2.03, 降幅21%。以上结果说明, 毛竹扩张会导致次生常绿阔叶林群落组成和结构简化、物种多样性下降, 对森林生态系统功能产生负面影响。
欧阳明, 杨清培, 陈昕, 杨光耀, 施建敏, 方向民 (2016) 毛竹扩张对次生常绿阔叶林物种组成、结构与多样性的影响. 生物多样性, 24, 649-657. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2015290.
Ming Ouyang, Qingpei Yang, Xin Chen, Guangyao Yang, Jianmin Shi, Xiangmin Fang (2016) Effects of the expansion of Phyllostachys edulis on species composition, structure and diversity of the secondary evergreen broad-leaved forests. Biodiversity Science, 24, 649-657. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2015290.
扩张阶段 Expansion phase | 群落类型 Community type | 毛竹立竹度 Density of bamboo stand | 其他树种立木数 Stem number of other trees | 总立木数 Total stem number |
---|---|---|---|---|
前期 Early stage | 常绿阔叶林 EBF | 0 | 1,867 | 1,867 |
中期 Middle stage | 竹阔混交林 PBMF | 3,667 | 1,017 | 4,684 |
后期 Later stage | 毛竹林 PEF | 6,233 | 100 | 6,333 |
扩张前后的变化 Δ | 6,233 | -1,767 | 4,466 |
表1 毛竹扩张对次生常绿阔叶林群落立木数的影响(株/ha)
Table 1 Effect of the expansion of Phyllostachys edulis on stem number in the secondary evergreen broad-leaved forest (ind./ha)
扩张阶段 Expansion phase | 群落类型 Community type | 毛竹立竹度 Density of bamboo stand | 其他树种立木数 Stem number of other trees | 总立木数 Total stem number |
---|---|---|---|---|
前期 Early stage | 常绿阔叶林 EBF | 0 | 1,867 | 1,867 |
中期 Middle stage | 竹阔混交林 PBMF | 3,667 | 1,017 | 4,684 |
后期 Later stage | 毛竹林 PEF | 6,233 | 100 | 6,333 |
扩张前后的变化 Δ | 6,233 | -1,767 | 4,466 |
层次 Layer | 群落 Community | 物种 Species | 重要值 Importance value |
---|---|---|---|
乔木层 Tree | 毛竹林 Phyllostachys edulis forest | 毛竹 Phyllostachys edulis | 87.02 |
杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata | 8.73 | ||
黄丹木姜子 Litsea elongata | 2.37 | ||
竹阔混交林 Phyllostachys edulis-broad-leaved mixed forest | 毛竹 Phyllostachys edulis | 57.28 | |
红楠 Machilus thunbergii | 11.51 | ||
杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata | 9.98 | ||
青榨槭 Acer davidii | 3.83 | ||
常绿阔叶林 Evergreen broad-leaved forest | 红楠 Machilus thunbergii | 30.22 | |
杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata | 14.06 | ||
赤杨叶 Alniphyllum fortunei | 8.33 | ||
青榨槭 Acer davidii | 7.65 | ||
黄丹木姜子 Litsea elongata | 4.22 | ||
交让木 Daphniphyllum macropodum | 3.23 | ||
灌木层 Shrub | 毛竹林 Phyllostachys edulis forest | 毛竹 Phyllostachys edulis | 51.24 |
赤杨叶 Alniphyllum fortunei | 8.98 | ||
青榨槭 Acer davidii | 6.43 | ||
香港四照花 Dendrobenthamia hongkongensis | 5.64 | ||
竹阔混交林 Phyllostachys edulis-broad-leaved mixed forest | 鹿角杜鹃 Rhododendron latoucheae | 15.21 | |
油茶 Camellia oleifera | 8.44 | ||
红楠 Machilus thunbergii | 7.99 | ||
香港四照花 Dendrobenthamia hongkongensis | 7.27 | ||
常绿阔叶林 Evergreen broad-leaved forest | 鹿角杜鹃 Rhododendron latoucheae | 19.86 | |
黄丹木姜子 Litsea elongata | 8.84 | ||
油茶 Camellia oleifera | 7.92 | ||
红楠 Machilus thunbergii | 7.42 | ||
草本层 Herb | 毛竹林 Phyllostachys edulis forest | 翠云草 Selaginella uncinata | 19.99 |
麦冬 Ophiopogon japonicus | 15.39 | ||
星蕨 Microsorum punctatum | 8.54 | ||
竹阔混交林 Phyllostachys edulis-broad-leaved mixed forest | 星蕨 Microsorum punctatum | 28.54 | |
翠云草 Selaginella uncinata | 8.53 | ||
短毛熊巴掌 Phyllagathis cavaleriei | 6.58 | ||
常绿阔叶林 Evergreen broad-leaved forest | 短毛熊巴掌 Phyllagathis cavaleriei | 25.83 | |
淡竹叶 Lophatherum gracile | 11.13 | ||
薹草 Carex tristachya | 10.79 |
表2 毛竹扩张对次生常绿阔叶林主要物种组成与重要值的影响
Table 2 Effects of the expansion of Phyllostachys edulis on main species composition and importance value in the secondary evergreen broad-leaved forest
层次 Layer | 群落 Community | 物种 Species | 重要值 Importance value |
---|---|---|---|
乔木层 Tree | 毛竹林 Phyllostachys edulis forest | 毛竹 Phyllostachys edulis | 87.02 |
杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata | 8.73 | ||
黄丹木姜子 Litsea elongata | 2.37 | ||
竹阔混交林 Phyllostachys edulis-broad-leaved mixed forest | 毛竹 Phyllostachys edulis | 57.28 | |
红楠 Machilus thunbergii | 11.51 | ||
杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata | 9.98 | ||
青榨槭 Acer davidii | 3.83 | ||
常绿阔叶林 Evergreen broad-leaved forest | 红楠 Machilus thunbergii | 30.22 | |
杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata | 14.06 | ||
赤杨叶 Alniphyllum fortunei | 8.33 | ||
青榨槭 Acer davidii | 7.65 | ||
黄丹木姜子 Litsea elongata | 4.22 | ||
交让木 Daphniphyllum macropodum | 3.23 | ||
灌木层 Shrub | 毛竹林 Phyllostachys edulis forest | 毛竹 Phyllostachys edulis | 51.24 |
赤杨叶 Alniphyllum fortunei | 8.98 | ||
青榨槭 Acer davidii | 6.43 | ||
香港四照花 Dendrobenthamia hongkongensis | 5.64 | ||
竹阔混交林 Phyllostachys edulis-broad-leaved mixed forest | 鹿角杜鹃 Rhododendron latoucheae | 15.21 | |
油茶 Camellia oleifera | 8.44 | ||
红楠 Machilus thunbergii | 7.99 | ||
香港四照花 Dendrobenthamia hongkongensis | 7.27 | ||
常绿阔叶林 Evergreen broad-leaved forest | 鹿角杜鹃 Rhododendron latoucheae | 19.86 | |
黄丹木姜子 Litsea elongata | 8.84 | ||
油茶 Camellia oleifera | 7.92 | ||
红楠 Machilus thunbergii | 7.42 | ||
草本层 Herb | 毛竹林 Phyllostachys edulis forest | 翠云草 Selaginella uncinata | 19.99 |
麦冬 Ophiopogon japonicus | 15.39 | ||
星蕨 Microsorum punctatum | 8.54 | ||
竹阔混交林 Phyllostachys edulis-broad-leaved mixed forest | 星蕨 Microsorum punctatum | 28.54 | |
翠云草 Selaginella uncinata | 8.53 | ||
短毛熊巴掌 Phyllagathis cavaleriei | 6.58 | ||
常绿阔叶林 Evergreen broad-leaved forest | 短毛熊巴掌 Phyllagathis cavaleriei | 25.83 | |
淡竹叶 Lophatherum gracile | 11.13 | ||
薹草 Carex tristachya | 10.79 |
层次 Layer | 群落 Community | 竹阔混交林 PBMF | 毛竹林 Phyllostachys edulis forest |
---|---|---|---|
乔木层 Tree | 常绿阔叶林 Evergreen broad-leaved forest | 0.219 | 0.003 |
竹阔混交林 Phyllostachys edulis-broad-leaved mixed forest (PBMF) | 0.626 | ||
灌木层 Shrub | 常绿阔叶林 Evergreen broad-leaved forest | 0.383 | 0.046 |
竹阔混交林 Phyllostachys edulis-broad-leaved mixed forest | 0.202 | ||
草本层 Herb | 常绿阔叶林 Evergreen broad-leaved forest | 0.463 | 0.030 |
竹阔混交林 Phyllostachys edulis-broad-leaved mixed forest | 0.319 |
表3 3个群落乔木层、灌木层和草本层的Bray-Curtis相似性系数比较
Table 3 Comparison of Bray-Curtis similarity coefficient between three community types in tree, shrub and herb layers.
层次 Layer | 群落 Community | 竹阔混交林 PBMF | 毛竹林 Phyllostachys edulis forest |
---|---|---|---|
乔木层 Tree | 常绿阔叶林 Evergreen broad-leaved forest | 0.219 | 0.003 |
竹阔混交林 Phyllostachys edulis-broad-leaved mixed forest (PBMF) | 0.626 | ||
灌木层 Shrub | 常绿阔叶林 Evergreen broad-leaved forest | 0.383 | 0.046 |
竹阔混交林 Phyllostachys edulis-broad-leaved mixed forest | 0.202 | ||
草本层 Herb | 常绿阔叶林 Evergreen broad-leaved forest | 0.463 | 0.030 |
竹阔混交林 Phyllostachys edulis-broad-leaved mixed forest | 0.319 |
图1 毛竹扩张对次生常绿阔叶林群落垂直结构的影响。三种群落类型见表1。
Fig. 1 Effect of the expansion of Phyllostachys edulis on vertical structure in the secondary evergreen broad-leaved forest. The three community types see Table 1.
图2 毛竹扩张对次生常绿阔叶林群落径级结构的影响。三种群落类型见表1。
Fig. 2 Effect of the expansion of Phyllostachys edulis on diameter at breast height (DBH) class structure in the secondary evergreen broad-leaved forest. The three community types see Table 1.
群落 Community | 物种丰富度 Species richness | Margalef指数 Margalef index | Simpson指数 Simpson index | Shannon-Wiener指数 Shannon-Wiener index | Pielou均匀度 Pielou eveness | 生态优势度 Ecological dominance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PEF | 3.00 ± 1.41b | 0.38 ± 0.26b | 1.03 ± 0.00b | 0.06 ± 0.03c | 0.08 ± 0.07c | 0.97 ± 0.00a |
PBMF | 11.50 ± 4.95ab | 2.12 ± 0.98ab | 1.62 ± 0.21b | 0.93 ± 0.25b | 0.39 ± 0.03b | 0.63 ± 0.08b |
EBF | 20.00 ± 4.24a | 4.70 ± 1.08a | 10.72 ± 0.74a | 2.56 ± 0.12a | 0.86 ± 0.02a | 0.11 ± 0.01c |
表4 毛竹扩张对次生常绿阔叶林乔木层物种多样性的影响(平均值±标准误)
Table 4 Effect of the expansion of Phyllostachys edulis on species diversity of tree layer in the secondary evergreen broad-leaved forest (mean ± SE)
群落 Community | 物种丰富度 Species richness | Margalef指数 Margalef index | Simpson指数 Simpson index | Shannon-Wiener指数 Shannon-Wiener index | Pielou均匀度 Pielou eveness | 生态优势度 Ecological dominance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PEF | 3.00 ± 1.41b | 0.38 ± 0.26b | 1.03 ± 0.00b | 0.06 ± 0.03c | 0.08 ± 0.07c | 0.97 ± 0.00a |
PBMF | 11.50 ± 4.95ab | 2.12 ± 0.98ab | 1.62 ± 0.21b | 0.93 ± 0.25b | 0.39 ± 0.03b | 0.63 ± 0.08b |
EBF | 20.00 ± 4.24a | 4.70 ± 1.08a | 10.72 ± 0.74a | 2.56 ± 0.12a | 0.86 ± 0.02a | 0.11 ± 0.01c |
群落 Community | 物种丰富度 Species richness | Margalef指数 Margalef index | Simpson指数 Simpson index | Shannon-Wiener指数 Shannon-Wiener index | Pielou均匀度 Pielou eveness | 生态优势度 Ecological dominance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PEF | 15.50 ± 6.36b | 3.66 ± 1.66a | 4.65 ± 1.93c | 2.01 ± 0.47a | 0.74 ± 0.06a | 0.25 ± 0.09a |
PBMF | 27.50 ± 4.95ab | 6.13 ± 0.66a | 17.13 ± 1.31a | 2.95 ± 0.12a | 0.89 ± 0.01a | 0.07 ± 0.01a |
EBF | 33.50 ± 3.54a | 6.42 ± 0.16a | 11.07 ± 2.00b | 2.58 ± 0.33a | 0.74 ± 0.12a | 0.10 ± 0.02a |
表5 毛竹扩张对次生常绿阔叶林灌木层物种多样性的影响(平均值±标准误)
Table 5 Effect of the expansion of Phyllostachys edulis on species diversity of shrub layer in the secondary evergreen broad-leaved forest (mean ± SE)
群落 Community | 物种丰富度 Species richness | Margalef指数 Margalef index | Simpson指数 Simpson index | Shannon-Wiener指数 Shannon-Wiener index | Pielou均匀度 Pielou eveness | 生态优势度 Ecological dominance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PEF | 15.50 ± 6.36b | 3.66 ± 1.66a | 4.65 ± 1.93c | 2.01 ± 0.47a | 0.74 ± 0.06a | 0.25 ± 0.09a |
PBMF | 27.50 ± 4.95ab | 6.13 ± 0.66a | 17.13 ± 1.31a | 2.95 ± 0.12a | 0.89 ± 0.01a | 0.07 ± 0.01a |
EBF | 33.50 ± 3.54a | 6.42 ± 0.16a | 11.07 ± 2.00b | 2.58 ± 0.33a | 0.74 ± 0.12a | 0.10 ± 0.02a |
群落 Community | 物种丰富度 Species richness | Margalef指数 Margalef index | Simpson指数 Simpson index | Shannon-Wiener指数 Shannon-Wiener index | Pielou均匀度 Pielou eveness | 生态优势度 Ecological dominance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PEF | 31.00a | 6.32a | 15.00a | 2.95a | 0.86a | 0.07a |
PBMF | 28.00a | 5.40a | 16.48a | 2.95a | 0.89a | 0.07a |
EBF | 18.00b | 3.93b | 13.77a | 2.64a | 0.91a | 0.08a |
表6 毛竹扩张对次生常绿阔叶林草本层物种多样性的影响
Table 6 Effect of the expansion of Phyllostachys edulis on species diversity of herb layer in the secondary evergreen broad-leaved forest
群落 Community | 物种丰富度 Species richness | Margalef指数 Margalef index | Simpson指数 Simpson index | Shannon-Wiener指数 Shannon-Wiener index | Pielou均匀度 Pielou eveness | 生态优势度 Ecological dominance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PEF | 31.00a | 6.32a | 15.00a | 2.95a | 0.86a | 0.07a |
PBMF | 28.00a | 5.40a | 16.48a | 2.95a | 0.89a | 0.07a |
EBF | 18.00b | 3.93b | 13.77a | 2.64a | 0.91a | 0.08a |
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