中国生态环境脆弱区范围界定

doi:10.17520/biods.2015147

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

中国生态环境脆弱区既是生态退化区域, 也是贫困人口集中分布区, 但其空间分布范围至今仍然不明确。本研究针对土地沙化、水土流失和石漠化等典型生态问题, 采用遥感和GIS技术, 建立评价指标体系及评价模型, 综合评价了全国生态环境敏感性, 定量揭示敏感性空间分布特征。在此基础上, 结合政府文件和已有的研究成果, 识别出全国生态脆弱区分布范围。结果显示, 生态极敏感区主要分布在我国西北干旱/半干旱地区、西南湿润地区、东南湿润地区以及黄土高原丘陵沟壑区; 高度敏感区主要分布在阿尔泰山、天山、阴山南麓、科尔沁沙地、呼伦贝尔沙地、羌塘高原西部、横断山和东南丘陵山地等区域。在全国划定了18个重点生态脆弱区, 总面积240.1万km², 并明确了每个脆弱区的名称、类型、面积、分布范围以及面临的主要生态问题。完成的中国生态脆弱区分布图为全国生态保护红线划定提供了参考底图。

关键词: 生态脆弱区, 综合生态敏感性, 遥感, GIS, 空间边界

Abstract

Ecologically vulnerable regions in China are not only the most serious areas of environmental degradation, but also the most poverty-stricken regions. However, these regions are still undefined. Three typical factors including land desertification, soil erosion and rocky desertification were selected to establish an evaluation model of eco-environmental sensitivity by using Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) technology. We conducted a comprehensive research on eco-environmental sensitivity to reveal its spatial features in a quantitative way in China, and redefine the location of ecologically vulnerable regions integrated with the existing relevant government documents and the previous research. Results are demonstrated as follows: the extremely sensitive areas are distributed in northwestern, southwestern, southeastern parts of China and loess hilly regions; the highly sensitive areas are located in the Altai Mountains, the Tianshan Mountains, the southern part of Yinshan Mountains, the Horqin Sandy Land, the Hulun Buir Sandy Land, the western part of Chang Tang Plateau, the Hengduan Mountains and the hilly mountains regions in Southeast China. A total of 18 ecological vulnerable regions in China were defined, comprising a total area of 2.4 million km². The name, type, area, spatial distribution and the main ecological problems of each region were characterized. The spatial distribution map of ecologically vulnerable regions in China can be used as a base map for the redline delimitation of national ecological protection.

Key words: ecologically vulnerable regions, comprehensive ecological sensitivity, RS, GIS, range

刘军会, 邹长新, 高吉喜, 马苏, 王文杰, 吴坤, 刘洋 (2015) 中国生态环境脆弱区范围界定. 生物多样性, 23, 725-732. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2015147.

Junhui Liu, Changxin Zou, Jixi Gao, Su Ma, Wenjie Wang, Kun Wu, Yang Liu (2015) Location determination of ecologically vulnerable regions in China. Biodiversity Science, 23, 725-732. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2015147.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2015147

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2015/V23/I6/725

图/表 4

表1 生态环境敏感性评价指标及分级赋值

Table 1 Evaluation indices and classification of ecological environmental sensitivity

	指标 Index	不敏感 Insensitive	轻度敏感 Lightly sensitive	中度敏感 Moderate sensitive	高度敏感 Highly sensitive	极敏感 Extremely sensitive
土地沙化 Land desertification	干燥度指数 Aridity index	≤ 1.0	1.0-1.5	1.5-4.0	4.0-16.0	≥ 16.0
	≥ 6 m/s起沙风天数 Days with wind speed ≥ 6 m/s (d)	≤ 5	5-10	10-20	20-30	≥ 30
	土壤质地 Soil texture	基岩 Bedrock	粘质 Clay	砾质 Gravel	壤质 Loam	砂质 Sandy
	植被覆盖度 Vegetation coverage (%)	≥ 80	60-80	40-60	20-40	≤ 20
水土流失 Soil erosion	降雨侵蚀力 Rainfall erosivity	< 25	25-100	100-400	400-600	> 600
	土壤可蚀性 Soil erodibility	< 0.27	0.27-0.42	0.42-0.52	0.52-0.62	> 0.62
	坡度 Slope (°)	0-8	8-15	15-25	25-35	> 35
	植被覆盖度 Vegetation coverage (%)	≥ 80	60-80	40-60	20-40	≤ 20
石漠化 Rocky desertification	碳酸盐出露面积百分比 Rate of carbonate rock outcropping areas (%)	≤ 10	10-30	30-50	50-70	≥ 70
	坡度 Slope (°)	≤ 5	5-8	8-15	15-25	≥ 25
	植被覆盖度 Vegetation coverage (%)	≥ 80	60-80	40-60	20-40	≤ 20
赋值 Grade		1	3	5	7	9

表2 生态敏感性评价等级面积比例

Table 2 Area percentage of each ecological environmental sensitivity type in China

敏感等级 Grade of sensitivity	土地沙化敏感性 Land desertification Sensitivity	水土流失敏感性 Soil erosion sensitivity	石漠化敏感性 Rocky desertification	综合生态敏感性 Comprehensive ecological Sensitivity
不敏感 Insensitive	34.5	33.8	93.2	22.7
轻度敏感 Lightly sensitive	41.3	37.7	1.5	27.1
中度敏感 Moderately sensitive	11.7	13.7	3.4	22.0
高度敏感 Highly sensitive	8.3	9.1	1.6	17.8
极敏感 Extremely sensitive	4.3	5.8	0.4	10.4

图1 全国生态环境敏感性综合评价分布图

Fig. 1 Comprehensive evaluation of ecological environmental sensitivity in China

图2 中国生态环境脆弱区空间分布图。(1)古尔班通古特沙漠边缘; (2)塔克拉玛干沙漠边缘; (3)黑河流域中下游; (4)腾格里与乌兰布和沙漠边缘; (5)毛乌素沙地; (6)阴山北麓-浑善达克沙地; (7)科尔沁沙地; (8)呼伦贝尔沙地; (9)横断山; (10)黄土高原丘陵沟壑区; (11)三峡库区; (12)大别山; (13)罗霄山; (14)黄山; (15)仙霞岭-武夷山; (16)天山; (17)西南喀斯特地区; (18)羌塘高原西部。

Fig. 2 Spatial distribution of ecologically vulnerable regions in China. (1) Edge of Gurbantunggut Desert; (2) Edge of Taklimakan Desert; (3) Middle and lower reaches of Heihe River; (4) Edge of Tengger Desert and Wulanbuhe Desert; (5) Mu Us Sandy Land; (6) Northern region of the Yinshan Mountains-Hunshandak Sandy Land; (7) Horqin Sandy Land; (8) Hulun Buir Sandy Land; (9) the Hengduan Mountains; (10) Loess Hilly gully region; (11) Three Gorges Reservoir area; (12) Dabie Mountain; (13) Luoxiao Mountain; (14) Huangshan Mountain; (15) Xianxialing Mountain-Wuyi Mountain; (16) the Tianshan Mountains; (17) Karst Areas in southwestern China; (18) Western part of ChangTang Plateau.

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