生物多样性 ›› 2017, Vol. 25 ›› Issue (8): 864-873. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2017069
所属专题: 传粉生物学
收稿日期:
2017-03-06
接受日期:
2017-05-04
出版日期:
2017-08-20
发布日期:
2017-08-31
通讯作者:
龚燕兵
作者简介:
# 共同第一作者 Co-first authors
基金资助:
Received:
2017-03-06
Accepted:
2017-05-04
Online:
2017-08-20
Published:
2017-08-31
Contact:
Gong Yanbing
摘要:
种子植物的花粉传递依赖多样化的传粉媒介, 与动物传粉相比, 风媒传粉往往被认为效率较低而受到较少关注。然而, 绝大部分裸子植物和至少10%的被子植物依赖风媒传粉, 在被子植物中至少发生了65次从动物媒向风媒的传粉转变, 而且同种植物内风媒与虫媒并存的混合传粉机制也已屡见报道。因此, 亟需更加完善的研究方法以揭示生态系统中大量隐藏的风媒传粉现象和机理。本文首先介绍了风媒传粉植物的种类和生境多样性, 以明确风媒传粉的研究范围。在此基础上, 论述了在野外条件下应首选使用花粉捕获法(黏性玻片或空气颗粒取样器)测量空气中的花粉数量; 同时应结合传粉者排除法和套袋、去雄等传粉处理, 确定风媒传粉的生殖贡献大小以及动物传粉、自动自交和无融合生殖并存的可能性。如果野外条件受限, 应采集相关植物组织, 在实验室使用频闪摄影或沉降塔法测量花粉的沉降系数以推测风媒传粉的可能性, 并利用风洞实验和计算机模拟探明不同条件下的风媒传粉效率和空气动力学基础。同时, 应进一步研究影响风媒传粉的生物(风媒传粉综合征)和非生物因素, 以探寻风媒传粉发生的原因和进化生态后果。以上方法并不能相互替代, 研究者应尽量全面使用各类方法以准确描述风媒传粉现象并解释其适应机理。
朱亚如, 龚燕兵 (2017) 风媒传粉的研究方法探讨. 生物多样性, 25, 864-873. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2017069.
Yaru Zhu, Yanbing Gong (2017) Methods of wind pollination. Biodiversity Science, 25, 864-873. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2017069.
风媒传粉 Wind pollination | 动物传粉 Animal pollination | |
---|---|---|
非生物因素 Abiotic factors | ||
分布 Distribution | 温带 Temperate | 热带或温带 Tropical or temperate |
最佳风速 Optimum wind speed | 低至中等 Low to moderate | 零至低 Zero to low |
降雨 Precipitation | 不频繁 Infrequent | 不频繁至频繁 Infrequent to common |
湿度 Humidity | 低 Low | 中至高 Medium to high |
生物因素 Biotic factors | ||
周围植被 Surrounding vegetation | 开阔 Open | 开阔至郁闭 Open to closed |
同种密度 Conspecific density | 中至高 Moderate to high | 低至高 Low to high |
开花一致性 Flowering consistency | 同步 Synchronous | 不同步 Less synchronous |
开花数量 Flower number | 多 Many | 少 A few |
花位置 Flower position | 离叶较远 Held away from vegetation | 无规律 Variable |
花类型 Flower type | 单性 Unisexual | 两性 Hermaphrodite |
花被 Perianth | 缺失或减小 Absent or reduced | 显眼 Showy |
花颜色 Floral colour | 绿或白 Greenish or whitish | 艳丽 Constrasting |
花气味 Floral scent | 无或退化 Absent or reduced | 常有 Often present |
蜜腺 Nectaries | 缺失或减小 Absent or reduced | 具备 Present |
柱头 Stigmas | 羽状 Feathery | 简单 Simple |
单花胚珠数 Ovules per flower | 一或少 One or few | 多 Many |
花粉量 Pollen grains number | 多 Many | 少 Few |
花粉大小 Pollen size | 变化较小, 一般10-50 μm Less variable, often 10-50 μm | 变化较大, 一般 >60 μm Highly variable, often >60 μm |
花粉黏性 Pollen viscosity | 干 Dry | 黏 Viscid |
花粉表面纹饰 Pollen ornamentation | 光滑, 花粉鞘缺失或退化 Smooth with reduced/absent pollenkitt | 复杂并具花粉鞘 Often elaborate with pollenkitt |
表1 风媒和虫媒传粉的主要影响因素比对
Table 1 Key factors associated with wind vs. animal pollination
风媒传粉 Wind pollination | 动物传粉 Animal pollination | |
---|---|---|
非生物因素 Abiotic factors | ||
分布 Distribution | 温带 Temperate | 热带或温带 Tropical or temperate |
最佳风速 Optimum wind speed | 低至中等 Low to moderate | 零至低 Zero to low |
降雨 Precipitation | 不频繁 Infrequent | 不频繁至频繁 Infrequent to common |
湿度 Humidity | 低 Low | 中至高 Medium to high |
生物因素 Biotic factors | ||
周围植被 Surrounding vegetation | 开阔 Open | 开阔至郁闭 Open to closed |
同种密度 Conspecific density | 中至高 Moderate to high | 低至高 Low to high |
开花一致性 Flowering consistency | 同步 Synchronous | 不同步 Less synchronous |
开花数量 Flower number | 多 Many | 少 A few |
花位置 Flower position | 离叶较远 Held away from vegetation | 无规律 Variable |
花类型 Flower type | 单性 Unisexual | 两性 Hermaphrodite |
花被 Perianth | 缺失或减小 Absent or reduced | 显眼 Showy |
花颜色 Floral colour | 绿或白 Greenish or whitish | 艳丽 Constrasting |
花气味 Floral scent | 无或退化 Absent or reduced | 常有 Often present |
蜜腺 Nectaries | 缺失或减小 Absent or reduced | 具备 Present |
柱头 Stigmas | 羽状 Feathery | 简单 Simple |
单花胚珠数 Ovules per flower | 一或少 One or few | 多 Many |
花粉量 Pollen grains number | 多 Many | 少 Few |
花粉大小 Pollen size | 变化较小, 一般10-50 μm Less variable, often 10-50 μm | 变化较大, 一般 >60 μm Highly variable, often >60 μm |
花粉黏性 Pollen viscosity | 干 Dry | 黏 Viscid |
花粉表面纹饰 Pollen ornamentation | 光滑, 花粉鞘缺失或退化 Smooth with reduced/absent pollenkitt | 复杂并具花粉鞘 Often elaborate with pollenkitt |
图1 传粉者排除法结合传粉处理检验风媒传粉的技术路线。+表示结籽率> 0, -表示结籽率 = 0。
Fig. 1 Technical routes to test wind pollination by pollinator exclusion and pollination treatments. + indicates seed set > 0, - indicates seed set = 0.
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