Short-term effects of warming and wetting on the soil nematode communities in the alpine meadow

doi:10.17520/biods.2023483

Abstract

Abstract:

Aim: Since the late 1980s, the climate on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau has become warm and humid. Soil nematodes are highly sensitive to environmental changes and used broadly as bioindicators to reflect habitat change. The aim of this study is to assess the effects of climate warming and increased precipitation on the structure and ecological dynamics of soil food webs in alpine meadows situated on the eastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.

Method: Four distinct treatments were implemented in an alpine meadow located in Northwest Sichuan in May 2020. These modifications involved increasing precipitation by 50% (P50), increasing local temperature by 2℃ (T2), increasing both precipitation by 50% and local temperature by 2℃ (P50+T2), or a natural alpine meadow with no environmental alteration (CK). The investigations were conducted on taxonomic composition, density, diversity and trophic groups of soil nematode communities, coverage and species richness of plant communities, and soil properties in the plots of each treatment in September 2022. Different treatment effects on the soil nematode communities were analysed by One-way ANOVA and t-test, and the redundancy analysis and correlation analysis were employed to explore the relationships between nematode communities and soil properties as well as the characteristics of plant communities.

Results: The findings revealed: (1) The density and diversity of nematode communities treated with P50 showed an increasing trend. A total of 37 genera of nematodes, including Helicotylenchus and Diplogsteroides, were eradicated from T2 treatment. This led to a significant decrease in the density, taxonomic richness and Shannon diversity of the local soil nematode community while showing a significant increase in the Simpson dominance index. The density of nematode communities increased significantly in the 0-10 cm soil layer and decreased significantly in the 10-20 cm layer of P50+T2 treatment. (2) The density of fungivores, plant-parasites and predators-omnivores was increased in the 0-10 cm soil layer of P50 treatment but was reduced for bacterivores. In the T2 treatment, the density of each trophic group nematodes in 0-10 cm soil layer was decreased. Additionally, the restrain effect of warming was weaker on the bacterivores and fungivores compared to the plant parasites and predators-omnivores, which resulted in an overall increased relative density (or individual percentage) of bacterivores and fungivores. Notably, the P50+T2 treatment significantly elevated the density of fungivores in the 0-10 cm layer and reduced the density of bacterivores and plant-parasites in the 10-20 cm layer. (3) The density and diversity of nematode communities were positively correlated with soil moisture and plant coverage, and were negatively correlated with the content of nitrate nitrogen.

Conclusion: This study underscores the varied responses of soil nematodes to precipitation and temperature fluctuations, with the density and diversity of soil nematode communities in the topsoil layer being suppressed by two-year warming but promoted by the increased precipitation, or simultaneous increments of precipitation and temperature.

Key words: warming, increase precipitation, soil nematodes, diversity, trophic groups, alpine meadow

Zhu Yao, Xue Wei, Jinhao Ma, Xiao Ren, Yuying Wang, Lei Hu, Pengfei Wu. Short-term effects of warming and wetting on the soil nematode communities in the alpine meadow[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2024, 32(5): 23483.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2023483

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2024/V32/I5/23483

Figures/Tables 8

Fig. 1 Sample plots with changes of wetting, warming, and interaction of wetting and warming in the alpine meadow. CK, No environmental alteration; P50, Precipitation increased by 50%; T2, Temperature increased by 2℃; P50+T2, Precipitation increased by 50% and temperature increased by 2℃.

Fig. 2 Principal component analysis on soil nematode communities in different treatments of 0-10 cm (a) and 10-20 cm (b) soil layers. CK, No environmental alteration; P50, Precipitation increased by 50%; T2, Temperature increased by 2℃; P50+T2, Precipitation increased by 50% and temperature increased by 2℃.

Fig. 3 Density and diversity indices of soil nematode communities under different treatments (mean ± SE). CK, No environmental alteration; P50, Precipitation increased by 50%; T2, Temperature increased by 2℃; P50+T2, Precipitation increased by 50% and temperature increased by 2℃. Different capital letters indicate significant difference between 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil layers (P < 0.05), and different lowercase letters indicate significant difference between treatments within the same soil layer (P < 0.05). *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001. The F-value and T-value are the statistical test values of one-way ANOVA and t-test, respectively.

Fig. 4 Density of soil nematode trophic groups in different treatments (mean ± SE). CK, No environmental alteration; P50, Precipitation increased by 50%; T2, Temperature increased by 2℃; P50+T2, Precipitation increased by 50% and temperature increased by 2℃. Ba, Bacterivores; Fu, Fungivores; Pl, Plant-parasites; Pr, Predators-omnivores. Different capital letters indicate significant difference between 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil layers (P < 0.05), and different lowercase letters indicate significant difference between treatments within the same soil layer (P < 0.05).

Fig. 5 Relative density of soil nematode trophic groups in different treatments (mean ± SE). CK, No environmental alteration; P50, Precipitation increased by 50%; T2, Temperature increased by 2℃; P50+T2, Precipitation increased by 50% and temperature increased by 2℃. Ba, Bacterivores; Fu, Fungivores; Pl, Plant-parasites; Pr, Predators-omnivores. In Figure 5a, Different capital letters indicate significant differences between 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil layers (P < 0.05), and different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments within the same soil layer (P < 0.05). In Figure 5b, different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among trophic groups within the same soil layer (P < 0.05).

Fig. 6 Ecological indices of soil nematode communities in different treatments (mean ± SE). CK, No environmental alteration; P50, Precipitation increased by 50%; T2, Temperature increased by 2℃; P50+T2, Precipitation increased by 50% and temperature increased by 2℃. Different capital letters indicate significant differences between soil 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm soil layers (P < 0.05), and different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments within the same soil layer (P < 0.05).

Fig. 7 Redundancy analysis (RDA) on the relationship between soil nematode communities and environmental factors in 0-10 cm (a) and 10-20 cm (b) soil layers. CK, No environmental alteration; P50, Precipitation increased by 50%; T2, Temperature increased by 2℃; P50+T2, Precipitation increased by 50% and temperature increased by 2℃. SM, Soil moisture; TN, Total nitrogen; AN, Ammonium nitrogen; NN, Nitrate nitrogen; SOC, Soil organic carbon; PB, Plant biomass; PC, Plant coverage; PR, Plant richness.

Fig. 8 Correlation analysis on the relationships between soil nematodes and environmental factors. SM, Soil moisture; TN, Total nitrogen; AN, Ammonium nitrogen; NN, Nitrate nitrogen; SOC, Soil organic carbon; PB, Plant biomass; PC, Plant coverage; PR, Plant richness. DE, Density; TR, Taxonomic richness; H, Shannon diversity index; C, Simpson dominance index. Ba, Bacterivore density; Fu, Fungivore density; Pl, Plant-parasite density; Pr, Predator-omnivore density. EI, Enrichment index; SI, Structure index; CI, Channel index; BI, Basal index; MI, Maturity index; WI, Wasilewska index. Red indicates positive correlation, blue indicates negative correlation, the darker the color, the greater the correlation coefficient. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.

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