Islandization and species diversity of semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forests in the Central Yunnan Plateau

doi:10.17520/biods.2023252

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims: This study focuses on the semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forests (SEBFs) in Central Yunnan Plateau, a zonal vegetation characterized by varying patches sizes and shapes distributed around rural villages. Through remote sensing based vegetation mapping and field vegetation investigation, we aimed to explore the spatial patterns of fragmented SEBF patches, the changes in plant species diversity of SEBFs in relation with its patch size and distance class from villages, and assess the effects of environmental and anthropogenic factors on the species composition of SEBFs communities.

Methods: This study investigated the fragmentation features of SEBFs and their impact on species diversity. We conducted spatial analysis and species diversity assessments using the patch and community data from SEBFs. SEBFs’ patches were derived from Landsat 8 OLI imageries in combination of supervised classification and visual interpretation. α diversity and β diversity were compared among the plot community types. And the species composition was compared using non-metric multidimensional scaling to indicate the importance of environmental drives.

Results (1) In Central Yunnan Plateau, the existing SEBFs only accounted for 1.5% of their potential, climate-determined distribution range. This area comprised 92 forest patches covering a space greater than 100 ha, whereas forest patches covering an area of < 10 ha accounted for 54.6% of the total patch number but only 7.8% of the total area. This highlighted the significant shrinking and fragmenting of this vegetation type’s area. (2) Remarkably, 99% of forest patches were within 3 km from rural villages. A trend emerged where patches farther away from villages had larger area, but the species α diversity did not show significant changes except for species evenness. For sample plots in patches with different area classes, α diversity only showed significant changes in species richness; larger patches exceeding 100 ha exhibited higher species richness. In contrast, the closer a patch was to a village, the more simplified and more homogeneous its species composition tended to be. (3) β diversity among plot communities was primarily driven by species replacement. Forest islanding was a key factor influencing changes in species composition of SEBFs communities. Moreover, the impact of human interference on species composition was significantly greater than that of local habitat heterogeneity (water conditions) and regional climate gradients (low temperature limitations).

Conclusion: The SEBFs in the Central Yunnan Plateau are abundant near villages with fragmented small patches, and these areas are experiencing notable degradation due to human interference. This situation is urgent and demands attention and the implementation of necessary protective measures.

Key words: semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forests, forest patch, islandization, species diversity, anthropogenic impacts

Yanjie Zuo, Mingchun Peng, Chongyun Wang, Zehao Shen, Yongping Li, Xinmao Zhou, Jie Zhou, Guangxin Zhou, Jiaxin Ren, Zhong’an Liu. Islandization and species diversity of semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forests in the Central Yunnan Plateau[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2023, 31(11): 23252.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2023252

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2023/V31/I11/23252

Figures/Tables 7

Fig. 1 Distribution of field investigation community plots and plant species distribution points, and those of literature data for remote sensing imageries’ interpretation of the semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forests in the Central Yunnan Plateau

Fig. 2 Map of total area and area distribution of different patch area classes of semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forests in Central Yunnan Plateau

Fig. 3 Distribution of number of semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest patches of different area classes in different distance classes from villages (buffer class)

Table 1 Intergroup Kruskal-Wallis test (K-W) for α diversity index of species in the plots of semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forests

多样性指标 Diversity index	距离等级 Distance class		面积等级 Area class
多样性指标 Diversity index	K-W	P	K-W	P
物种丰富度 Species richness	4.268	0.511	17.294	0.008^**
Shannon-Wiener多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener diversity index	6.610	0.251	7.522	0.275
Simpson优势度指数 Simpson dominance index	10.228	0.069	7.21	0.302
Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index	14.728	0.012^*	10.887	0.092

Fig. 4 Difference of α diversity indices between different distance classes from villages (a-d) and between different patch area classes (e-h) in a semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forest in the Central Yunnan Plateau (mean ± SD). Different letters indicate significant differences (P < 0.05).

Fig. 5 Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination diagram of the plots of semi-humid evergreen broad-leaved forests in the Central Yunnan Plateau. The color of the circles (data from field sampling) and triangles (data from Vegetation of Yunnan) in the figure represents different community types, and the size of the icon represents the size class of the patch area where the plot is located. A, Ass. Castanopsis delavayi; B, Ass. C. orthacantha; C, Ass. C. delavayi + C. orthacantha or Ass. C. orthacantha + Lithocarpus craibianus; D, Ass. C. orthacantha + L. dealbatus; E, Ass. Cyclobalanopsis glaucoides; F, Ass. C. delavayi + Keteleeria evelyniana-Michelia yunnanensis; G, Ass. C. delavayi + K. evelyniana.

Table 2 Environmental interpretation on the non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordering axis based on stepwise linear regression and variation partitioning

解释变量 Interpretative variables	NMDS 1	NMDS 2
斑块面积 Patch area	25.0%	1.8%
斑块形状指数 Patch shape Index	16. 5%	-
人口密度 Population density	16. 1%	10.9%
国内生产总值 Gross domestic product (GDP)	12.9%	7.5%
地形湿度指数 Topographic wetness index	10.9%	-
居民点密度 Village density	6.2%	10.1%
年均温 Annual mean temperature	5.1%	20.0%
土壤容重 Soil bulk density	3.9%	-
斑块重心-最近居民点距离 Gravity center-nearest village distance	3.4%	7.0%
地形起伏度 Relief	-	1.3%
最冷季平均温 Mean temperature of coldest quarter	-	18.1%
道路密度 Road density	-	23.3%

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