Ant species diversity along the vertical zones of the east slope of Ailao Mountain National Nature Reserve, Yunnan Province

doi:10.17520/biods.2023168

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims: Ailao Mountain is located at the intersection of three major geographical regions, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Hengduan Mountains and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. This study aims to explore the diversity of ant communities that reside within this distinctive region and to understand how variations in ant community structure and diversity are influenced by climate difference arising from altitude.

Methods: To address these aims, we surveyed ant species diversity along the elevational gradients on the east slope of Ailao Mountain National Nature Reserve by using transect and plot sampling and diversity index methods.

Results: In total, 150 species from 47 genera and 7 subfamilies of Formicidae were identified. Lasius himalayanus emerged as the dominant species in the ant community, accompanied by two common species, 20 relatively common species, 55 relatively rare species and 72 rare species. The rare species constituted 48% of the total species surveyed. The sequence of Shannon-Wiener diversity index of ant communities across the four vertical zones on the east slope are as follows: middle-south zone > north zone > middle-north zone > south zone.

Conclusion Ant species numbers, diversity indexes, and individual densities are significantly negatively correlated with altitude, implying these indexes are mainly controlled by altitude and air temperature. Concurrently, the main indexes were found to frequently express multi-domain effect phenomenon and occasionally exhibit mid-domain effect phenomenon, indicating that ant species assemblies have adapted to the various climate types from different altitudes on the slope. Moreover, human activity and the dry-hot valley climate have disrupted the ant communities, and the ant species richness on the east slope of Ailao Mountain National Nature Reserve was lower than the west slope due to humidity. According to similarity coefficients, ant communities residing in different habitats of the nature reserve were significantly differentiated and possess various ecological functions and protection value.

Key words: Formicidae, community, biodiversity, nature reserve, vertical zone

Mengqiao Zhao, You Chen, Zhenghui Xu, Xubo Wang, Zhongliang Zhao, Wenchuan Xu, Zonghui He, Wenhua Wang. Ant species diversity along the vertical zones of the east slope of Ailao Mountain National Nature Reserve, Yunnan Province[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2023, 31(11): 23168.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2023168

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2023/V31/I11/23168

Figures/Tables 8

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编号 No.	样地地点 Plot locality	海拔 Altitude (m)	坡向 Slop direction	坡度 Slope grade (°)	土壤类型 Soil type	植被类型 Vegetation type	乔木郁闭度 Canopy density	灌木盖度 Shrub coverage (%)	草本盖度 Herbal coverage (%)	地被物盖度 Litter coverage (%)	地被物厚度 Litter thickness (cm)	垂直带 Vertical zone
1	楚雄市西舍路 XC	2,500	E	40	黄棕壤 YB	中山湿性常绿阔叶林 A	0.9	10	2	100	4-5	北段 NZ
2	楚雄市西舍路 XC	2,250	NE	25	黄棕壤 YB	半湿润常绿阔叶林 B	0.9	20	2	40	2-3	北段 NZ
3	楚雄市西舍路 XC	2,000	W	30	红壤 RS	半湿润常绿阔叶林 B	0.6	30	5	70	3-4	北段 NZ
4	楚雄市西舍路 XC	1,750	NE	20	红壤 RS	云南松林 C	0.4	2.5	85	95	2-3	北段 NZ
5	楚雄市西舍路 XC	1,500	W	25	红壤 RS	云南松林 C	0.3	40	50	80	2-3	北段 NZ
6	楚雄市西舍路 XC	1,250	NE	45	红壤 RS	针阔混交林 D	0.3	40	70	70	1-2	北段 NZ
7	楚雄市西舍路 XC	1,000	SE	45	砖红壤 LS	干热河谷稀树灌丛 E	0.2	70	80	80	2-3	北段 NZ
8	双柏县萼嘉 ES	2,750	SW	40	黄棕壤 YB	中山湿性常绿阔叶林 A	0.9	50	30	100	5-6	中北段 MN
9	双柏县萼嘉 ES	2,500	NE	30	黄棕壤 YB	中山湿性常绿阔叶林 A	0.8	60	10	90	4-5	中北段 MN
10	双柏县萼嘉 ES	2,250	SW	40	黄红壤 YR	半湿润常绿阔叶林 B	0.3	60	30	50	1-2	中北段 MN
11	双柏县萼嘉 ES	2,000	N	30	红壤 RS	半湿润常绿阔叶林 B	0.1	80	5	70	2-3	中北段 MN
12	新平县者竜 ZX	1,750	SE	35	红壤 RS	半湿润常绿阔叶林 B	0.4	50	5	80	2-3	中北段 MN
13	新平县者竜 ZX	1,500	E	35	红壤 RS	针阔混交林 D	0.5	25	30	90	2-3	中北段 MN
14	新平县者竜 ZX	1,250	NW	35	红壤 RS	针阔混交林 D	0.3	30	15	40	1-2	中北段 MN
15	新平县者竜 ZX	1,000	NW	35	砖红壤 LS	针阔混交林 D	0.3	30	20	60	1-2	中北段 MN
16	新平县者竜 ZX	750	NW	30	砖红壤 LS	干热河谷稀树灌丛 E	0.2	20	20	90	2-3	中北段 MN
17	新平县戛洒 GX	2,500	E	30	黄棕壤 YB	中山湿性常绿阔叶林 A	0.8	20	10	95	2	中南段 MS
18	新平县戛洒 GX	2,250	SW	45	黄棕壤 YB	半湿润常绿阔叶林 B	0.8	70	10	80	5-6	中南段 MS
19	新平县戛洒 GX	2,000	NW	30	红壤 RS	半湿润常绿阔叶林 B	0.3	80	15	95	3-4	中南段 MS
20	新平县戛洒 GX	1,750	SE	45	红壤 RS	半湿润常绿阔叶林 B	0.2	50	70	70	2-3	中南段 MS
21	新平县戛洒 GX	1,500	NE	40	红壤 RS	半湿润常绿阔叶林 B	0.2	40	70	60	1-2	中南段 MS
22	新平县戛洒 GX	1,250	SE	35	红壤 RS	云南松林 C	0.6	40	20	90	1-2	中南段 MS
23	新平县戛洒 GX	1,040	W	30	砖红壤 LS	云南松林 C	0.2	50	10	30	1	中南段 MS
24	新平县戛洒 GX	750	NW	30	砖红壤 LS	干性常绿阔叶林 F	0.2	40	60	40	1-2	中南段 MS
25	新平县建兴 JX	2,000	S	20	红壤 RS	半湿润常绿阔叶林 B	0.2	80	20	90	8-10	南段 SZ
26	新平县漠沙 MX	1,750	S	40	红壤 RS	云南松林 C	0.4	30	60	80	5-8	南段 SZ
27	新平县漠沙 MX	1,550	E	15	黄红壤 YR	针阔混交林 D	0.1	60	60	80	5-8	南段 SZ
28	新平县漠沙 MX	1,250	W	25	黄红壤 YR	针阔混交林 D	0.3	50	60	80	8-10	南段 SZ
29	新平县漠沙 MX	1,050	NE	40	砖红壤 LS	干性常绿阔叶林 F	0.4	40	50	90	10-15	南段 SZ
30	新平县漠沙 MX	750	S	25	燥红壤 DR	桉树林 G	0.5	0.5	15	35	2-3	南段 SZ

编号 No.	样地地点 Plot locality	海拔 Altitude (m)	坡向 Slop direction	坡度 Slope grade (°)	土壤类型 Soil type	植被类型 Vegetation type	乔木郁闭度 Canopy density	灌木盖度 Shrub coverage (%)	草本盖度 Herbal coverage (%)	地被物盖度 Litter coverage (%)	地被物厚度 Litter thickness (cm)	垂直带 Vertical zone
1	楚雄市西舍路 XC	2,500	E	40	黄棕壤 YB	中山湿性常绿阔叶林 A	0.9	10	2	100	4-5	北段 NZ
2	楚雄市西舍路 XC	2,250	NE	25	黄棕壤 YB	半湿润常绿阔叶林 B	0.9	20	2	40	2-3	北段 NZ
3	楚雄市西舍路 XC	2,000	W	30	红壤 RS	半湿润常绿阔叶林 B	0.6	30	5	70	3-4	北段 NZ
4	楚雄市西舍路 XC	1,750	NE	20	红壤 RS	云南松林 C	0.4	2.5	85	95	2-3	北段 NZ
5	楚雄市西舍路 XC	1,500	W	25	红壤 RS	云南松林 C	0.3	40	50	80	2-3	北段 NZ
6	楚雄市西舍路 XC	1,250	NE	45	红壤 RS	针阔混交林 D	0.3	40	70	70	1-2	北段 NZ
7	楚雄市西舍路 XC	1,000	SE	45	砖红壤 LS	干热河谷稀树灌丛 E	0.2	70	80	80	2-3	北段 NZ
8	双柏县萼嘉 ES	2,750	SW	40	黄棕壤 YB	中山湿性常绿阔叶林 A	0.9	50	30	100	5-6	中北段 MN
9	双柏县萼嘉 ES	2,500	NE	30	黄棕壤 YB	中山湿性常绿阔叶林 A	0.8	60	10	90	4-5	中北段 MN
10	双柏县萼嘉 ES	2,250	SW	40	黄红壤 YR	半湿润常绿阔叶林 B	0.3	60	30	50	1-2	中北段 MN
11	双柏县萼嘉 ES	2,000	N	30	红壤 RS	半湿润常绿阔叶林 B	0.1	80	5	70	2-3	中北段 MN
12	新平县者竜 ZX	1,750	SE	35	红壤 RS	半湿润常绿阔叶林 B	0.4	50	5	80	2-3	中北段 MN
13	新平县者竜 ZX	1,500	E	35	红壤 RS	针阔混交林 D	0.5	25	30	90	2-3	中北段 MN
14	新平县者竜 ZX	1,250	NW	35	红壤 RS	针阔混交林 D	0.3	30	15	40	1-2	中北段 MN
15	新平县者竜 ZX	1,000	NW	35	砖红壤 LS	针阔混交林 D	0.3	30	20	60	1-2	中北段 MN
16	新平县者竜 ZX	750	NW	30	砖红壤 LS	干热河谷稀树灌丛 E	0.2	20	20	90	2-3	中北段 MN
17	新平县戛洒 GX	2,500	E	30	黄棕壤 YB	中山湿性常绿阔叶林 A	0.8	20	10	95	2	中南段 MS
18	新平县戛洒 GX	2,250	SW	45	黄棕壤 YB	半湿润常绿阔叶林 B	0.8	70	10	80	5-6	中南段 MS
19	新平县戛洒 GX	2,000	NW	30	红壤 RS	半湿润常绿阔叶林 B	0.3	80	15	95	3-4	中南段 MS
20	新平县戛洒 GX	1,750	SE	45	红壤 RS	半湿润常绿阔叶林 B	0.2	50	70	70	2-3	中南段 MS
21	新平县戛洒 GX	1,500	NE	40	红壤 RS	半湿润常绿阔叶林 B	0.2	40	70	60	1-2	中南段 MS
22	新平县戛洒 GX	1,250	SE	35	红壤 RS	云南松林 C	0.6	40	20	90	1-2	中南段 MS
23	新平县戛洒 GX	1,040	W	30	砖红壤 LS	云南松林 C	0.2	50	10	30	1	中南段 MS
24	新平县戛洒 GX	750	NW	30	砖红壤 LS	干性常绿阔叶林 F	0.2	40	60	40	1-2	中南段 MS
25	新平县建兴 JX	2,000	S	20	红壤 RS	半湿润常绿阔叶林 B	0.2	80	20	90	8-10	南段 SZ
26	新平县漠沙 MX	1,750	S	40	红壤 RS	云南松林 C	0.4	30	60	80	5-8	南段 SZ
27	新平县漠沙 MX	1,550	E	15	黄红壤 YR	针阔混交林 D	0.1	60	60	80	5-8	南段 SZ
28	新平县漠沙 MX	1,250	W	25	黄红壤 YR	针阔混交林 D	0.3	50	60	80	8-10	南段 SZ
29	新平县漠沙 MX	1,050	NE	40	砖红壤 LS	干性常绿阔叶林 F	0.4	40	50	90	10-15	南段 SZ
30	新平县漠沙 MX	750	S	25	燥红壤 DR	桉树林 G	0.5	0.5	15	35	2-3	南段 SZ

植被类型 Vegetation type	海拔 Altitude (m)	物种数目 Species number (S)	个体密度(头/m²) Individual density (heads/m²)	Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H')	Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index (E)	Simpson优势度指数 Simpson dominance index (C)
中山湿性常绿阔叶林 A	2,500	7	7.4	1.6919	0.8695	0.2140
半湿润常绿阔叶林 B	2,250	9	68.0	1.4295	0.6506	0.3011
半湿润常绿阔叶林 B	2,000	8	63.6	1.3049	0.6275	0.3913
云南松林 C	1,750	10	145.0	1.3455	0.5843	0.3256
云南松林 C	1,500	21	262.2	1.9317	0.6345	0.1963
针阔混交林 D	1,250	12	73.2	1.5482	0.6230	0.3167
干热河谷稀树灌丛 E	1,000	16	406.6	1.4961	0.5396	0.3499
北段垂直带 NZ	-	56	-	2.7434	0.6815	0.1217
北段垂直带平均值 ANZ	1,750	12	146.6	1.5354	0.6470	0.2993
中山湿性常绿阔叶林 A	2,750	0	0	-	-	-
中山湿性常绿阔叶林 A	2,500	3	47.0	0.4738	0.4313	0.7420
半湿润常绿阔叶林 B	2,250	7	994.0	0.7272	0.3737	0.6407
半湿润常绿阔叶林 B	2,000	9	30.6	1.4778	0.6726	0.3161
半湿润常绿阔叶林 B	1,750	13	54.8	1.5216	0.5932	0.2752
针阔混交林 D	1,500	13	334.6	1.6943	0.6606	0.2235
针阔混交林 D	1,250	25	213.0	1.9728	0.6129	0.2241
针阔混交林 D	1,000	23	376.2	2.0219	0.6448	0.1641
干热河谷稀树灌丛 E	750	21	630.6	1.8712	0.6146	0.2118
中北段垂直带 MN	-	72	-	2.6612	0.6223	0.1469
中北段垂直带平均值 AMN	1,750	12	182.2	1.3067	0.5115	0.3108
中山湿性常绿阔叶林 A	2,500	5	33.6	0.7117	0.4422	0.5573
半湿润常绿阔叶林 B	2,250	4	83.2	1.0529	0.7595	0.3802
半湿润常绿阔叶林 B	2,000	13	97.0	1.5831	0.6172	0.3056
半湿润常绿阔叶林 B	1,750	23	243.6	1.9210	0.6126	0.2151
半湿润常绿阔叶林 B	1,500	19	170.6	1.5142	0.5143	0.3336
云南松林 C	1,250	19	164.4	1.9004	0.6454	0.2199
云南松林 C	1,040	16	186.0	1.6716	0.6029	0.3304
干性常绿阔叶林 F	750	27	339.0	2.0998	0.6371	0.1687
中南段垂直带 MS	-	81	-	3.3638	0.7655	0.0490
中南段垂直带平均值 AMS	1,630	16	164.7	1.5568	0.6039	0.3139
半湿润常绿阔叶林 B	2,000	12	148.2	1.4206	0.5717	0.3480
云南松林 C	1,750	19	176.2	2.2017	0.7478	0.1498
针阔混交林 D	1,550	26	303.0	1.7909	0.5497	0.3171
针阔混交林 D	1,250	24	103.6	2.4069	0.7574	0.1248
干性常绿阔叶林 F	1,050	16	454.6	0.6027	0.2174	0.7773
桉树林 G	750	10	28.2	1.1180	0.4855	0.4901
南段垂直带 SZ	-	74	-	2.6352	0.6123	0.1470
南段垂直带平均值 ASZ	1,392	18	202.3	1.5901	0.4303	0.3679
哀牢山东坡 EA	-	150	-	3.6371	0.7258	0.0486
哀牢山东坡平均值 AEA	1,646	14	173.9	1.4973	0.5482	0.3230

植被类型 Vegetation type	海拔 Altitude (m)	物种数目 Species number (S)	个体密度(头/m²) Individual density (heads/m²)	Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H')	Pielou均匀度指数 Pielou evenness index (E)	Simpson优势度指数 Simpson dominance index (C)
中山湿性常绿阔叶林 A	2,500	7	7.4	1.6919	0.8695	0.2140
半湿润常绿阔叶林 B	2,250	9	68.0	1.4295	0.6506	0.3011
半湿润常绿阔叶林 B	2,000	8	63.6	1.3049	0.6275	0.3913
云南松林 C	1,750	10	145.0	1.3455	0.5843	0.3256
云南松林 C	1,500	21	262.2	1.9317	0.6345	0.1963
针阔混交林 D	1,250	12	73.2	1.5482	0.6230	0.3167
干热河谷稀树灌丛 E	1,000	16	406.6	1.4961	0.5396	0.3499
北段垂直带 NZ	-	56	-	2.7434	0.6815	0.1217
北段垂直带平均值 ANZ	1,750	12	146.6	1.5354	0.6470	0.2993
中山湿性常绿阔叶林 A	2,750	0	0	-	-	-
中山湿性常绿阔叶林 A	2,500	3	47.0	0.4738	0.4313	0.7420
半湿润常绿阔叶林 B	2,250	7	994.0	0.7272	0.3737	0.6407
半湿润常绿阔叶林 B	2,000	9	30.6	1.4778	0.6726	0.3161
半湿润常绿阔叶林 B	1,750	13	54.8	1.5216	0.5932	0.2752
针阔混交林 D	1,500	13	334.6	1.6943	0.6606	0.2235
针阔混交林 D	1,250	25	213.0	1.9728	0.6129	0.2241
针阔混交林 D	1,000	23	376.2	2.0219	0.6448	0.1641
干热河谷稀树灌丛 E	750	21	630.6	1.8712	0.6146	0.2118
中北段垂直带 MN	-	72	-	2.6612	0.6223	0.1469
中北段垂直带平均值 AMN	1,750	12	182.2	1.3067	0.5115	0.3108
中山湿性常绿阔叶林 A	2,500	5	33.6	0.7117	0.4422	0.5573
半湿润常绿阔叶林 B	2,250	4	83.2	1.0529	0.7595	0.3802
半湿润常绿阔叶林 B	2,000	13	97.0	1.5831	0.6172	0.3056
半湿润常绿阔叶林 B	1,750	23	243.6	1.9210	0.6126	0.2151
半湿润常绿阔叶林 B	1,500	19	170.6	1.5142	0.5143	0.3336
云南松林 C	1,250	19	164.4	1.9004	0.6454	0.2199
云南松林 C	1,040	16	186.0	1.6716	0.6029	0.3304
干性常绿阔叶林 F	750	27	339.0	2.0998	0.6371	0.1687
中南段垂直带 MS	-	81	-	3.3638	0.7655	0.0490
中南段垂直带平均值 AMS	1,630	16	164.7	1.5568	0.6039	0.3139
半湿润常绿阔叶林 B	2,000	12	148.2	1.4206	0.5717	0.3480
云南松林 C	1,750	19	176.2	2.2017	0.7478	0.1498
针阔混交林 D	1,550	26	303.0	1.7909	0.5497	0.3171
针阔混交林 D	1,250	24	103.6	2.4069	0.7574	0.1248
干性常绿阔叶林 F	1,050	16	454.6	0.6027	0.2174	0.7773
桉树林 G	750	10	28.2	1.1180	0.4855	0.4901
南段垂直带 SZ	-	74	-	2.6352	0.6123	0.1470
南段垂直带平均值 ASZ	1,392	18	202.3	1.5901	0.4303	0.3679
哀牢山东坡 EA	-	150	-	3.6371	0.7258	0.0486
哀牢山东坡平均值 AEA	1,646	14	173.9	1.4973	0.5482	0.3230

垂直带 Vertical zone	多样性指标 Diversity index	海拔Altitude^#	乔木郁闭度Canopy density^#	灌木盖度 Shrub coverage	草本盖度 Herbal coverage	地被物盖度 Litter coverage	地被物厚度 Litter thickness
北段 North	物种数目 SN	-0.7078^ns	-0.7290^ns	0.6413^ns	0.5287^ns	0.0445^ns	-0.4792^ns
	个体密度 ID	-0.7712^*	-0.7392^ns	0.7577^*	0.6362^ns	0.1140^ns	-0.3586^ns
	多样性指数 DI	-0.0982^ns	-0.1418^ns	0.1926^ns	0.0075^ns	0.2601^ns	0.0562^ns
中北段 Mid-north	物种数目 SN	-0.9479^***	-0.6540^ns	-0.6878^*	-0.1300^ns	-0.5161^ns	-0.7521^*
	个体密度 ID	-0.3078^ns/-0.8701^**	-0.4200^ns/-0.4661^ns	-0.2683^ns	0.5425^ns	-0.3829^ns	-0.5597^ns
	多样性指数 DI	-0.9082^**	-0.5701^ns	-0.6522^ns	0.0342^ns	-0.1603^ns	-0.5775^ns
中南段 Mid-south	物种数目 SN	-0.8262^*	-0.7986^*	-0.1610^ns	0.7571^*	-0.5435^ns	-0.6025^ns
	个体密度 ID	-0.8441^**	-0.7222^*	-0.1196^ns	0.7064^ns	-0.7068^*	-0.4569^ns
	多样性指数 DI	-0.8387^**	-0.7444^*	0.1236^ns	0.5429^ns	-0.4793^ns	-0.4287^ns
南段 South	物种数目 SN	0.1985^ns	-0.5696^ns	0.3329^ns	0.8958^*	0.4185^ns	0.1971^ns
	个体密度 ID	0.0371^ns	-0.2387^ns	0.2882^ns	0.4629^ns	0.6220^ns	0.7107^ns
	多样性指数 DI	0.4275^ns	-0.3104^ns	0.1943^ns	0.5294^ns	0.1383^ns	-0.2121^ns
整体 Whole	物种数目 SN	-0.7369^***	-0.6964^***	-0.0339^ns	0.4573^*	-0.2869^ns	-0.0321^ns
	个体密度 ID	-0.3352^ns/-0.6745^***	-0.4351^/-0.5228^*	0.0715^ns	0.2449^ns	-0.1626^ns	-0.0642^ns
	多样性指数 DI	-0.4559^*	-0.4250^*	-0.0812^ns	0.2785^ns	-0.1234^ns	-0.1339^ns