Resources and protection of Cycas plants in China

doi:10.17520/biods.2021495

Abstract

Abstract:

Background & Aim: Cycads include two families and 10 genera, representing one of the most primitive taxa of the extant seed plants, and hold important value to scientific research and conservation. Among cycads, only about 20 species within the genus Cycas have a natural distribution within China, most of which are also endemic to China. These species are primarily found in the southwest and southeast coast of China, with most occupying a narrowly distributed area. All species in this group of Cycas have been classified as first-class national key protected wild plants in China due to the existence of serious threats to their survival and reproduction. In this review, we aim to familiarize members of the public with these important plants while also encouraging their protection.
Methods: This paper summarizes the status of research and protection of cycads in China by aggregating data available from the published literature and our field investigations.
Result: By summarizing the taxonomic research and geographical distribution of cycads in China, we highlight the principal threats to the survival of cycads in China and describe protective measures that can be used to counter these threats. Further, we suggest that certain scientific evidence, such as genetic characteristics, are critical factors when determining effective methods of protection.
Conclusion & Suggestions: We summarize five main issues related to the scientific research and conservation of cycads in China: (1) further research into the basic science of cycads is required, (2) the destruction of natural cycad habitats is a serious concern, (3) illegal harvesting and trafficking of cycads remain rampant, while legitimate cycad gardening and horticultural breeding businesses are in need of expansion, (4) certain biological characteristics of cycads lead to reproductive difficulties, (5) there are inherent difficulties in ex situ conservation for guaranteeing the preservation of germplasm purity among species of cycads. In addition, we propose specific solutions for these issues in order to provide a reference for improving research, protection, and the sustainable legal utilization of cycads in China in the future.

Key words: Cycas, diversity, conservation effectiveness and recommendations, species and distribution

Huihui Xi, Yiqing Wang, Yuezhi Pan, Tian Xu, Qingqing Zhan, Jian Liu, Xiuyan Feng, Xun Gong. Resources and protection of Cycas plants in China[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2022, 30(7): 21495.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2021495

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2022/V30/I7/21495

Figures/Tables 3

References 82

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物种 Species	分布 Distribution
宽叶苏铁 C. balansae	云南(河口、金平、马关、屏边) Yunnan (Hekou, Jinping, Maguan and Pingbian)
叉叶苏铁 C. bifida	广西(江州、龙州、凭祥、右江); 云南(富宁、个旧、河口、金平) Guangxi (Jiangzhou, Longzhou, Pingxiang and Youjiang); Yunnan (Funing, Gejiu, Hekou and Jinping)
陈氏苏铁 C. chenii	云南(峨山、红河、石屏、双柏、新平、元江) Yunnan (Eshan, Honghe, Shiping, Shuangbai, Xinping and Yuanjiang)
德保苏铁 C. debaoensis	广西(德保、靖西、那坡、右江); 云南(富宁) Guangxi (Debao, Jingxi, Napo and Youjiang); Yunnan (Funing)
滇南苏铁 C. diannanensis	云南(楚雄、个旧、河口、红河、南华、双柏、新平、元江、元阳) Yunnan (Chuxiong, Gejiu, Hekou, Honghe, Nanhua, Shuangbai, Xinping, Yuanjiang and Yuanyang)
长叶苏铁C. dolichophylla 长叶苏铁	云南(河口、金平、麻栗坡、马关、勐海、勐腊、屏边) Yunnan (Hekou, Jinping, Malipo, Maguan, Menghai, Mengla and Pingbian )
锈毛苏铁 C. ferruginea	广西(大化、龙州、马山、平果、田东、田阳、宜州) Guangxi (Dahua, Longzhou, Mashan, Pingguo, Tiandong, Tianyang and Yizhou)
贵州苏铁 C. guizhouensis	广西(西林); 云南(开远、泸西、蒙自、弥勒、丘北、师宗); 贵州(兴义、安龙) Guangxi (Xilin); Yunnan (Kaiyuan, Luxi, Mengzi, Mile, Qiubei and Shizong); Guizhou (Xingyi and Anlong)
灰干苏铁 C. hongheensis	云南(个旧) Yunnan (Gejiu)
长柄叉叶苏铁 C. longipetiolula	云南(河口、金平) Yunnan (Hekou and Jinping)
多羽叉叶苏铁 C. multifrondis	云南(河口) Yunnan (Hekou)
多歧苏铁 C. multipinnata	云南(个旧、河口、金平) Yunnan (Gejiu, Hekou and Jinping)
攀枝花苏铁 C. panzhihuaensis	四川(德昌、会理、雷波、宁南、攀枝花); 云南(华坪、禄劝、牟定、元谋) Sichuan (Dechang, Huili, Leibo, Ningnan and Panzhihua); Yunnan (Huaping, Luquan, Mouding and Yuanmou)
篦齿苏铁 C. pectinata	云南(澜沧、勐海、勐腊、思茅、盈江) Yunnan (Lancang, Menghai, Mengla, Simao and Yingjiang)
苏铁C. revoluta	福建(连江、罗源、宁德、霞浦) Fujian (Lianjiang, Luoyuan, Ningde and Xiapu)
叉孢苏铁 C. segmentifida	广西(德保、乐业、凌云、隆安、隆林、平果、天等、天峨、田东、田林、田阳、西林、右江); 贵州(册亨、望谟); 云南(富宁、广南、麻栗坡) Guangxi (Debao, Leye, Lingyun, Longan, Longlin, Pingguo, Tiandeng, Tiane, Tiandong, Tianlin, Tianyang, Xilin and Youjiang); Guizhou (Ceheng and Wangmo); Yunnan (Funing, Guangnan and Malipo)
六籽苏铁 C. sexseminifera	广西(大新、都安、扶绥、江南、江州、靖西、龙州、隆安、宁明、平果、凭祥、天等、田东、武鸣) Guangxi (Daxin, Duan, Fusui, Jiangnan, Jiangzhou, Jingxi, Longzhou, Longan, Ningming, Pingguo, Pingxiang, Tiandeng, Tiandong and Wuming)
单羽苏铁 C. simplicipinna	云南(景谷、景洪、澜沧、勐海、勐腊、双江、思茅) Yunnan (Jinggu, Jinghong, Lancang, Menghai, Mengla, Shuangjiang and Simao)
四川苏铁 C. szechuanensis	福建(诏安); 广东(福田、广州、乐昌、清远、曲江); 广西(八步) Fujian (Zhaoan); Guangdong (Futian, Guangzhou, Lechang, Qingyuan and Qujiang); Guangxi (Babu)
台东苏铁 C. taitungensis	台湾(台东) Taiwan (Taidong)
台湾苏铁 C. taiwaniana	福建(厦门、芗城、云霄、漳州); 广东(和平); 海南(昌江、陵水、琼中、三亚) Fujian (Xiamen, Xiangcheng, Yunxiao and Zhangzhou); Guangdong (Heping); Hai Nan (Changjiang, Lingshui, Qiongzhong and Sanya)
谭清苏铁 C. tanqingii	云南(绿春) Yunnan (Lüchun)

物种 Species	分布 Distribution
宽叶苏铁 C. balansae	云南(河口、金平、马关、屏边) Yunnan (Hekou, Jinping, Maguan and Pingbian)
叉叶苏铁 C. bifida	广西(江州、龙州、凭祥、右江); 云南(富宁、个旧、河口、金平) Guangxi (Jiangzhou, Longzhou, Pingxiang and Youjiang); Yunnan (Funing, Gejiu, Hekou and Jinping)
陈氏苏铁 C. chenii	云南(峨山、红河、石屏、双柏、新平、元江) Yunnan (Eshan, Honghe, Shiping, Shuangbai, Xinping and Yuanjiang)
德保苏铁 C. debaoensis	广西(德保、靖西、那坡、右江); 云南(富宁) Guangxi (Debao, Jingxi, Napo and Youjiang); Yunnan (Funing)
滇南苏铁 C. diannanensis	云南(楚雄、个旧、河口、红河、南华、双柏、新平、元江、元阳) Yunnan (Chuxiong, Gejiu, Hekou, Honghe, Nanhua, Shuangbai, Xinping, Yuanjiang and Yuanyang)
长叶苏铁C. dolichophylla 长叶苏铁	云南(河口、金平、麻栗坡、马关、勐海、勐腊、屏边) Yunnan (Hekou, Jinping, Malipo, Maguan, Menghai, Mengla and Pingbian )
锈毛苏铁 C. ferruginea	广西(大化、龙州、马山、平果、田东、田阳、宜州) Guangxi (Dahua, Longzhou, Mashan, Pingguo, Tiandong, Tianyang and Yizhou)
贵州苏铁 C. guizhouensis	广西(西林); 云南(开远、泸西、蒙自、弥勒、丘北、师宗); 贵州(兴义、安龙) Guangxi (Xilin); Yunnan (Kaiyuan, Luxi, Mengzi, Mile, Qiubei and Shizong); Guizhou (Xingyi and Anlong)
灰干苏铁 C. hongheensis	云南(个旧) Yunnan (Gejiu)
长柄叉叶苏铁 C. longipetiolula	云南(河口、金平) Yunnan (Hekou and Jinping)
多羽叉叶苏铁 C. multifrondis	云南(河口) Yunnan (Hekou)
多歧苏铁 C. multipinnata	云南(个旧、河口、金平) Yunnan (Gejiu, Hekou and Jinping)
攀枝花苏铁 C. panzhihuaensis	四川(德昌、会理、雷波、宁南、攀枝花); 云南(华坪、禄劝、牟定、元谋) Sichuan (Dechang, Huili, Leibo, Ningnan and Panzhihua); Yunnan (Huaping, Luquan, Mouding and Yuanmou)
篦齿苏铁 C. pectinata	云南(澜沧、勐海、勐腊、思茅、盈江) Yunnan (Lancang, Menghai, Mengla, Simao and Yingjiang)
苏铁C. revoluta	福建(连江、罗源、宁德、霞浦) Fujian (Lianjiang, Luoyuan, Ningde and Xiapu)
叉孢苏铁 C. segmentifida	广西(德保、乐业、凌云、隆安、隆林、平果、天等、天峨、田东、田林、田阳、西林、右江); 贵州(册亨、望谟); 云南(富宁、广南、麻栗坡) Guangxi (Debao, Leye, Lingyun, Longan, Longlin, Pingguo, Tiandeng, Tiane, Tiandong, Tianlin, Tianyang, Xilin and Youjiang); Guizhou (Ceheng and Wangmo); Yunnan (Funing, Guangnan and Malipo)
六籽苏铁 C. sexseminifera	广西(大新、都安、扶绥、江南、江州、靖西、龙州、隆安、宁明、平果、凭祥、天等、田东、武鸣) Guangxi (Daxin, Duan, Fusui, Jiangnan, Jiangzhou, Jingxi, Longzhou, Longan, Ningming, Pingguo, Pingxiang, Tiandeng, Tiandong and Wuming)
单羽苏铁 C. simplicipinna	云南(景谷、景洪、澜沧、勐海、勐腊、双江、思茅) Yunnan (Jinggu, Jinghong, Lancang, Menghai, Mengla, Shuangjiang and Simao)
四川苏铁 C. szechuanensis	福建(诏安); 广东(福田、广州、乐昌、清远、曲江); 广西(八步) Fujian (Zhaoan); Guangdong (Futian, Guangzhou, Lechang, Qingyuan and Qujiang); Guangxi (Babu)
台东苏铁 C. taitungensis	台湾(台东) Taiwan (Taidong)
台湾苏铁 C. taiwaniana	福建(厦门、芗城、云霄、漳州); 广东(和平); 海南(昌江、陵水、琼中、三亚) Fujian (Xiamen, Xiangcheng, Yunxiao and Zhangzhou); Guangdong (Heping); Hai Nan (Changjiang, Lingshui, Qiongzhong and Sanya)
谭清苏铁 C. tanqingii	云南(绿春) Yunnan (Lüchun)

物种 Species	多态性位点百分比 PPL (%)	期望杂合度 He	遗传分化系数 Gst/Fst	参考文献 References
叉叶苏铁 C. bifida	89.06	0.5430	0.1156	Gong, 2015
德保苏铁 C. debaoensis	93.58	0.4840	0.1144	Gong & Gong, 2016
长叶苏铁 C. dolichophylla	87.98	0.4660	0.2600*	Zheng et al, 2016
贵州苏铁 C. guizhouensis	88.11	0.4190	0.1380*	Feng et al, 2016b
灰干苏铁 C. hongheensis	90.00	0.4350	0.0658	Guan et al, 2018
多歧苏铁 C. multipinnata	94.12	0.4970	0.2957*	Gong et al, 2015
攀枝花苏铁 C. panzhihuaensis	72.73	0.3280	0.3310	Xiao, 2020( 肖斯悦(2019) 攀枝花苏铁和陈氏苏铁的保护遗传学研究. 硕士学位论文, 中国科学院昆明植物研究所, 昆明. )
叉孢苏铁 C. segmentifida	84.52	0.4360	0.2290*	Feng et al, 2017
单羽苏铁 C. simplicipinna	90.63	0.4470	0.2610	Feng et al, 2014
四川苏铁 C. szechuanensis	66.67	0.2470	-	Gong, 2012^κ(κ 龚奕青 (2012>) 四川苏铁的资源调查和遗传多样性研究及其保育策略. 硕士学位论文, 中山大学, 广州.)
四川苏铁 C. szechuanensis	69.44	0.2880	0.3860	Wang, 2019
台湾苏铁 C. taiwaniana	98.61	0.7030	-	Wang et al, 2019
平均值 Mean	85.45	0.4416	0.220	-

物种 Species	多态性位点百分比 PPL (%)	期望杂合度 He	遗传分化系数 Gst/Fst	参考文献 References
叉叶苏铁 C. bifida	89.06	0.5430	0.1156	Gong, 2015
德保苏铁 C. debaoensis	93.58	0.4840	0.1144	Gong & Gong, 2016
长叶苏铁 C. dolichophylla	87.98	0.4660	0.2600*	Zheng et al, 2016
贵州苏铁 C. guizhouensis	88.11	0.4190	0.1380*	Feng et al, 2016b
灰干苏铁 C. hongheensis	90.00	0.4350	0.0658	Guan et al, 2018
多歧苏铁 C. multipinnata	94.12	0.4970	0.2957*	Gong et al, 2015
攀枝花苏铁 C. panzhihuaensis	72.73	0.3280	0.3310	Xiao, 2020( 肖斯悦(2019) 攀枝花苏铁和陈氏苏铁的保护遗传学研究. 硕士学位论文, 中国科学院昆明植物研究所, 昆明. )
叉孢苏铁 C. segmentifida	84.52	0.4360	0.2290*	Feng et al, 2017
单羽苏铁 C. simplicipinna	90.63	0.4470	0.2610	Feng et al, 2014
四川苏铁 C. szechuanensis	66.67	0.2470	-	Gong, 2012^κ(κ 龚奕青 (2012>) 四川苏铁的资源调查和遗传多样性研究及其保育策略. 硕士学位论文, 中山大学, 广州.)
四川苏铁 C. szechuanensis	69.44	0.2880	0.3860	Wang, 2019
台湾苏铁 C. taiwaniana	98.61	0.7030	-	Wang et al, 2019
平均值 Mean	85.45	0.4416	0.220	-

物种 Species	单倍型多样性 Hd	核苷酸多样性 π	遗传分化系数 Gst/Fst	参考文献 References
叉叶苏铁 C. bifida	0.718	0.0019	0.8328	Gong, 2015
陈氏苏铁 C. chenii	0.621	0.0014	0.9540	Yang et al, 2017
德保苏铁 C. debaoensis	0.492	0.0013	0.8010	Gong & Gong, 2016
滇南苏铁 C. diannanensis	0.564	0.0009	0.8185	Liu et al, 2015
长叶苏铁 C. dolichophylla	0.940	0.0025	0.8400*	Zheng et al, 2016
贵州苏铁 C. guizhouensis	0.794	0.0009	0.6982*	Feng et al, 2016b
多歧苏铁 C. multipinnata	0.772	0.0015	0.9230	Gong et al, 2015
攀枝花苏铁 C. panzhihuaensis	0.571	0.0038	0.7903	Zhang, 2012^λ(λ 张芳铭 (2012) 攀枝花苏铁的保护遗传学研究. 硕士学位论文, 中国科学院昆明植物研究所, 昆明.)
攀枝花苏铁 C. panzhihuaensis	0.803	0.0026	0.8660	Xiao, 2019^φ( 肖斯悦 (2019) 攀枝花苏铁和陈氏苏铁的保护遗传学研究. 硕士学位论文, 中国科学院昆明植物研究所, 昆明.)
苏铁 C. revoluta	0.959	0.0581	0.0864	Chiang et al, 2009
叉孢苏铁 C. segmentifida	0.602	0.0023	0.9980*	Feng et al, 2016a
单羽苏铁 C. simplicipinna	0.864	0.0026	0.9867	Feng et al, 2014
台东苏铁 C. taitungensis	0.998	0.0127	0.0056	Huang et al, 2001
平均值 Mean	0.746	0.0071	0.7385	-