Species composition and faunal characteristics of echinoderms in China seas

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2011.08155

Abstract

Abstract:

The echinoderms are important components of macrobenthos. In order to understand the diversity of echinoderm fauna of China seas, the characteristics of their fauna are analysed according to the species composition and distribution patterns. The effects of marine environmental factors such as temperature, currents and water mass to the distribution of echinoderms are also discussed. The results showed that the echinoderm fauna of China seas now comprise 591 species in 5 classes: 44 crinoids, 86 starfish, 93 sea urchins, 147 sea cucumbers, and 221 ophiuroids. There is significant difference in species composition of echinoderms between the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea and the South China Sea. Only 59 species are distributed in the Yellow Sea; more than 200 species are distributed in the East China Sea; the number of species known from the South China Sea is about 450. The distributional characteristic of species shows that the species number and the warm water species are on the increase from the north toward the south. It is worth mentioning that the cold water species dominated by the ophiuroids Ophiura sarsii vadicola and Ophiopholis mirabilis are found in large quantities in the deeper part of the Yellow Sea due to the existence of the Yellow Sea Cold water mass (where the summer bottom water temperature is not higher than 4-8℃ in the north, and 8-12℃ in the south) in the summer. Consequently, the present authors are of the opinion that the echinoderm fauna of the Yellow Sea should be considered as a constituent portion of the temperate fauna, being a subregion belonging to North Pacific Temperate Biotic Region. Of the 591 species of echinoderms, 34 species are elements of North temperate fauna (sharing 5.8%); 557 species are warm water species (sharing 94.2%), most species of which are widely distributed in Indo-west Pacific region. Generally speaking, the echinoderm fauna of China Seas is predominantly warm water elements.

Key words: Echinodermata, biodiversity, species composition, distribution, China seas

Yulin Liao, Ning Xiao. Species composition and faunal characteristics of echinoderms in China seas[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2011, 19(6): 729-736.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2011.08155

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2011/V19/I6/729

Figures/Tables 4

References 18

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	海百合纲 Crinoidea (%)	海星纲 Asteroidea (%)	蛇尾纲 Ophiuroidea (%)	海胆纲 Echinoidea (%)	海参纲 Holothuroidea (%)	总计 Total
科数 Family	13(14.9)	18(20.7)	15(17.2)	26(29.9)	15(17.2)	87
属数 Genus	27(9.3)	55(18.9)	89(30.6)	62(21.3)	58(19.9)	291
种数 Species	44(7.4)	86(14.6)	221(37.4)	93(15.7)	147(24.9)	591

	海百合纲 Crinoidea (%)	海星纲 Asteroidea (%)	蛇尾纲 Ophiuroidea (%)	海胆纲 Echinoidea (%)	海参纲 Holothuroidea (%)	总计 Total
科数 Family	13(14.9)	18(20.7)	15(17.2)	26(29.9)	15(17.2)	87
属数 Genus	27(9.3)	55(18.9)	89(30.6)	62(21.3)	58(19.9)	291
种数 Species	44(7.4)	86(14.6)	221(37.4)	93(15.7)	147(24.9)	591

科名 Family	属数 No. of genus	种数 No. of species	中国特有种数 No. of endemic species	濒危种数 No. of endangered species
深海海百合科 Bathycrinidae	1	1		*
等节海百合科 Isocrinidae	1	2	1	*
栉羽枝科 Comasteridae	7	17	1	*
节羽枝科 Zygometridae	2	4		*
五腕羽枝科 Eudiocrinidae	1	2		*
美羽枝科 Himerometridae	1	1		*
玛丽羽枝科 Mariametridae	3	3		*
短羽枝科 Colobometridae	3	4	1	*
脊羽枝科 Tropiometridae	1	1		*
花羽枝科 Calometrida	2	2		*
星羽枝科 Asterometridae	2	3		*
海羽枝科 Thalassometridae	1	1		*
海羊齿科 Antedonidae	2	3		*
砂海星科 Luidiidae	1	6	1	*
槭海星科 Astropectinidae	6	9	3	*
飞白枫海星科 Archasteridae	1	1		*
角海星科 Goniasteridae	7	10	6	*
瘤海星科 Oreasteridae	7	14	5	3
星盘海星科 Asterodiscididae	1	1		*
蛇海星科 Ophidiasteridae	12	18	5	1
棒棘海星科 Mithrodiidae	1	1		*
长棘海星科 Acanthasteridae	1	1		*
锯腕海星科 Asteropseidae	1	1		1
球海星科 Sphaerasteridae	1	1		*
海燕科 Asterinidae	4	8	3	*
旋圆海星科 Metrodiridae	1	1		*
棘海星科 Echinasteridae	2	4		*
太阳海星科 Solasteridae	2	2		*
翅海星科 Pterasteridae	1	1		*
正海星科 Zoroasteridae	1	1		*
海盘车科 Asteriidae	5	6		*
粘蛇尾科 Ophiomyxidae	5	5	1	*
衣笠蔓蛇尾科 Asteronychidae	1	1		*
星蛇尾科 Asteroschematidae	1	1		*
蔓蛇尾科 Euryalidae	4	9		*
筐蛇尾科 Gorgonocephalidae	6	7	1	*
半蔓蛇尾科 Hemieuryalidae	1	1		*
棘蛇尾科 Ophiacanthidae	16	25	3	*
阳遂足科 Amphiuridae	11	50	12	*
辐蛇尾科 Ophiactidae	4	13	1	*
刺蛇尾科 Ophiotrichidae	8	34	3	*
栉蛇尾科 Ophiocomidae	5	15	1	*
蜒蛇尾科 Ophionereididae	2	6	1	*
皮蛇尾科 Ophiodermatidae	7	13	1	*
苍蛇尾科 Ophioleucidae	3	3		*
真蛇尾科 Ophiuridae	15	38	4	*
头帕科 Cidaridae	6	9	1	1
科名 Family
柔海胆科 Echinothuridae
疣海胆科 Phymosomatidae	属数 No. of genus	种数 No. of species	中国特有种数 No. of endemic species	濒危种数 No. of endangered species
阿巴海胆科 Arbaciidae	2	3		*
口鳃海胆科 Stomopneustidae	1	1		1
平海胆科 Pedinidae	1	2		*
冠海胆科 Diadematidae	1	1		1
刻肋海胆科 Temnopleuridae	1	1		*
喇叭海胆科 Toxopneustidae	4	7		*
偏海胆科 Parasaleniidae	7	16	1	*
长海胆科 Echinometridae	5	6		1
球海胆科 Strongylocentrotidae	1	2		*
斜海胆科 Echinoneidae	4	4		2
盾海胆科 Clypeasteridae	2	2		2
蛛网海胆科 Arachnoididae	1	1		*
饼干海胆科 Laganidae	1	2		*
孔盾海胆科 Astriclypeidae	1	1		*
枝星海胆科 Dendrasteridae	2	5		*
盘海胆科 Scutellidae	2	3		*
豆海胆科 Fibulariidae	1	2	2	*
心形海胆科 Spatangidae	1	1		*
心口海胆科 Asterostomatidae	2	5		*
拉文海胆科 Loveniidae	2	2		*
缘带海胆科 Pericosmidae	1	1		*
裂星海胆科 Schizasteridae	2	4		*
壶海胆科 Brissidae	1	1		*
幽灵参科 Deimatidae	5	5		*
蝶参科 Psychropotidae	5	6		*
辛那参科 Synallactidae	2	2		*
海参科 Holothuriidae	1	1		*
刺参科 Stichopodidae	4	8		*
瓜参科 Cucumariidae	5	39	2	36
硬瓜参科 Sclerodactylidae	3	7	1	6
沙鸡子科 Phyllophoridae	8	10	1	1
板海参科 Placothuriidae	6	8	2	4
华纳参科 Vaneyellidae	10	36	16	2
高球参科 Ypsilothuriidae	1	2		*
芋参科 Molpadiidae	1	1		*
尻参科 Caudinidae	1	1		*
锚参科 Synaptidae	1	3	2	*
指参科 Chiridotidae	3	8	4	2
合计 Total	10	18	3	3

科名 Family	属数 No. of genus	种数 No. of species	中国特有种数 No. of endemic species	濒危种数 No. of endangered species
深海海百合科 Bathycrinidae	1	1		*
等节海百合科 Isocrinidae	1	2	1	*
栉羽枝科 Comasteridae	7	17	1	*
节羽枝科 Zygometridae	2	4		*
五腕羽枝科 Eudiocrinidae	1	2		*
美羽枝科 Himerometridae	1	1		*
玛丽羽枝科 Mariametridae	3	3		*
短羽枝科 Colobometridae	3	4	1	*
脊羽枝科 Tropiometridae	1	1		*
花羽枝科 Calometrida	2	2		*
星羽枝科 Asterometridae	2	3		*
海羽枝科 Thalassometridae	1	1		*
海羊齿科 Antedonidae	2	3		*
砂海星科 Luidiidae	1	6	1	*
槭海星科 Astropectinidae	6	9	3	*
飞白枫海星科 Archasteridae	1	1		*
角海星科 Goniasteridae	7	10	6	*
瘤海星科 Oreasteridae	7	14	5	3
星盘海星科 Asterodiscididae	1	1		*
蛇海星科 Ophidiasteridae	12	18	5	1
棒棘海星科 Mithrodiidae	1	1		*
长棘海星科 Acanthasteridae	1	1		*
锯腕海星科 Asteropseidae	1	1		1
球海星科 Sphaerasteridae	1	1		*
海燕科 Asterinidae	4	8	3	*
旋圆海星科 Metrodiridae	1	1		*
棘海星科 Echinasteridae	2	4		*
太阳海星科 Solasteridae	2	2		*
翅海星科 Pterasteridae	1	1		*
正海星科 Zoroasteridae	1	1		*
海盘车科 Asteriidae	5	6		*
粘蛇尾科 Ophiomyxidae	5	5	1	*
衣笠蔓蛇尾科 Asteronychidae	1	1		*
星蛇尾科 Asteroschematidae	1	1		*
蔓蛇尾科 Euryalidae	4	9		*
筐蛇尾科 Gorgonocephalidae	6	7	1	*
半蔓蛇尾科 Hemieuryalidae	1	1		*
棘蛇尾科 Ophiacanthidae	16	25	3	*
阳遂足科 Amphiuridae	11	50	12	*
辐蛇尾科 Ophiactidae	4	13	1	*
刺蛇尾科 Ophiotrichidae	8	34	3	*
栉蛇尾科 Ophiocomidae	5	15	1	*
蜒蛇尾科 Ophionereididae	2	6	1	*
皮蛇尾科 Ophiodermatidae	7	13	1	*
苍蛇尾科 Ophioleucidae	3	3		*
真蛇尾科 Ophiuridae	15	38	4	*
头帕科 Cidaridae	6	9	1	1
科名 Family
柔海胆科 Echinothuridae
疣海胆科 Phymosomatidae	属数 No. of genus	种数 No. of species	中国特有种数 No. of endemic species	濒危种数 No. of endangered species
阿巴海胆科 Arbaciidae	2	3		*
口鳃海胆科 Stomopneustidae	1	1		1
平海胆科 Pedinidae	1	2		*
冠海胆科 Diadematidae	1	1		1
刻肋海胆科 Temnopleuridae	1	1		*
喇叭海胆科 Toxopneustidae	4	7		*
偏海胆科 Parasaleniidae	7	16	1	*
长海胆科 Echinometridae	5	6		1
球海胆科 Strongylocentrotidae	1	2		*
斜海胆科 Echinoneidae	4	4		2
盾海胆科 Clypeasteridae	2	2		2
蛛网海胆科 Arachnoididae	1	1		*
饼干海胆科 Laganidae	1	2		*
孔盾海胆科 Astriclypeidae	1	1		*
枝星海胆科 Dendrasteridae	2	5		*
盘海胆科 Scutellidae	2	3		*
豆海胆科 Fibulariidae	1	2	2	*
心形海胆科 Spatangidae	1	1		*
心口海胆科 Asterostomatidae	2	5		*
拉文海胆科 Loveniidae	2	2		*
缘带海胆科 Pericosmidae	1	1		*
裂星海胆科 Schizasteridae	2	4		*
壶海胆科 Brissidae	1	1		*
幽灵参科 Deimatidae	5	5		*
蝶参科 Psychropotidae	5	6		*
辛那参科 Synallactidae	2	2		*
海参科 Holothuriidae	1	1		*
刺参科 Stichopodidae	4	8		*
瓜参科 Cucumariidae	5	39	2	36
硬瓜参科 Sclerodactylidae	3	7	1	6
沙鸡子科 Phyllophoridae	8	10	1	1
板海参科 Placothuriidae	6	8	2	4
华纳参科 Vaneyellidae	10	36	16	2
高球参科 Ypsilothuriidae	1	2		*
芋参科 Molpadiidae	1	1		*
尻参科 Caudinidae	1	1		*
锚参科 Synaptidae	1	3	2	*
指参科 Chiridotidae	3	8	4	2
合计 Total	10	18	3	3

分布类型 Distribution patterns		种数 No. of species
冷水种 Cold water species
	北寒温带种 North hemisphere boreal species	1
	北温带两洋种 Amphi-boreal species	2
	北太平洋温带种 North Pacific temperate species	3
	北太平洋两岸种 Amphi-Pacific temperate species	2
	西北太平洋温带种 Temperate species common to northwest Pacific waters	11
	黄海-日本特有北温带种 Temperate species common to Japanese waters and the Yellow Sea 黄海特有种 Species endemic to Yellow Sea	7 8
暖水种 Warm water species
	东海、南海特有种 Species endemic to East China Sea and South China Sea	81
	中-日特有种 Species endemic to Chinese and Japanese waters	67
	西太平洋种 West Pacific species	106
	环太平洋种 Circum-Pacific species	1
	印度-西太平洋种 Indo-West Pacific species	286
	环热带种 Circum-tropical species	2
	全球广布种 Cosmopolitan species	14
总计 Total		591