Biodiversity conservation of Kazakhstan and suggestions on cooperation between China and Kazakhstan

doi:10.17520/biods.2019378

Abstract

Abstract:

Kazakhstan is located in the hinterlands of Eurasia and is an important part of the Silk Road Economic Belt. Cooperation between China and Kazakhstan that is focused on the conservation of biodiversity will help solve regional ecological and environmental problems and promote the smooth implementation of the “One Belt, One Road” initiative. China still lacks a basic understanding of Kazakhstan’s biodiversity and the conservation status of different organisms. Using both quantitative and qualitative analyses, we used geographic environmental characteristics, biodiversity status, and different levels of conservation effectiveness to understand the degree of biodiversity present in Kazakhstan. We found that Kazakhstan is rich in biodiversity, but is also at serious risk of losing biodiversity. Kazakhstan's government emphasizes the importance in protecting biodiversity and is active in complying with international obligations. The government has been able to combine the social and economic needs of the nation in implementing a multi-level management system that has been achieved certain results.

Key words: Kazakhstan, biodiversity, conservation, China-Kazakhstan cooperation, One Belt One Road, Countermeasure and Suggestion

Miao Wu, Yun Hao, Xiaoyun Zhang, Lixian Wang, Jingjing He, Guangzheng Duan. Biodiversity conservation of Kazakhstan and suggestions on cooperation between China and Kazakhstan[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2020, 28(10): 1276-1285.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2019378

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2020/V28/I10/1276

Figures/Tables 6

References 26

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生态系统类型 Ecosystem type	空间分布 Spatial distribution	主要植物类群 Main plants	主要动物类群 Main animals	景观变化特征 Landscape change
森林草原 Forest steppe	哈萨克斯坦北部(70 × 10⁴ ha) Northern Kazakhstan (70 × 10⁴ ha)	森林、草本植物 Forests, herbs	啮齿类、飞禽 Rodents, birds	变化不大 Slightly changed
草原 Steppe	48°-52° N之间 (1.1 × 10⁸ha) Between 48°-52° N (1.1 × 10⁸ha)	旱生禾本植物、灌木 Xerophytes, shrubs	草原植食鸟类 Grassland herbivorous birds	农业开垦强度大、原生植被破坏严重 High intensity of agricultural reclamation, original vegetation were seriously damaged
荒漠 Desert	从里海沿岸至塔尔巴哈台山麓(1.2 × 10⁸ha) From the coast of the Caspian Sea to the foothills of Talbahatai (1.2 × 10⁸ha)	荒漠和盐生植物 Eremophytes and halophytes	啮齿类及其天敌、爬行类、鸟类 Rodents and their natural enemies, reptiles, birds	荒漠化威胁 Threat of desertification
山地 Mountain land	东部、南部的山地(0.2 × 10⁸ha) Eastern and southern moun- tains (0.2 × 10⁸ha)	乔灌草植物大量分布, 植被垂直变化显著 A large number of trees, shrubs, herbs, and significant vertical changes in vegetation	哺乳动物丰富 Rich in mammals	西阿尔泰山脉的西伯利亚动物区系数量减少 Decreased Siberian fauna in western Altai Mountain
水-湿地和海洋 Water-wetland and ocean	河流、湖泊(含里海)等 Rivers, lakes (including Caspian Sea)	山核桃、苦草及海草等 Pecan, eel grass, seaweed, etc.	水鸟等 waterfowls	三角洲盐渍化、咸海干涸等 Salinization of delta, drying up of the Aral Sea

生态系统类型 Ecosystem type	空间分布 Spatial distribution	主要植物类群 Main plants	主要动物类群 Main animals	景观变化特征 Landscape change
森林草原 Forest steppe	哈萨克斯坦北部(70 × 10⁴ ha) Northern Kazakhstan (70 × 10⁴ ha)	森林、草本植物 Forests, herbs	啮齿类、飞禽 Rodents, birds	变化不大 Slightly changed
草原 Steppe	48°-52° N之间 (1.1 × 10⁸ha) Between 48°-52° N (1.1 × 10⁸ha)	旱生禾本植物、灌木 Xerophytes, shrubs	草原植食鸟类 Grassland herbivorous birds	农业开垦强度大、原生植被破坏严重 High intensity of agricultural reclamation, original vegetation were seriously damaged
荒漠 Desert	从里海沿岸至塔尔巴哈台山麓(1.2 × 10⁸ha) From the coast of the Caspian Sea to the foothills of Talbahatai (1.2 × 10⁸ha)	荒漠和盐生植物 Eremophytes and halophytes	啮齿类及其天敌、爬行类、鸟类 Rodents and their natural enemies, reptiles, birds	荒漠化威胁 Threat of desertification
山地 Mountain land	东部、南部的山地(0.2 × 10⁸ha) Eastern and southern moun- tains (0.2 × 10⁸ha)	乔灌草植物大量分布, 植被垂直变化显著 A large number of trees, shrubs, herbs, and significant vertical changes in vegetation	哺乳动物丰富 Rich in mammals	西阿尔泰山脉的西伯利亚动物区系数量减少 Decreased Siberian fauna in western Altai Mountain
水-湿地和海洋 Water-wetland and ocean	河流、湖泊(含里海)等 Rivers, lakes (including Caspian Sea)	山核桃、苦草及海草等 Pecan, eel grass, seaweed, etc.	水鸟等 waterfowls	三角洲盐渍化、咸海干涸等 Salinization of delta, drying up of the Aral Sea

植物多样性 Plant diversity	种数 Species no.	动物多样性 Animal diversity	种数 Species no.
高等植物 Higher plants	5,754	脊椎动物 Vertebrate	890
低等植物 Lower plants	8,000	无脊椎动物 Invertebrate	100,000
珍稀濒危植物 Rare and endangered plants	600 (404^*)	珍稀濒危动物 Rare and endangered animals	224 (128^**)
外来种 Exotic species	500	外来种 Exotic species	-
总计 Total	> 13,000	总计 Total	> 100,000

植物多样性 Plant diversity	种数 Species no.	动物多样性 Animal diversity	种数 Species no.
高等植物 Higher plants	5,754	脊椎动物 Vertebrate	890
低等植物 Lower plants	8,000	无脊椎动物 Invertebrate	100,000
珍稀濒危植物 Rare and endangered plants	600 (404^*)	珍稀濒危动物 Rare and endangered animals	224 (128^**)
外来种 Exotic species	500	外来种 Exotic species	-
总计 Total	> 13,000	总计 Total	> 100,000

类别 Category	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
特别自然保护区总面积 Total area of special nature reserves ( × 10³ha)	23,873.2	23,873.2	24,018.8	24,428.7	24,428.7
各类保护区所占比例 Proportion of various types of protected areas (%)
综合自然保护区(严控的自然保留地和野生环境) Comprehensive nature reserves (strictly controlled natural reserves and natural environments) (%)	6.7	6.7	6.7	6.6	6.6
自然保留地 Natural reserve (%)	9.7	9.7	9.6	11.1	11.1
国家公园 National park (%)	10	10	10.5	10.3	10.3
植物园 Botanical garden (%)	0.002	0.002	0.002	0.002	0.002
地区级自然公园 Regional natural park (%)	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8
自然纪念地 Natural monument (%)	0.002	0.002	0.002	0.002	0.002
物种或栖息地管理区(禁伐禁猎区等) Species or habitat management area (zone forbidden to tree cutting and hunting) (%)	72.8	72.8	72.4	71.2	71.2