Synergies and cooperation between CITES and other biodiversity-related multilateral conventions

doi:10.17520/biods.2025302

Abstract

Abstract:

Background: The complexity of global environmental issues demands higher standards for collaborative governance under multilateral conventions.

Methods: This paper briefly outlines biodiversity-related multilateral conventions and their current collaborative status. It focuses on the synergies and cooperation between the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) and other biodiversity-related multilateral conventions and organizations. It explores CITES’ potential contributions to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF), analyzes the current situation and proposes development recommendations.

Results: Currently, China has not ratified its accession to certain biodiversity-related multilateral conventions. While biodiversity-related multilateral conventions have established mechanisms at the secretariat level with positive outcomes, coordination at the national level remains limited and urgently requires enhancement. CITES has established a cooperative network covering enforcement, timber species, marine species, assessment, and data management through signing memoranda of understanding, adopting specialized resolutions, participating in international alliances, and delegating tasks, thereby enhancing compliance effectiveness. The CITES Strategic Vision (2021-2030) and its implementation practices—such as Non-detriment Findings (NDFs) and Appendix-listed species management—directly contribute to multiple objectives of the KMGBF.

Recommendations: It is recommended to establish a cross-ministerial coordination mechanism and an expert committee for compliance at the national level. This would enhance communication and data sharing, develop compliance plans for cross-cutting issues, and monitor developments under Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) to strengthen protection for migratory species. CITES plays a pivotal role in supporting the KMGBF and global biodiversity conservation through its rigorous enforcement mechanisms and international cooperation. Future efforts should promote deeper synergies among multiple conventions by integrating issues, pooling resources, and strengthening capacity building. This can be achieved through establishing interdepartmental working groups, sharing data platforms, and conducting joint training programs.

Key words: CITES, biodiversity-related multilateral conventions, synergy, cooperation, Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework

Xiaoge Ping, Shizhe Li, Jiang Zhu, Fuwen Wei. Synergies and cooperation between CITES and other biodiversity-related multilateral conventions[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2025, 33(11): 25302.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2025302

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2025/V33/I11/25302

Figures/Tables 3

References 27

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年份 Year	缔约方大会 Conference of Parties	合作对象 Cooperation target	通过时的决议编号与名称 Number and name of resolution adopted	目前有效的决议编号与名称 Number and name of resolution in effect
1979	CoP2	国际捕鲸委员会 International Whaling Commission (IWC)	2.7号决议“与国际捕鲸委员会的关系” Conf. 2.7 Relationship with the International Whaling Commission	11.4号决议“鲸类养护、鲸类物种标本的贸易及与国际捕鲸委员会的关系” Conf. 11.4 Conservation of cetaceans, trade in cetacean specimens and the relationship with the International Whaling Commission
1997	CoP10	《生物多样性公约》Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)	10.4号决议“与《生物多样性公约》的合作及协同” Conf. 10.4 Cooperation and synergy with the Convention on Biological Diversity
2002	CoP12	南极海洋生物资源养护委员会 Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)	12.4号决议“CITES与南极海洋生物资源养护委员会关于犬牙鱼贸易的合作” Conf. 12.4 Cooperation between CITES and the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources regarding trade in toothfish
2004	CoP13	《生物多样性公约》Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)	13.2号决议“生物多样性可持续利用: 亚的斯亚贝巴原则与指南” Conf. 13.2 Sustainable use of biodiversity: Addis Ababa Principles and Guidelines
2004	CoP13	《保护野生动物迁徙物种公约》 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS)	13.3号决议“与CMS的合作及协同” Conf. 13.3 Cooperation and synergy with the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS)
2007	CoP14	国际热带木材组织 International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO)	14.4号决议“CITES与ITTO关于热带木材贸易的合作” Conf. 14.4 Cooperation between CITES and ITTO regarding trade in tropical timber
2013	CoP16	其他生物多样性相关国际公约 Other biodiversity-related conventions	16.4号决议“CITES和其他生物多样性相关公约的合作” Conf. 16.4 Cooperation of CITES with other biodiversity-related conventions
2013	CoP16	《生物多样性公约》全球植物保护战略 Global Strategy for Plant Conservation of the Convention on Biological Diversity (GSPC)	16.5号决议“与《生物多样性公约》全球植物保护战略的合作” Conf. 16.5 Cooperation with the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation of the Convention on Biological Diversity
2019	CoP18	生物多样性和生态系统服务政府间科学政策平台 Intergovernmental Science- Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES)	18.4号决议“与生物多样性和生态系统服务政府间科学政策平台的合作” Conf. 18.4 Cooperation with the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
2019	CoP18	《保护世界文化和自然遗产公约》Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (WHC)	18.5号决议“与《保护世界文化和自然遗产公约》的合作及协同” Conf. 18.5 Cooperation and synergy with the World Heritage Convention

年份 Year	缔约方大会 Conference of Parties	合作对象 Cooperation target	通过时的决议编号与名称 Number and name of resolution adopted	目前有效的决议编号与名称 Number and name of resolution in effect
1979	CoP2	国际捕鲸委员会 International Whaling Commission (IWC)	2.7号决议“与国际捕鲸委员会的关系” Conf. 2.7 Relationship with the International Whaling Commission	11.4号决议“鲸类养护、鲸类物种标本的贸易及与国际捕鲸委员会的关系” Conf. 11.4 Conservation of cetaceans, trade in cetacean specimens and the relationship with the International Whaling Commission
1997	CoP10	《生物多样性公约》Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)	10.4号决议“与《生物多样性公约》的合作及协同” Conf. 10.4 Cooperation and synergy with the Convention on Biological Diversity
2002	CoP12	南极海洋生物资源养护委员会 Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)	12.4号决议“CITES与南极海洋生物资源养护委员会关于犬牙鱼贸易的合作” Conf. 12.4 Cooperation between CITES and the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources regarding trade in toothfish
2004	CoP13	《生物多样性公约》Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)	13.2号决议“生物多样性可持续利用: 亚的斯亚贝巴原则与指南” Conf. 13.2 Sustainable use of biodiversity: Addis Ababa Principles and Guidelines
2004	CoP13	《保护野生动物迁徙物种公约》 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS)	13.3号决议“与CMS的合作及协同” Conf. 13.3 Cooperation and synergy with the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS)
2007	CoP14	国际热带木材组织 International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO)	14.4号决议“CITES与ITTO关于热带木材贸易的合作” Conf. 14.4 Cooperation between CITES and ITTO regarding trade in tropical timber
2013	CoP16	其他生物多样性相关国际公约 Other biodiversity-related conventions	16.4号决议“CITES和其他生物多样性相关公约的合作” Conf. 16.4 Cooperation of CITES with other biodiversity-related conventions
2013	CoP16	《生物多样性公约》全球植物保护战略 Global Strategy for Plant Conservation of the Convention on Biological Diversity (GSPC)	16.5号决议“与《生物多样性公约》全球植物保护战略的合作” Conf. 16.5 Cooperation with the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation of the Convention on Biological Diversity
2019	CoP18	生物多样性和生态系统服务政府间科学政策平台 Intergovernmental Science- Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES)	18.4号决议“与生物多样性和生态系统服务政府间科学政策平台的合作” Conf. 18.4 Cooperation with the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services
2019	CoP18	《保护世界文化和自然遗产公约》Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (WHC)	18.5号决议“与《保护世界文化和自然遗产公约》的合作及协同” Conf. 18.5 Cooperation and synergy with the World Heritage Convention

CITES战略目标 CITES Strategic Goals	联合国可持续发展目标 SDGs	《昆蒙框架》目标 KMGBF goals and targets
目标 Goal: 1	目标 Goal: 2, 12, 14, 15	长期目标 Goal: A, B 目标 Target: 4, 5, 9, 10, 13, 15
目标 Goal: 2	目标 Goal: 12, 14, 15	长期目标 Goal: A, B, D 目标 Target: 4, 5, 9, 13, 15, 20, 21
目标 Goal: 3	目标 Goal: 15, 16, 17	长期目标 Goal: D 目标 Target: 5, 13, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21
目标 Goal: 4	目标 Goal: 8, 12, 14, 15, 17	长期目标 Goal: B, C, D 目标 Target: 4, 5, 13, 19, 20, 21, 22
目标 Goal: 5	目标 Goal: 15, 17	长期目标 Goal: D 目标 Target: 19, 20

CITES战略目标 CITES Strategic Goals	联合国可持续发展目标 SDGs	《昆蒙框架》目标 KMGBF goals and targets
目标 Goal: 1	目标 Goal: 2, 12, 14, 15	长期目标 Goal: A, B 目标 Target: 4, 5, 9, 10, 13, 15
目标 Goal: 2	目标 Goal: 12, 14, 15	长期目标 Goal: A, B, D 目标 Target: 4, 5, 9, 13, 15, 20, 21
目标 Goal: 3	目标 Goal: 15, 16, 17	长期目标 Goal: D 目标 Target: 5, 13, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21
目标 Goal: 4	目标 Goal: 8, 12, 14, 15, 17	长期目标 Goal: B, C, D 目标 Target: 4, 5, 13, 19, 20, 21, 22
目标 Goal: 5	目标 Goal: 15, 17	长期目标 Goal: D 目标 Target: 19, 20

《昆蒙框架》目标 KMGBF target	CITES的潜在贡献 Potential contribution of CITES
目标 Target: 1	CITES附录、附录修订提案、非致危性判定、附录周期性回顾、大宗贸易回顾 CITES Appendices, proposals for amendment of the Appendices, Non-detriment Findings, Periodic Review of the Appendices, Review of Significant Trade
目标 Target: 2	不直接适用, CITES主要关注物种层面 Not directly applicable as CITES works at species level
目标 Target: 3	不直接适用, CITES主要关注物种层面 Not directly applicable as CITES works at species level
目标 Target: 4	物种+、CITES非致危性判定、人工培植和辅助生产、第13.9号决议“鼓励有迁地保护繁育设施的缔约方与就地保护项目的缔约方合作” Species Plus, CITES Non-detriment Findings, artificial propagation and assisted production, Conf. 13.9 Encouraging cooperation between Parties with ex-situ breeding operations and those with in-situ conservation programmes
目标 Target: 5	合法获得判定、非致危性判定、第10.13号决议“树木物种的履约”、第11.11号决议“植物贸易规定”、第14.4号决议“ CITES与ITTO关于热带木材贸易的合作”、第16.10号决议“产沉香分类单元的履约” Legal Acquisition Findings, Non-detriment Findings, Conf. 10.13 (Rev. CoP18) Implementation of the Convention for tree species, Conf. 11.11 (Rev. CoP18) Regulation of trade in plants, Conf. 14.4 Cooperation between CITES and ITTO regarding trade in tropical timber, Conf. 16.10 Implementation of the Convention for agarwood-producing taxa
目标 Target: 6	不直接适用, CITES主要关注物种层面。但是CITES缔约方在第13.10号决议“外来入侵种的贸易”中已认识到贸易与外来入侵物种之间的联系 Not directly applicable as CITES works at species level. Nevertheless, CITES Parties have recognized the link between trade and alien invasive species in Resolution Conf. 13.10 (Rev. CoP14) on Trade in alien invasive species
目标 Target: 7	不直接适用, CITES主要关注物种层面。但是CITES也考虑了包括污染在内的多重威胁因素对植物的影响。CITES附录、附录修订提案的支持声明、非致危性判定 Not directly applicable as CITES works at species level. However, CITES does take into consideration the impacts on plants from multiple threats, including pollution. CITES Appendices, supporting statements for proposals to amend the Appendices, Non-detriment Findings
目标 Target: 8	CITES附录、附录修订提案的支持声明、非致危性判定、周期性回顾结果、大宗贸易回顾结果 CITES Appendices, supporting statements for proposals to amend the Appendices, Non-detriment Findings, Periodic Review results, Review of Significant Trade results
目标 Target: 9	第16.6号决议“CITES与生计” Conf. 16.6 (Rev. CoP18) CITES and Livelihoods
目标 Target: 10	第16.6号决议“CITES与生计”、人工繁育动物和人工培植植物 Conf. 16.6 (Rev. CoP18) CITES and Livelihoods. captive-produced animals and artificially propagated plants
目标 Target: 11	不直接适用, CITES主要关注物种层面 Not directly applicable as CITES works at species level
目标 Target: 12	不直接适用, CITES主要关注物种层面 Not directly applicable as CITES works at species level
目标 Target: 13	第16.6号决议“CITES与生计”、人工培植植物、药用植物 Conf. 16.6 (Rev. CoP18) CITES and Livelihoods, artificially propagated plants, medicinal plants
目标 Target: 14	CITES与森林汇编、CITES树木物种计划、非致危性判定、合法获得判定 CITES and Forests Compendium, CITES Tree Species Programme, Non-detriment Findings, Legal Acquisition Findings
目标 Target: 15	第16.6号决议“CITES与生计”、人工培植植物、CITES树木物种计划、CITES与森林汇编 Conf. 16.6 (Rev. CoP18) CITES and Livelihoods, artificially propagated plants, CITES Tree Species Programme, CITES and Forests Compendium
目标 Target: 16	大宗贸易回顾、药用植物、CITES与森林汇编、第13.9号决议“鼓励有迁地保护繁育设施的缔约方与就地保护项目的缔约方合作” Review of Significant Trade, medicinal plants, CITES and Forests Compendium, Conf. 13.9 Encouraging cooperation between Parties with ex-situ breeding operations and those with in-situ conservation programmes
目标 Target: 17	不直接适用, CITES主要关注物种层面 Not directly applicable as CITES works at species level
目标 Target: 18	不直接适用, CITES主要关注物种层面 Not directly applicable as CITES works at species level
目标 Target: 19	CITES始终致力于增加用于植物保护行动的资金筹集和分配, 特别是涉及CITES所列植物物种的保护行动 CITES consistently seeks to increase the resourcing raised and allocated to plant conservation actions that relate to CITES-listed plant species
目标 Target: 20		能力建设、非致危性判定指南草稿、CITES树木物种计划、第13.9号决议“鼓励有迁地保护繁育设施的缔约方与就地保护项目的缔约方合作” Capacity building, draft guidance on Non-detriment Findings, CITES Tree Species Programme, Conf. 13.9 Encouraging cooperation between Parties with ex-situ breeding operations and those with in-situ conservation programmes
目标 Target: 21		物种+、CITES附录物种列表、CITES与森林汇编、CITES鉴定材料、CITES虚拟学院、CITES网站 Species Plus, CITES Checklist, CITES and Forests Compendium, CITES identification materials, CITES Virtual College, CITES website
目标 Target: 22		第16.6号决议“CITES与生计”、能力建设 Conf. 16.6 (Rev. CoP18) CITES and Livelihoods, capacity building
目标 Target: 23		CITES性别行动计划、第19.3号决议“性别和野生动植物国际贸易” CITES gender action plan, Resolution Conf. 19.3 on Gender and international trade in wild fauna and flora