Evaluation of effects of integrated ecological restoration technology on habitat and bird diversity improvement in the North Branch of Yangtze River Estuary

doi:10.17520/biods.2024478

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims: The restoration of estuarine wetlands and the assessment of how restoration techniques impact habitat and bird diversity are essential for urban biodiversity conservation and sustainable use. This aligns with the objectives of the China National Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan (2023-2030) and contributes to the implementation of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. By integrating machine learning with field surveys, this study evaluates the effects of various ecological restoration techniques on habitat conditions and bird diversity before and after restoration in the North Branch of the Yangtze River Estuary.

Methods: By comparing and analyzing existing ecological and environmental problems in the study area, target restoration plans were developed, and integrated ecological restoration technologies were implemented. After project completion, we employed machine learning and field investigation methods to assess the restoration status of the Yangtze River Estuary habitat and bird diversity, comparing conditions before environmental degradation and after ecological restoration.

Results: The findings indicated that Spartina alterniflora control, mudflat construction, tidal creek construction, and native salt marsh vegetation restoration were key methods for enhancing habitat heterogeneity and increasing avian diversity in estuarine wetlands. Specifically, Spartina alterniflora control covered 12.97 ha. Restoration area of reed (Phragmites australis) community was 9.15 ha. Tidal creek measures extended 600 m in length. Bird diversity in reed planting areas showed the greatest recovery, with species richness, abundance, and diversity indices in winter and spring exceeding those recorded in 2018 before ecological degradation. The highest record included 18 species and 178 individuals. In tidal creek construction areas, spring bird species, abundance and Shannon-Wiener diversity index recovered to pre-degradation levels, with a maximum of 13 species and 68 individuals recorded. Spartina alterniflora control areas showed a slower recovery of bird diversity, with a maximum of 8 species and 90 individuals recorded, still lagging behind pre-degradation levels.

Conclusion: This study compares and evaluates the effects of various restoration techniques on estuarine wetland habitat and bird diversity enhancement. By conducting a comparative analysis of domestic and international restoration projects, this study offers valuable experiences and references for future restoration efforts in China. Furthermore, it provides scientific support for the systematic biodiversity assessment, urban biodiversity conservation, and sustainable use of degraded estuarine wetlands following integrated ecological restoration.

Key words: ecological restoration technology integration, bird diversity, habitat, North Branch of the Yangtze River Estuary, Spartina alterniflora

Huan Xu, Fengfei Xin, Hongliang Shi, Lin Yuan, Shunqi Bo, Xinyi Zhao, Shuaitao Deng, Tingting Pan, Jing Yu, Saisai Sun, Cheng Xue. Evaluation of effects of integrated ecological restoration technology on habitat and bird diversity improvement in the North Branch of Yangtze River Estuary[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2025, 33(5): 24478.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2024478

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2025/V33/I5/24478

Figures/Tables 10

References 58

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地物类别 Land cover types	影像特征 Image features		现场特征 Site features	成像时间 Imaging time
地物类别 Land cover types	影像缩略图 Image thumbnail	特征描述 Characterization	现场照片缩略图 Site photo thumbnail	成像时间 Imaging time
互花米草 Spartina alterniflora		灰黑, 光滑 Grayish-black and smooth in texture		2023.04
糙叶薹草 Carex scabrifolia		灰黄, 光滑 Gray-yellow and smooth in texture		2023.04
芦苇 Phragmites australis		墨绿色, 粗糙 Dark green and rough in texture		2023.08
芦苇 Phragmites australis		黑色, 粗糙 Near-black and rough in texture		2023.11
互花米草 Spartina alterniflora		灰色, 较光滑 Gray and relatively smooth in texture		2024.08
碱蓬 Suaeda glauca		红黑, 粗糙 Reddish-black and rough in texture		2023.04
碱蓬 Suaeda glauca		连片, 绿色, 光滑 Continuously distributed with a green and smooth in texture		2024.08
光滩 Mudflat		土灰色, 相对光滑 Soil-gray and a relatively smooth in texture		2024.08

地物类别 Land cover types	影像特征 Image features		现场特征 Site features	成像时间 Imaging time
地物类别 Land cover types	影像缩略图 Image thumbnail	特征描述 Characterization	现场照片缩略图 Site photo thumbnail	成像时间 Imaging time
互花米草 Spartina alterniflora		灰黑, 光滑 Grayish-black and smooth in texture		2023.04
糙叶薹草 Carex scabrifolia		灰黄, 光滑 Gray-yellow and smooth in texture		2023.04
芦苇 Phragmites australis		墨绿色, 粗糙 Dark green and rough in texture		2023.08
芦苇 Phragmites australis		黑色, 粗糙 Near-black and rough in texture		2023.11
互花米草 Spartina alterniflora		灰色, 较光滑 Gray and relatively smooth in texture		2024.08
碱蓬 Suaeda glauca		红黑, 粗糙 Reddish-black and rough in texture		2023.04
碱蓬 Suaeda glauca		连片, 绿色, 光滑 Continuously distributed with a green and smooth in texture		2024.08
光滩 Mudflat		土灰色, 相对光滑 Soil-gray and a relatively smooth in texture		2024.08

物种 Species		保护级别 Protection level	芦苇种植区 Reed planting area	潮沟营造区 Tidal creek construction area	互花米草治理区 Spartina alterniflora control area
雁形目 Anseriformes
鸭科 Anatidae
斑嘴鸭 Anas zonorhyncha		-	47	2	0
绿头鸭 Anas platyrhynchos		-	73	0	1
翘鼻麻鸭 Tadorna tadorna		-	20	0	0
鸡形目 Galliformes
雉科 Phasianidae
雉鸡 Phasianus colchicus		-	1	0	0
鹳形目 Ciconiformes
鹳科 Ciconiidae
东方白鹳 Ciconia boyciana		I	2	0	0
鹈形目 Pelecaniformes
鹮科 Threskiorothidae
白琵鹭 Platalea leucorodia		II	2	3	0
鹭科 Ardeidae
夜鹭 Nycticorax nycticorax		-	2	5	0
牛背鹭 Bubulcus coromandus		-	3	1	0
苍鹭 Ardea cinerea		-	21	12	14
大白鹭 Ardea alba		-	3	3	0
中白鹭 Ardea intermedia		-	1	0	0
白鹭 Egretta garzetta		-	57	6	6
鲣鸟目 Suliformes
鸬鹚科 Phalacrocoracidae
普通鸬鹚 Phalacrocorax carbo		-	18	3	0
鹰形目 Accipitriformes
鹗科 Pandionidae
鹗 Pandion haliaetus		II	0	0	2
鹰科 Accipitridae
黑翅鸢 Elanus caeruleus		II	1	0	0
白尾鹞 Circus cyaneus		II	0	1	0
普通鵟 Buteo japonicus		II	1	0	0
鸻形目 Charadriiformes
反嘴鹬科 Recurvirostridae
反嘴鹬 Recurvirostra avosetta		-	14	0	14
金眶鸻 Charadrius dubius		-	5	0	0
环颈鸻 Charadrius alexandrinus		-	1	5	0
燕鸻科 Glareolidae
普通燕鸻 Glareola maldivarum		-	5	0	0
鹬科 Scolopacidae
中杓鹬 Numenius phaeopus		-	5	8	1
翻石鹬 Arenaria interpres		II	1	0	0
大滨鹬 Calidris tenuirostris		II	12	0	0
红颈滨鹬 Calidris ruficollis		-	1	0	0
黑腹滨鹬 Calidris alpina		-	5	0	0
矶鹬 Actitis hypoleucos		-	7	2	0
红脚鹬 Tringa totanus		-	2	0	0
翘嘴鹬 Xenus cinereus		-	10	0	0
鹤鹬 Tringa erythropus	-		50	0	0
青脚鹬 Tringa nebularia	-		11	5	1
鸥科 Laridae
黑嘴鸥 Saundersilarus saundersi	I		103	6	118
西伯利亚银鸥 Larus vegae	-		6	0	0
鸥嘴噪鸥 Gelochelidon nilotica	-		1	2	0
普通燕鸥 Sterna hirundo	-		7	8	0
须浮鸥 Chlidonias hybrida	-		3	2	5
白翅浮鸥 Chlidonias leucopterus	-		2	3	4
鸽形目 Columbiformes
鸠鸽科 Columbidae
珠颈斑鸠 Spilopelia chinensis	-		2	0	0
鹃形目 Cuculiformes
杜鹃科 Cuculidae
大杜鹃 Cuculus canorus	-		3	1	0
隼形目 Falconiformes
隼科 Falconidae
红隼 Falco tinnunculus	II		3	0	0
雀形目 Passeriformes
伯劳科 Laniidae
棕背伯劳 Lanius schach	-		2	1	0
卷尾科 Dicruridae
黑卷尾 Dicrurus macrocercus	-		2	0	0
鸦科 Corvidae
喜鹊 Pica serica	-		0	2	0
燕科 Hirundinidae
家燕 Hirundo rustica	-		18	32	10
树莺科 Cettiidae
强脚树莺 Horornis fortipes	-		2	0	0
苇莺科 Acrocephalidae
东方大苇莺 Acrocephalus orientalis	-		1	0	0
扇尾莺科 Cisticolidae
纯色山鹪莺 Prinia striata	-		6	8	0
鸦雀科 Paradoxornithidae
棕头鸦雀 Sinosuthora webbiana	-		1	1	0
震旦鸦雀 Paradoxornis heudei	II		2	0	0
鹟科 Muscicapidae
北红尾鸲 Phoenicurus auroreus	-		0	2	0
雀科 Passeridae
麻雀 Passer montanus	-		2	37	0
鹡鸰科 Motacillidae
白鹡鸰 Motacilla alba	-		1	0	0

物种 Species		保护级别 Protection level	芦苇种植区 Reed planting area	潮沟营造区 Tidal creek construction area	互花米草治理区 Spartina alterniflora control area
雁形目 Anseriformes
鸭科 Anatidae
斑嘴鸭 Anas zonorhyncha		-	47	2	0
绿头鸭 Anas platyrhynchos		-	73	0	1
翘鼻麻鸭 Tadorna tadorna		-	20	0	0
鸡形目 Galliformes
雉科 Phasianidae
雉鸡 Phasianus colchicus		-	1	0	0
鹳形目 Ciconiformes
鹳科 Ciconiidae
东方白鹳 Ciconia boyciana		I	2	0	0
鹈形目 Pelecaniformes
鹮科 Threskiorothidae
白琵鹭 Platalea leucorodia		II	2	3	0
鹭科 Ardeidae
夜鹭 Nycticorax nycticorax		-	2	5	0
牛背鹭 Bubulcus coromandus		-	3	1	0
苍鹭 Ardea cinerea		-	21	12	14
大白鹭 Ardea alba		-	3	3	0
中白鹭 Ardea intermedia		-	1	0	0
白鹭 Egretta garzetta		-	57	6	6
鲣鸟目 Suliformes
鸬鹚科 Phalacrocoracidae
普通鸬鹚 Phalacrocorax carbo		-	18	3	0
鹰形目 Accipitriformes
鹗科 Pandionidae
鹗 Pandion haliaetus		II	0	0	2
鹰科 Accipitridae
黑翅鸢 Elanus caeruleus		II	1	0	0
白尾鹞 Circus cyaneus		II	0	1	0
普通鵟 Buteo japonicus		II	1	0	0
鸻形目 Charadriiformes
反嘴鹬科 Recurvirostridae
反嘴鹬 Recurvirostra avosetta		-	14	0	14
金眶鸻 Charadrius dubius		-	5	0	0
环颈鸻 Charadrius alexandrinus		-	1	5	0
燕鸻科 Glareolidae
普通燕鸻 Glareola maldivarum		-	5	0	0
鹬科 Scolopacidae
中杓鹬 Numenius phaeopus		-	5	8	1
翻石鹬 Arenaria interpres		II	1	0	0
大滨鹬 Calidris tenuirostris		II	12	0	0
红颈滨鹬 Calidris ruficollis		-	1	0	0
黑腹滨鹬 Calidris alpina		-	5	0	0
矶鹬 Actitis hypoleucos		-	7	2	0
红脚鹬 Tringa totanus		-	2	0	0
翘嘴鹬 Xenus cinereus		-	10	0	0
鹤鹬 Tringa erythropus	-		50	0	0
青脚鹬 Tringa nebularia	-		11	5	1
鸥科 Laridae
黑嘴鸥 Saundersilarus saundersi	I		103	6	118
西伯利亚银鸥 Larus vegae	-		6	0	0
鸥嘴噪鸥 Gelochelidon nilotica	-		1	2	0
普通燕鸥 Sterna hirundo	-		7	8	0
须浮鸥 Chlidonias hybrida	-		3	2	5
白翅浮鸥 Chlidonias leucopterus	-		2	3	4
鸽形目 Columbiformes
鸠鸽科 Columbidae
珠颈斑鸠 Spilopelia chinensis	-		2	0	0
鹃形目 Cuculiformes
杜鹃科 Cuculidae
大杜鹃 Cuculus canorus	-		3	1	0
隼形目 Falconiformes
隼科 Falconidae
红隼 Falco tinnunculus	II		3	0	0
雀形目 Passeriformes
伯劳科 Laniidae
棕背伯劳 Lanius schach	-		2	1	0
卷尾科 Dicruridae
黑卷尾 Dicrurus macrocercus	-		2	0	0
鸦科 Corvidae
喜鹊 Pica serica	-		0	2	0
燕科 Hirundinidae
家燕 Hirundo rustica	-		18	32	10
树莺科 Cettiidae
强脚树莺 Horornis fortipes	-		2	0	0
苇莺科 Acrocephalidae
东方大苇莺 Acrocephalus orientalis	-		1	0	0
扇尾莺科 Cisticolidae
纯色山鹪莺 Prinia striata	-		6	8	0
鸦雀科 Paradoxornithidae
棕头鸦雀 Sinosuthora webbiana	-		1	1	0
震旦鸦雀 Paradoxornis heudei	II		2	0	0
鹟科 Muscicapidae
北红尾鸲 Phoenicurus auroreus	-		0	2	0
雀科 Passeridae
麻雀 Passer montanus	-		2	37	0
鹡鸰科 Motacillidae
白鹡鸰 Motacilla alba	-		1	0	0