Effects of urbanization on bird community composition and functional traits: A case study of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region

doi:10.17520/biods.2023473

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims: The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, being at the forefront of China’s economic development, is undergoing rapid urbanization, posing potential effects on biodiversity. Birds, prevalent in urban and suburban landscapes, possess a sensitivity to environmental shifts and are crucial indicators of urban biodiversity. This research focuses on the avifauna of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, delving into differences in bird community structure and functional traits among urban, rural, and wild habitats.

Methods: A dataset of 58,620 observation records spanning 2000 to 2019 was compiled from China Bird Report, GBIF, ebird, and other databases. After excluding records outside the breeding and wintering seasons, 17,978 valid observations were retained for analysis. We employed non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS), principal component analysis (PCA), multivariate kernel density estimation, and other analyses to examine the differences in species composition and functional traits across the three landscape zones.

Results: Initial records documented 482 bird species in the region, representing 23 orders and 77 families. Following data screening, rural areas exhibited the highest species diversity (258 species) compared to the urban and wild zones. These species, spanning 20 orders and 64 families, accounted for 92.1% of the total number of species richness in the region. Urban and wild zones harbored 251 and 228 species, respectively, with 198 species (70.7%) shared among all zones. Species richness per sampling location was significantly greater in rural and wild areas compared to urban zones, with comparable levels between rural and wild habitats. Notable species composition overlaps were observed among the three habitat types. Functional traits analysis revealed that birds in urban and rural areas had higher mean body mass than those in wild areas, with no significant difference between urban and rural zones. Clutch size exhibited no significant variation among the zones. Urban habitats supported wide-ranging species, while wild areas hosted primarily narrow-ranging species. Despite these distinctions, dietary composition showed similarity across urban, rural, and wild landscapes.

Conclusions: Our investigation underscores the capacity of well-designed urban and suburban ecologies to sustain diverse avian populations. Noteworthy is the adaptability of birds to both urban and rural terrains amid the ongoing urbanization trend. Against this backdrop, we advocate for further research into conservation strategies tailored for regions with dense human populations and intensive land utilization. Future research endeavors should focus on safeguarding crucial resources within urban green spaces, water bodies, wetlands, rural agricultural lands, and paddy fields across the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.

Key words: urbanization, urban-rural-wild gradient, functional traits, citizen science, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, bird diversity

Fei Duan, Mingzhang Liu, Hongliang Bu, Le Yu, Sheng Li. Effects of urbanization on bird community composition and functional traits: A case study of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2024, 32(8): 23473.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2023473

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2024/V32/I8/23473

Figures/Tables 7

Fig. 1 The sites of bird observation records in the Beijing- Tianjin-Hebei region between 2000 and 2019

Table 1 Valid bird species records during the breeding and wintering seasons in the three landscape zones of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region between 2000 and 2019

分区 Zones	有效记录条目数 No. of valid records	位点数 No. of sites	目 Order	科 Family	种 Species	受威胁物种数 No. of threatened species	重采样99次 Resampling 99 times
分区 Zones	有效记录条目数 No. of valid records	位点数 No. of sites	目 Order	科 Family	种 Species	受威胁物种数 No. of threatened species	中位数 Median	四分位距 Interquartile range
城市 Urban	7,427	1,422	20	63	251	13	215	9
乡村 Rural	6,309	776	20	64	258	14	247	4
郊野 Wild	4,242	491	19	56	228	9	-	-
合计 Total	17,978	2,689	20	64	280	16	-	-

Fig. 2 Bird species recorded at observation sites during the breeding and wintering seasons in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region between 2000 and 2019. (a) Species accumulation curves in the three landscape zones; (b) Number of species recorded at each site. ns, P > 0.05; ***P < 0.001.

Fig. 3 Bird species composition in the three landscape zones of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. (a) Venn diagram of bird species in different regions. Number indicates the number of species; (b) Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) for different zones.

Fig. 4 The top ten bird species by the proportion of sites recorded during the breeding and wintering seasons in the three landscape zones of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region

Fig. 5 Distribution of traits at each local community in the three landscape zones of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Solid arrows indicate directions and weighs of vectors representing the three continuous traits analyzed. The color gradient represents the relative probability of sites occurrence. Quantiles of 0.90 in the occurrence probability are represented by contour lines.

Fig. 6 Comparison of traits of bird local communities among the three landscape zones of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. ns, P > 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.

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