Species composition and community structure of the 30-ha mid-montane evergreen broadleaf forest dynamics plot in Jiulongshan, Zhejiang, eastern China

doi:10.17520/biods.2026022

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims: Mid-montane evergreen broadleaf forests constitute an important component of subtropical forest ecosystems in China, yet they remain scientifically understudied. Strikingly, the mid-montane zone of Jiulongshan National Nature Reserve contains a large and exceptionally well-preserved primary evergreen broadleaf forest that is highly representative of eastern subtropical China.
Methods: Following the protocols of the Chinese Forest Biodiversity Monitoring Network (CForBio), we established a 30-ha forest dynamics plot in this region and conducted the first full census of all woody stems with a diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 1 cm. Based on these data, we analyzed species composition, community structure, vegetation formations, and habitat differentiation.
Results: A total of 179,533 woody individuals were recorded in the plot, belonging to 201 species, 96 genera, and 49 families. Ericaceae, Theaceae, and Fagaceae were the dominant families. Twenty-one species had importance values ≥ 1%, with Rhododendron simiarum, Schima superba, and R. latoucheae as the top three dominant species. The importance values of evergreen broadleaf, deciduous broadleaf, and coniferous species were 69.5%, 21.8%, and 8.8%, respectively. Vegetation formations were dominated by evergreen broadleaf forest and showed a mosaic distribution with other vegetation types along topographic gradients, indicating stronger transitional characteristics than those of lower-elevation subtropical forests. The mean DBH of all woody individuals was 6.8 cm, and the DBH-class distribution showed a typical inverse J-shape, indicating good regeneration potential. Vertical stratification was pronounced, with the canopy layer dominated by S. superba, Pinus taiwanensis, Cyclobalanopsis multinervis, and C. stewardiana, and the sub-canopy and shrub layers dominated by Ericaceae species, especially R. simiarum and R. latoucheae, reflecting a vertical stratification pattern typical of mid-montane forests. Floristic composition exhibited a clear transitional pattern, with tropical elements dominating at the family level (51.0%) and temperate elements dominating at the genus level (57.3%). Rare species accounted for 51.2% of all species. Multivariate regression tree analysis showed that the plot could be classified into five habitat types. Total phosphorus, available sodium, aspect, and slope were identified as the key environmental factors distinguishing habitat types. Rare species were proportionally more concentrated in the transitional habitat characterized by high phosphorus and steep slopes.
Conclusion: The Jiulongshan 30-ha forest dynamics plot well reflects the characteristics of primary montane evergreen broadleaf forest in the mid-subtropics, including high species richness, complex community composition and pronounced vegetation differentiation. This plot provides baseline data and a research platform for long-term monitoring, cross-regional comparison, and related ecological studies.

Key words: mid-montane evergreen broadleaf forest, Zhejiang Jiulongshan, forest dynamics plot, floristic composition, DBH-class structure

Qiwei Kong, Yunquan Wang, Shuisheng Yu, Zhibin Mao, Julian Liu, Yuxuan Bian, Jianwei Liao, Libin Liu, Wenjie Zhou, Donghao Wu, Jianhua Chen, Dongmei Yang, Jian Ni, Mingjian Yu. Species composition and community structure of the 30-ha mid-montane evergreen broadleaf forest dynamics plot in Jiulongshan, Zhejiang, eastern China[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2026, 34(7): 26022.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2026022

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2026/V34/I7/26022

Figures/Tables 8

References 59

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科 Family	物种数 No. of species	属数 No. of genera	独立个体数 No. of individuals	重要值 IV (%)
杜鹃花科 Ericaceae	12	4	67,377	21.3
山茶科 Theaceae	12	5	48,033	17.4
壳斗科 Fagaceae	18	5	15,118	13.5
松科 Pinaceae	2	2	4,504	6.7
蔷薇科 Rosaceae	23	10	5,501	5.6
樟科 Lauraceae	14	5	11,711	4.9
冬青科 Aquifoliaceae	15	1	6,130	4.3
山矾科 Symplocaceae	12	1	4,937	3.2
山柳科 Clethraceae	1	1	5,204	1.9
槭树科 Aceraceae	7	1	1,080	1.9

科 Family	物种数 No. of species	属数 No. of genera	独立个体数 No. of individuals	重要值 IV (%)
杜鹃花科 Ericaceae	12	4	67,377	21.3
山茶科 Theaceae	12	5	48,033	17.4
壳斗科 Fagaceae	18	5	15,118	13.5
松科 Pinaceae	2	2	4,504	6.7
蔷薇科 Rosaceae	23	10	5,501	5.6
樟科 Lauraceae	14	5	11,711	4.9
冬青科 Aquifoliaceae	15	1	6,130	4.3
山矾科 Symplocaceae	12	1	4,937	3.2
山柳科 Clethraceae	1	1	5,204	1.9
槭树科 Aceraceae	7	1	1,080	1.9

物种 Species	独立个体数 No. of individuals	平均胸径 Mean DBH (cm)	胸高断面积 Basal area (m²)	萌枝数 No. of sprouts	分枝数 No. of ramifications	重要值 IV (%)
猴头杜鹃 Rhododendron simiarum	27,746	7.9	180.8	3,489	15,999	11.0
木荷 Schima superba	7,683	15.2	185.0	663	512	7.4
麂角杜鹃 Rhododendron latoucheae	26,135	4.7	53.4	8,086	7,308	7.4
黄山松 Pinus taiwanensis	4,484	22.7	204.2	11	97	7.0
多脉青冈 Cyclobalanopsis multinervis	7,830	10.4	102.1	1,844	1,562	5.4
浙江红山茶 Camellia chekiangoleosa	16,743	3.9	26.0	6,236	5,766	5.0
褐叶青冈 Cyclobalanopsis stewardiana	3,505	15.4	103.3	1,541	1,346	4.3
尖连蕊茶 Camellia cuspidata	10,738	3.4	12.7	4,299	4,750	3.3
云和新木姜子 Neolitsea aurata var. paraciculata	10,260	2.4	6.2	1,530	1,480	3.2
岩柃 Eurya saxicola	9,297	4.1	14.7	4,198	2,470	3.0
华东山柳 Clethra barbinervis	5,204	7.7	28.3	1,372	446	2.6
硬斗石栎 Lithocarpus hancei	2,487	12.4	42.7	483	198	2.5
石灰花楸 Sorbus folgneri	3,003	7.8	20.0	240	105	1.9
马醉木 Pieris japonica	3,393	4.0	6.6	1,110	1,294	1.6
映山红 Rhododendron simsii	4,472	2.1	1.8	1,374	301	1.4
秀丽槭 Acer elegantulum	1,000	12.5	17.2	40	30	1.4
榕叶冬青 Ilex ficoidea	2,113	4.9	5.8	412	260	1.4
尾叶冬青 Ilex wilsonii	1,920	3.9	3.7	211	82	1.3
杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata	600	24.1	32.5	45	20	1.1
阿里山山矾 Symplocos arisanensis	1,936	4.4	4.1	410	416	1.1
马银花 Rhododendron ovatum	2,725	3.7	3.7	1,222	1,140	1.0

物种 Species	独立个体数 No. of individuals	平均胸径 Mean DBH (cm)	胸高断面积 Basal area (m²)	萌枝数 No. of sprouts	分枝数 No. of ramifications	重要值 IV (%)
猴头杜鹃 Rhododendron simiarum	27,746	7.9	180.8	3,489	15,999	11.0
木荷 Schima superba	7,683	15.2	185.0	663	512	7.4
麂角杜鹃 Rhododendron latoucheae	26,135	4.7	53.4	8,086	7,308	7.4
黄山松 Pinus taiwanensis	4,484	22.7	204.2	11	97	7.0
多脉青冈 Cyclobalanopsis multinervis	7,830	10.4	102.1	1,844	1,562	5.4
浙江红山茶 Camellia chekiangoleosa	16,743	3.9	26.0	6,236	5,766	5.0
褐叶青冈 Cyclobalanopsis stewardiana	3,505	15.4	103.3	1,541	1,346	4.3
尖连蕊茶 Camellia cuspidata	10,738	3.4	12.7	4,299	4,750	3.3
云和新木姜子 Neolitsea aurata var. paraciculata	10,260	2.4	6.2	1,530	1,480	3.2
岩柃 Eurya saxicola	9,297	4.1	14.7	4,198	2,470	3.0
华东山柳 Clethra barbinervis	5,204	7.7	28.3	1,372	446	2.6
硬斗石栎 Lithocarpus hancei	2,487	12.4	42.7	483	198	2.5
石灰花楸 Sorbus folgneri	3,003	7.8	20.0	240	105	1.9
马醉木 Pieris japonica	3,393	4.0	6.6	1,110	1,294	1.6
映山红 Rhododendron simsii	4,472	2.1	1.8	1,374	301	1.4
秀丽槭 Acer elegantulum	1,000	12.5	17.2	40	30	1.4
榕叶冬青 Ilex ficoidea	2,113	4.9	5.8	412	260	1.4
尾叶冬青 Ilex wilsonii	1,920	3.9	3.7	211	82	1.3
杉木 Cunninghamia lanceolata	600	24.1	32.5	45	20	1.1
阿里山山矾 Symplocos arisanensis	1,936	4.4	4.1	410	416	1.1
马银花 Rhododendron ovatum	2,725	3.7	3.7	1,222	1,140	1.0

分布区类型 Distribution areal types	科数 No. of families	属数 No. of genera
1. 世界分布 Cosmopolitan	7	2
2. 泛热带分布 Pantropic	13	9
3. 热带亚洲和热带美洲间断分布 Tropical Asia and tropical America disjuncted	6	10
4. 旧世界热带分布 Old world tropical	2	3
5. 热带亚洲至热带大洋洲分布 Tropical Asia to tropical Australasia	2	4
6. 热带亚洲至热带非洲分布 Tropical Asia to tropical Africa	1	0
7. 热带亚洲分布 Tropical Asia	1	12
热带成分小计(2-7) Subtotal of tropical elements (2-7)	25	38
8. 北温带分布 North temperate	11	22
9. 东亚和北美洲间断分布 East Asia and North America disjuncted	4	21
10. 旧世界温带 Old world temperate	0	1
11. 温带亚洲分布 Temperate Asia	0	0
12. 地中海区、西亚至中亚分布 Mediterranean, West Asia to Central Asia	0	1
13. 中亚分布 Central Asia	0	0
14. 东亚分布 East Asia	1	10
温带成分小计(8-14) Subtotal of temperate elements (8-14)	16	55
15. 中国特有分布 Endemic to China	1	1
总计 Total	49	96