Response of soil arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities to precipitation changes in the desert steppe

doi:10.17520/biods.2026028

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims: Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are key plant symbionts in terrestrial ecosystems. Investigating the responses of AM fungal communities to precipitation changes and their relationships with vegetation and soil factors is of great theoretical importance for understanding the stability of desert steppe ecosystems.
Methods: A precipitation manipulation experiment was conducted in Yanchi County, Ningxia, China, from 2019 to 2021 using a completely randomized design. Five precipitation treatments were established: D50 (natural precipitation -50%), D25 (natural precipitation -25%), CK (natural precipitation), I25 (natural precipitation +25%), and I50 (natural precipitation +50%). Based on Illumina high-throughput sequencing combined with Mantel analysis, random forest analysis, and partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM), we examined the effects of altered precipitation regimes on the diversity, richness, and community composition of soil AM fungi in the desert steppe ecosystems and identified their main driving factors.
Results: Plant cover, biomass, and Shannon diversity index of the desert steppe were sensitive to precipitation changes. Compared with CK, the D50 treatment significantly reduced the Shannon index, Sobs index, ACE index and Chao1 index of AM fungi by 31.64%, 53.32%, 62.41% and 58.77%, respectively. However, the relative abundances of dominant AM fungal genera did not differ significantly among precipitation treatments. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis indicated that precipitation gradients significantly affected AM fungal community composition. Random forest analyses revealed that plant diversity and cover were the primary determinants of AM fungal diversity, AM fungal richness was mainly regulated by soil pH, and AM fungal community composition was primarily influenced by precipitation and NO₃^--N. The PLS-PM results further showed that precipitation indirectly affected AM fungal community composition by altering soil moisture, indirectly increased AM fungal diversity through plant communities, and indirectly increased AM fungal richness through changes in soil pH.
Conclusion: Precipitation changes regulate the coupling relationships between vegetation and soil factors, thereby driving shifts in the diversity, richness and composition of AM fungal communities in desert steppe ecosystems. These findings reveal that mycorrhizal symbiosis is highly sensitive to precipitation variation, offering new insights into how climate change regulates desert steppe ecosystems.

Key words: arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, precipitation gradient, plant communities, soil properties, desert steppe, global climate change

Rong Guo, Xudong Wu, Yu Zhang, Ruihong Kang, Yifan Wang, Zhanjun Wang, Qi Jiang, Hongqian Yu, Kun Ma. Response of soil arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities to precipitation changes in the desert steppe[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2026, 34(5): 26028.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2026028

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2026/V34/I5/26028

Figures/Tables 8

Table 1 Effects of three consecutive years of precipitation manipulation on importance values in the desert steppe plant species

物种 Species	科 Family	降水梯度 Precipitation gradient
		D50	D25	CK	I25	I50
		134.34 mm	201.50 mm	268.67 mm	335.84 mm	403.01 mm
阿尔泰狗娃花 Heteropappus altaicus	菊科 Asteraceae	0.01 ± 0.03^a	0.04 ± 0.04^a	0.03 ± 0.03^a	0.01 ± 0.02^a	-
草木樨状黄芪 Astragalus melilotoides	豆科 Fabaceae	-	0.12 ± 0.09^a	0.06 ± 0.05^b	0.07 ± 0.05^b	0.08 ± 0.07^b
糙隐子草 Cleistogenes squarrosa	禾本科 Gramineae	0.02 ± 0.02^a	0.01 ± 0.02^a	0.02 ± 0.03^a	0.02 ± 0.03^a	0.02 ± 0.02^a
叉枝鸦葱 Scorzonera divaricata	菊科 Asteraceae	0.01 ± 0.01^a	0.01 ± 0.02^a	0.01 ± 0.02^a	0.03 ± 0.04^a	-
达乌里胡枝子 Lespedeza davurica	豆科 Fabaceae	0.33 ± 0.11^a	0.25 ± 0.13^ab	0.26 ± 0.04^ab	0.14 ± 0.05^b	0.13 ± 0.04^b
老瓜头 Vincetoxicum mongolicum	夹竹桃科 Apocynaceae	-	0.02 ± 0.05^a	0.02 ± 0.03^a	-	0.03 ± 0.05^a
猫头刺 Oxytropis aciphylla	豆科 Fabaceae	0.02 ± 0.05^a	-	-	-	-
蒙古冰草 Agropyron mongolicum	禾本科 Gramineae	-	0.04 ± 0.08^d	0.14 ± 0.03^c	0.23 ± 0.05^b	0.33 ± 0.05^a
砂珍棘豆 Oxytropis racemosa	豆科 Fabaceae	-	0.01 ± 0.02^b	0.03 ± 0.02^ab	0.05 ± 0.03^a	0.06 ± 0.03^a
远志 Polygala tenuifolia	远志科 Polygalaceae	0.08 ± 0.06^a	0.09 ± 0.03^a	0.08 ± 0.04^a	0.08 ± 0.02^a	0.05 ± 0.01^a
针茅 Stipa capillata	禾本科 Gramineae	0.15 ± 0.04^a	0.15 ± 0.05^a	0.05 ± 0.02^c	0.12 ± 0.04^ab	0.09 ± 0.04^bc
猪毛蒿 Artemisia scoparia	菊科 Asteraceae	0.32 ± 0.17^a	0.24 ± 0.04^a	0.30 ± 0.05^a	0.25 ± 0.03^a	0.21 ± 0.05^a
赖草 Leymus secalinus	禾本科 Gramineae	-	0.02 ± 0.03^a	-	-	0.02 ± 0.04^a
乳浆大戟 Euphorbia esula	大戟科 Euphorbiaceae	0.01 ± 0.02	-	-	-	-
猪毛菜 Salsola collina	苋科 Amaranthaceae	0.01 ± 0.03	-	-	-	-
虫实 Corispermum hyssopifolium	苋科 Amaranthaceae	0.03 ± 0.04	-	-	-	-
沙打旺 Astragalus laxmannii	豆科 Fabaceae	-	-	0.02 ± 0.04	-	-

Table 1 Effects of three consecutive years of precipitation manipulation on importance values in the desert steppe plant species

物种 Species	科 Family	降水梯度 Precipitation gradient
		D50	D25	CK	I25	I50
		134.34 mm	201.50 mm	268.67 mm	335.84 mm	403.01 mm
阿尔泰狗娃花 Heteropappus altaicus	菊科 Asteraceae	0.01 ± 0.03^a	0.04 ± 0.04^a	0.03 ± 0.03^a	0.01 ± 0.02^a	-
草木樨状黄芪 Astragalus melilotoides	豆科 Fabaceae	-	0.12 ± 0.09^a	0.06 ± 0.05^b	0.07 ± 0.05^b	0.08 ± 0.07^b
糙隐子草 Cleistogenes squarrosa	禾本科 Gramineae	0.02 ± 0.02^a	0.01 ± 0.02^a	0.02 ± 0.03^a	0.02 ± 0.03^a	0.02 ± 0.02^a
叉枝鸦葱 Scorzonera divaricata	菊科 Asteraceae	0.01 ± 0.01^a	0.01 ± 0.02^a	0.01 ± 0.02^a	0.03 ± 0.04^a	-
达乌里胡枝子 Lespedeza davurica	豆科 Fabaceae	0.33 ± 0.11^a	0.25 ± 0.13^ab	0.26 ± 0.04^ab	0.14 ± 0.05^b	0.13 ± 0.04^b
老瓜头 Vincetoxicum mongolicum	夹竹桃科 Apocynaceae	-	0.02 ± 0.05^a	0.02 ± 0.03^a	-	0.03 ± 0.05^a
猫头刺 Oxytropis aciphylla	豆科 Fabaceae	0.02 ± 0.05^a	-	-	-	-
蒙古冰草 Agropyron mongolicum	禾本科 Gramineae	-	0.04 ± 0.08^d	0.14 ± 0.03^c	0.23 ± 0.05^b	0.33 ± 0.05^a
砂珍棘豆 Oxytropis racemosa	豆科 Fabaceae	-	0.01 ± 0.02^b	0.03 ± 0.02^ab	0.05 ± 0.03^a	0.06 ± 0.03^a
远志 Polygala tenuifolia	远志科 Polygalaceae	0.08 ± 0.06^a	0.09 ± 0.03^a	0.08 ± 0.04^a	0.08 ± 0.02^a	0.05 ± 0.01^a
针茅 Stipa capillata	禾本科 Gramineae	0.15 ± 0.04^a	0.15 ± 0.05^a	0.05 ± 0.02^c	0.12 ± 0.04^ab	0.09 ± 0.04^bc
猪毛蒿 Artemisia scoparia	菊科 Asteraceae	0.32 ± 0.17^a	0.24 ± 0.04^a	0.30 ± 0.05^a	0.25 ± 0.03^a	0.21 ± 0.05^a
赖草 Leymus secalinus	禾本科 Gramineae	-	0.02 ± 0.03^a	-	-	0.02 ± 0.04^a
乳浆大戟 Euphorbia esula	大戟科 Euphorbiaceae	0.01 ± 0.02	-	-	-	-
猪毛菜 Salsola collina	苋科 Amaranthaceae	0.01 ± 0.03	-	-	-	-
虫实 Corispermum hyssopifolium	苋科 Amaranthaceae	0.03 ± 0.04	-	-	-	-
沙打旺 Astragalus laxmannii	豆科 Fabaceae	-	-	0.02 ± 0.04	-	-

Fig. 1 Effects of precipitation manipulation on plant community characteristics in the desert steppe. P represents the significance level, and F represents the test statistic of one-way ANOVA. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments in the figure (P < 0.05). D50, Natural precipitation -50%; D25, Natural precipitation -25%; CK, Natural precipitation; I25, Natural precipitation +25%; I50, Natural precipitation +50%.

Fig. 2 α diversity indices of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi under different precipitation treatments. P represents the significance level, and F represents the test statistic of one-way ANOVA. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments in the figure (P < 0.05). D50, Natural precipitation -50%; D25, Natural precipitation -25%; CK, Natural precipitation; I25, Natural precipitation +25%; I50, Natural precipitation +50%.

Fig. 3 Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis of soil arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal community composition under different precipitation treatments. D50, Natural precipitation -50%; D25, Natural precipitation -25%; CK, Natural precipitation; I25, Natural precipitation +25%; I50, Natural precipitation +50%.

Fig. 4 Genus-level community composition (a) and significance tests of differences (b) of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi under different precipitation treatments. D50, Natural precipitation -50%; D25, Natural precipitation -25%; CK, Natural precipitation; I25, Natural precipitation +25%; I50, Natural precipitation +50%. ns indicates no significant differences among treatments.

Fig. 5 Correlations between arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal community diversity and environmental factors. SWC, Soil water content; NH4+-N, Ammoniacal nitrogen; NO3--N, Nitrate nitrogen; AN, Available nitrogen; AK, Available potassium; AP, Available phosphorus; OM, Organic matter; TP, Total phosphorus; TN, Total nitrogen; pH, Soil pH; CAT, Catalase; AKP, Alkaline phosphatase; URE, Urease; Plant biomass, Plant aboveground biomass; Plant Shannon, Plant Shannon index; Plant Margalef, Plant Margalef index. Mantel’s P, Mantel test statistical significance; Mantel’s r, Mantel test correlation coefficient; Spearman’s r, Spearman correlation coefficient.

Fig. 6 Random forest analysis of the drivers of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal community change. (a)Shannon diversity index; (b) Sobs index; (c) Community composition. SWC, Soil water content; NH4+-N, Ammoniacal nitrogen; NO3--N, Nitrate nitrogen; AN, Available nitrogen; AK, Available potassium; AP, Available phosphorus; OM, Organic matter; TP, Total phosphorus; TN, Total nitrogen; pH, Soil pH; CAT, Catalase; AKP, Alkaline phosphatase; URE, Urease; Plant biomass, Plant aboveground biomass; Plant Shannon, Plant Shannon diversity index; Plant Margalef, Plant Margalef index. X.IncMSE, Percentage increase in mean squared error. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01.

Fig. 7 Partial least squares path model (PLS-PM) for the relationships among soil arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal community, soil environmental factors and the plant community in the desert steppe. (a) Path relationship; (b) Total effects. Precipitation; SWC, Soil water content; NO3--N, Nitrate nitrogen. Solid lines indicate significant effects, dashed lines indicate non-significant effects. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001.

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