The diversity of large- and medium-sized terrestrial mammals and birds in the Giant Panda National Park: A meta-analysis based on camera-trapping data

doi:10.17520/biods.2021165

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims Biodiversity monitoring is the foundation of conservation work in national parks. Systematic conservation planning and effective management actions within these parks highly rely on an in-depth evaluation of biodiversity metrics. In China, the Giant Panda National Park (GPNP) is one of the first five national parks. To establish baseline metrics of mammal and bird diversity in GPNP, we conducted a meta-analysis based on published camera-trapping data.
Methods We systematically searched academic publications, project reports, and news articles that reported on wildlife camera-trapping studies between 2005 and 2020 in GPNP. We also conducted a questionnaire survey on the history and results of camera-trap monitoring projects within the protected areas of the region. These data were compiled for statistical analysis.
Result Between 2005 and 2020, 71 wild mammal species belonging to 6 orders, 22 families and 55 genera, and 232 wild bird species belonging to 13 orders, 45 families and 132 genera were recorded via camera-trap monitoring in 51 protected areas within GPNP. Among the four mountain ranges within GPNP (i.e., Mts. Qinling, Mts. Minshan, Mts. Qionglai and Mts. Xiangling), the species richness of large- and medium-sized terrestrial mammals and birds was the highest in Mts. Qionglai and Mts. Minshan (40 mammal and 12 pheasant species for each) and the lowest in Mts. Xiangling (25 mammal and 7 pheasant species). The recorded number of target species in individual protected areas was positively correlated with the area of protected area, sampling effort (measured as number of camera-days), and the camera station elevation range. The numbers of species recorded in national protected areas (28 ± 8.3, mean ± SD) were significantly higher than those in provincial protected areas (19 ± 8.9). Four large carnivores of Felidae and Canidae (leopard Panthera pardus, snow leopard P. uncia, wolf Canis lupus and dhole Cuon alpinus) were recorded in GPNP, primarily from Mts. Qinling and Mts. Qionglai, while no large carnivores were recorded within the park in Mts. Minshan and only one wolf was recorded in Mts. Xiangling.
Conclusion The previous protected area network and camera-trapping monitoring network prior to the establishment of GPNP have already accumulated a high quantity of data on wild mammals and birds in this region. These data provide a reliable baseline biodiversity inventory for the pilot and construction phases of GPNP. In light of these results, GPNP should design and implement a standardized wildlife monitoring system to further provide additional data for future evaluations of park management, decision-making, and conservation effectiveness.

Key words: protected area system, biodiversity inventory, wildlife monitoring, camera-trapping network, large carnivores, protected area management

Jia Tian, Shuyi Zhu, Xiaofeng Zhang, Liwen He, Xiaodong Gu, Tianpei Guan, Sheng Li. The diversity of large- and medium-sized terrestrial mammals and birds in the Giant Panda National Park: A meta-analysis based on camera-trapping data[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2021, 29(11): 1490-1504.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2021165

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2021/V29/I11/1490

Figures/Tables 8

References 39

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物种 Species	国家保护级别 National protected category	IUCN评估级别 IUCN Red List*	记录保护地数 No. protected areas detected
(一)兔形目 Lagomorpha
(1)兔科 Leporidae
1. 灰尾兔 Lepus oiostolus		LC	1
2. 蒙古兔 Lepus tolai		LC	1
(二)啮齿目 Rodentia
(2)松鼠科 Sciuridae
3. 赤腹松鼠 Callosciurus erythraeus		LC	2
4. 岩松鼠 Sciurotamias davidianus		LC	19
5. 北松鼠 Sciurus vulgaris		LC	1
6. 隐纹花松鼠 Tamiops swinhoei		LC	16
7. 珀氏长吻松鼠 Dremomys pernyi		LC	5
8. 北花松鼠 Tamias sibiricus		LC	6
9. 喜马拉雅旱獭 Marmota himalayana		LC	5
(3)豪猪科 Hystricidae
10. 中国豪猪 Hystrix hodgsoni		LC	38
(三)灵长目 Primates
(4)猴科 Cercopithecidae
11. 藏酋猴 Macaca thibetana	Ⅱ	NT	18
12. 猕猴 Macaca mulatta	Ⅱ	LC	7
13. 川金丝猴 Rhinopithecus roxellana	Ⅰ	EN	38
(四)食肉目 Carnivora
(5)犬科 Canidae
14. 豺 Cuon alpinus	Ⅰ	EN	5
15. 赤狐 Vulpes vulpes	Ⅱ	LC	7
16. 狼 Canis lupus	Ⅱ	LC	3
17. 貉 Nyctereutes procyonoides	Ⅱ	LC	1
(6)熊科 Ursidae
18. 大熊猫 Ailuropoda melanoleuca	Ⅰ	VU	40
19. 黑熊 Ursus thibetanus	Ⅱ	VU	37
(7)小熊猫科 Ailuridae
20. 中华小熊猫 Ailurus styani	Ⅱ	EN	13
(8)鼬科 Mustelidae
21. 黄腹鼬 Mustela kathiah		LC	3
22. 香鼬 Mustela altaica		NT	7
23. 黄鼬 Mustela sibirica		LC	32
24. 缺齿伶鼬 Mustela aistoodonnivalis		DD	4
25. 石貂 Martes foina	Ⅱ	LC	5
26. 黄喉貂 Martes flavigula	Ⅱ	LC	36
27. 欧亚水獭 Lutra lutra	Ⅱ	NT	6
28. 亚洲狗獾 Meles leucurus		LC	7
29. 鼬獾 Melogale moschata		LC	13
30. 猪獾 Arctonyx albogularis**		LC	37
物种 Species	国家保护级别 National protected category	IUCN评估级别 IUCN Red List*	记录保护地数 No. protected areas detected
(9)灵猫科 Viverridae
31. 小灵猫 Viverricula indica	Ⅰ	LC	1
32. 花面狸 Paguma larvata		LC	35
(10)林狸科 Prionodontidae
33. 斑林狸 Prionodon pardicolor	Ⅱ	LC	1
(11)猫科 Felidae
34. 豹猫 Prionailurus bengalensis	Ⅱ	LC	36
35. 荒漠猫 Felis bieti	Ⅰ	VU	2
36. 金猫 Pardofelis temminckii	Ⅰ	NT	13
37. 豹 Panthera pardus	Ⅰ	VU	10
38. 雪豹 Panthera uncia	Ⅰ	VU	4
(五)偶蹄目 Artiodactyla
(12)麝科 Moschidae
39. 林麝 Moschus berezovskii	Ⅰ	EN	35
40. 马麝 Moschus chrysogaster	Ⅰ	EN	3
(13)鹿科 Cervidae
41. 狍 Capreolus pygargus		LC	5
42. 小麂 Muntiacus reevesi		LC	29
43. 毛冠鹿 Elaphodus cephalophus	Ⅱ	NT	38
44. 水鹿 Rusa unicolor	Ⅱ	VU	7
45. 梅花鹿 Cervus nippon	Ⅰ	LC	1
(14)牛科 Bovidae
46. 秦岭羚牛 Budorcas bedfordi	Ⅰ	VU	11
47. 四川羚牛 Budorcas tibetanus	Ⅰ	VU	28
48. 岩羊 Pseudois nayaur	Ⅱ	LC	9
49. 中华斑羚 Naemorhedus griseus	Ⅱ	VU	34
50. 中华鬣羚 Capricornis milneedwardsii	Ⅱ	NT	36
(15)猪科 Suidae
51. 野猪 Sus scrofa		LC	38

物种 Species	国家保护级别 National protected category	IUCN评估级别 IUCN Red List*	记录保护地数 No. protected areas detected
(一)兔形目 Lagomorpha
(1)兔科 Leporidae
1. 灰尾兔 Lepus oiostolus		LC	1
2. 蒙古兔 Lepus tolai		LC	1
(二)啮齿目 Rodentia
(2)松鼠科 Sciuridae
3. 赤腹松鼠 Callosciurus erythraeus		LC	2
4. 岩松鼠 Sciurotamias davidianus		LC	19
5. 北松鼠 Sciurus vulgaris		LC	1
6. 隐纹花松鼠 Tamiops swinhoei		LC	16
7. 珀氏长吻松鼠 Dremomys pernyi		LC	5
8. 北花松鼠 Tamias sibiricus		LC	6
9. 喜马拉雅旱獭 Marmota himalayana		LC	5
(3)豪猪科 Hystricidae
10. 中国豪猪 Hystrix hodgsoni		LC	38
(三)灵长目 Primates
(4)猴科 Cercopithecidae
11. 藏酋猴 Macaca thibetana	Ⅱ	NT	18
12. 猕猴 Macaca mulatta	Ⅱ	LC	7
13. 川金丝猴 Rhinopithecus roxellana	Ⅰ	EN	38
(四)食肉目 Carnivora
(5)犬科 Canidae
14. 豺 Cuon alpinus	Ⅰ	EN	5
15. 赤狐 Vulpes vulpes	Ⅱ	LC	7
16. 狼 Canis lupus	Ⅱ	LC	3
17. 貉 Nyctereutes procyonoides	Ⅱ	LC	1
(6)熊科 Ursidae
18. 大熊猫 Ailuropoda melanoleuca	Ⅰ	VU	40
19. 黑熊 Ursus thibetanus	Ⅱ	VU	37
(7)小熊猫科 Ailuridae
20. 中华小熊猫 Ailurus styani	Ⅱ	EN	13
(8)鼬科 Mustelidae
21. 黄腹鼬 Mustela kathiah		LC	3
22. 香鼬 Mustela altaica		NT	7
23. 黄鼬 Mustela sibirica		LC	32
24. 缺齿伶鼬 Mustela aistoodonnivalis		DD	4
25. 石貂 Martes foina	Ⅱ	LC	5
26. 黄喉貂 Martes flavigula	Ⅱ	LC	36
27. 欧亚水獭 Lutra lutra	Ⅱ	NT	6
28. 亚洲狗獾 Meles leucurus		LC	7
29. 鼬獾 Melogale moschata		LC	13
30. 猪獾 Arctonyx albogularis**		LC	37
物种 Species	国家保护级别 National protected category	IUCN评估级别 IUCN Red List*	记录保护地数 No. protected areas detected
(9)灵猫科 Viverridae
31. 小灵猫 Viverricula indica	Ⅰ	LC	1
32. 花面狸 Paguma larvata		LC	35
(10)林狸科 Prionodontidae
33. 斑林狸 Prionodon pardicolor	Ⅱ	LC	1
(11)猫科 Felidae
34. 豹猫 Prionailurus bengalensis	Ⅱ	LC	36
35. 荒漠猫 Felis bieti	Ⅰ	VU	2
36. 金猫 Pardofelis temminckii	Ⅰ	NT	13
37. 豹 Panthera pardus	Ⅰ	VU	10
38. 雪豹 Panthera uncia	Ⅰ	VU	4
(五)偶蹄目 Artiodactyla
(12)麝科 Moschidae
39. 林麝 Moschus berezovskii	Ⅰ	EN	35
40. 马麝 Moschus chrysogaster	Ⅰ	EN	3
(13)鹿科 Cervidae
41. 狍 Capreolus pygargus		LC	5
42. 小麂 Muntiacus reevesi		LC	29
43. 毛冠鹿 Elaphodus cephalophus	Ⅱ	NT	38
44. 水鹿 Rusa unicolor	Ⅱ	VU	7
45. 梅花鹿 Cervus nippon	Ⅰ	LC	1
(14)牛科 Bovidae
46. 秦岭羚牛 Budorcas bedfordi	Ⅰ	VU	11
47. 四川羚牛 Budorcas tibetanus	Ⅰ	VU	28
48. 岩羊 Pseudois nayaur	Ⅱ	LC	9
49. 中华斑羚 Naemorhedus griseus	Ⅱ	VU	34
50. 中华鬣羚 Capricornis milneedwardsii	Ⅱ	NT	36
(15)猪科 Suidae
51. 野猪 Sus scrofa		LC	38

物种 Species	国家保护级别 National protected category	IUCN评估级别 IUCN Red List*	记录保护地数 No. of protected areas detected
1. 斑尾榛鸡 Tetrastes sewerzowi	I	NT	4
2. 雪鹑 Lerwa lerwa		LC	5
3. 红喉雉鹑 Tetraophasis obscurus	I	LC	9
4. 藏雪鸡 Tetraogallus tibetanus	II	LC	6
5. 高原山鹑 Perdix hodgsoniae		LC	3
6. 灰胸竹鸡 Bambusicola thoracicus		LC	7
7. 血雉 Ithaginis cruentus	II	LC	34
8. 红腹角雉 Tragopan temminckii	II	LC	39
9. 勺鸡 Pucrasia macrolopha	II	LC	25
10. 绿尾虹雉 Lophophorus lhuysii	I	VU	12
11. 白鹇 Lophura nycthemera	II	LC	1
12. 白马鸡 Crossoptilon crossoptilon	II	NT	1
13. 蓝马鸡 Crossoptilon auritum	II	LC	6
14. 环颈雉 Phasianus colchicus		LC	14
15. 红腹锦鸡 Chrysolophus pictus	II	LC	34
16. 白腹锦鸡 Chrysolophus amherstiae	II	LC	6
红腹锦鸡 × 白腹锦鸡 Chrysolophus pictus × C. amherstiae		-	1

物种 Species	国家保护级别 National protected category	IUCN评估级别 IUCN Red List*	记录保护地数 No. of protected areas detected
1. 斑尾榛鸡 Tetrastes sewerzowi	I	NT	4
2. 雪鹑 Lerwa lerwa		LC	5
3. 红喉雉鹑 Tetraophasis obscurus	I	LC	9
4. 藏雪鸡 Tetraogallus tibetanus	II	LC	6
5. 高原山鹑 Perdix hodgsoniae		LC	3
6. 灰胸竹鸡 Bambusicola thoracicus		LC	7
7. 血雉 Ithaginis cruentus	II	LC	34
8. 红腹角雉 Tragopan temminckii	II	LC	39
9. 勺鸡 Pucrasia macrolopha	II	LC	25
10. 绿尾虹雉 Lophophorus lhuysii	I	VU	12
11. 白鹇 Lophura nycthemera	II	LC	1
12. 白马鸡 Crossoptilon crossoptilon	II	NT	1
13. 蓝马鸡 Crossoptilon auritum	II	LC	6
14. 环颈雉 Phasianus colchicus		LC	14
15. 红腹锦鸡 Chrysolophus pictus	II	LC	34
16. 白腹锦鸡 Chrysolophus amherstiae	II	LC	6
红腹锦鸡 × 白腹锦鸡 Chrysolophus pictus × C. amherstiae		-	1

自变量 Independent variable	回归系数 Regression coefficient	标准误差 Standard error	P
保护地级别 Level of protected area	0.1072	0.0998	0.283
log (保护地面积 Area of protected area (km²))	0.0642	0.0489	0.189
log (相机有效工作日 Effective camera-day (×10⁴))	0.2811	0.0685	4.04×10^-5***
海拔跨度 Elevation span (m)	0.0112	0.0579	0.847