Diversity and threatened categories assessment of national key protected wild plants of the Triticeae (Poaceae)

doi:10.17520/biods.2025510

Biodiv Sci ›› 2026, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (7): 25510. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2025510 cstr: 32101.14.biods.2025510

• Original Papers: Plant Diversity • Previous Articles Next Articles

Diversity and threatened categories assessment of national key protected wild plants of the Triticeae (Poaceae)

Xieyong Zhang¹^,²^,³^,^#(), Hao Liu¹^,²^,³^,^#(), Yuwei Tian¹^,^#(), Xin Cen¹^,¹³^,^#, Jing Cai⁴^,⁵^,^#, Yuge Li¹^,²^,³^,^#, Yunling Zhang⁷, Liqing Zhao⁶, Yanchun Liu⁸, Lulu Xun⁹, Lei Liu¹⁰, Tianxiang Chen¹, Lian Zhou¹, Ping Yan¹¹, Haining Qin¹^,²^,³, Liangchen Yuan¹², Huiyuan Liu¹^,^*(), Hongzheng Ma¹³^,^*()(), Wenli Chen¹^,²^,³^,^*()()

¹ State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
² University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
³ China National Botanical Garden, Beijing 100093, China
⁴ College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
⁵ State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China
⁶ School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
⁷ General Grassland Station of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830000, China
⁸ Shanghai Botanical Garden, Shanghai 200231, China
⁹ Xi’an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province/Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an, 710061, China
¹⁰ Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot 010010, China
¹¹ College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
¹² Wildlife Conservation Department, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing 100714, China
¹³ College of Horticulture and Landscape, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300392, China

Received:2025-12-23 Accepted:2026-03-09 Online:2026-07-20 Published:2026-09-21
Contact: Huiyuan Liu, Hongzheng Ma, Wenli Chen
About author:First author contact:^# Co-first author
Supported by:
Biological Resources Programme of Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS-TAX-24-011);National Natural Science Foundation of China(31970207);National Plant Specimen Resource Center(NPSRC E0117G1001)

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Abstract

Abstract:

Aims: The tribe Triticeae (Poaceae) is a vital repository of wild crop relatives and forage germplasm, with irreplaceable value in agriculture, pastoralism, and ecological conservation. China boasts rich diversity of wild Triticeae taxa. However, the 5 genera and 12 species of Triticeae plants listed in the National Key Protected Wild Plants List (2021) generally suffer from insufficient basic data and difficulties in species identification, which severely restrict their conservation and utilization. This study aims to improve the basic dataset of these nationally protected Triticeae species and provide scientific support for their conservation and sustainable utilization.
Methods: This study integrated curated herbarium specimen reviews and systematic field surveys to comprehensively analyze key traits of the target taxa, including morphological diagnostic features, geographical distribution, chromosome karyotype, and subgenomic composition. Meanwhile, molecular datasets were constructed to support accurate species identification based on subgenomic signatures and DNA sequence polymorphisms. The threatened categories of each species was re-assessed in accordance with the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List Categories and Criteria, combined with quantitative data on population size, threat severity, and distribution range.
Results: Our study clarified the morphological profiles and distribution characteristics of the 12 national key protected wild plants of the Triticeae. We obtained chromosome numbers and karyotypes for 10 species across 4 genera through cytological experiments. We successfully identified the subgenomic composition of 10 species via alignment coverage analysis of whole-genome resequencing data. Our k-mer-based phylogenetic analysis proved effective for molecular identification, while plastid genome “super-barcodes” showed poor resolution between different subgenomes. Studies on reproductive and dispersal capacity showed that species with large and heavy seeds have weak dispersal ability, narrow distribution ranges, and higher extinction risk. After reassessment according to IUCN criteria, the threat status of 10 species was upgraded (e.g. Agropyron mongolicum), 1 was downgraded (Psathyrostachys huashanica), and 1 remained unchanged (Elymus villifer), among which Hordeum innermongolicum was upgraded to Critically Endangered (CR) and was suspected to be extinct in the wild; habitat degradation and fragmentation caused by overgrazing were identified as the main threat factors. We finally proposed conservation recommendations, including implementing differentiated in situ protection management for each species, strengthening systematic collection and preservation of germplasm resources, and establishing a dynamic assessment and update mechanism for species in the National Key Protected Wild Plants List (2021).
Conclusion: Through the integration of multidisciplinary data, this study clarified the taxonomic basis of national key protected wild plants of the Triticeae, revealed the intrinsic relationship between species adaptability and distribution patterns, and assessed their actual threatened status. These results provide core scientific evidence for formulating evidence-based conservation actions. Facing the dual demands of agricultural sustainable development and biodiversity conservation, the research, conservation, and rational utilization of this important wild genetic resource bank require sustained scientific investment and cross-sectoral collaborative management.

Key words: Triticeae, national key protected wild plants, geographical distribution, subgenome, chromosome karyotype, threatened categories assessment

Xieyong Zhang, Hao Liu, Yuwei Tian, Xin Cen, Jing Cai, Yuge Li, Yunling Zhang, Liqing Zhao, Yanchun Liu, Lulu Xun, Lei Liu, Tianxiang Chen, Lian Zhou, Ping Yan, Haining Qin, Liangchen Yuan, Huiyuan Liu, Hongzheng Ma, Wenli Chen. Diversity and threatened categories assessment of national key protected wild plants of the Triticeae (Poaceae)[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2026, 34(7): 25510.

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Figures/Tables 17

Table 1 Results of chromosome number, karyotype and subgenome composition characterization of national key protected wild plants of the Triticeae. Data without cited references were obtained from this study. -indicates that neither experimental materials were acquired nor relevant records have been reported in published literature.

物种 Species	核型 Karyotype	染色体相对长度 Relative length of chromosomes	亚基因组成 Subgenome composition
沙芦草 Agropyron mongolicum	1A, 2n = 2x = 14 = 12m + 2sm	12.28%-16.20%	P (颜济等, 2006)
阿拉善披碱草 Elymus alashanicus	2A, 2n = 4x = 28 = 20m (2sat) + 8sm	5.07%-8.87%	St
黑紫披碱草 E. atratus	1A, 2n = 6x = 42 = 38m (6sat) + 4sm (2sat)	3.56%-6.70%	StHY
短柄披碱草 E. brevipes	1A, 2n = 4x = 28 = 24m + 4sm	5.31%-9.21%	StY
内蒙披碱草 E. intramongolicus	2A, 2n = 4x = 28 = 22m (2sat) + 6sm	5.12%-8.68%	StH
紫芒披碱草 E. purpuraristatus	1A, 2n = 6x = 42 = 32m (2sat) + 10sm	3.48%-6.22%	StHY
新疆披碱草 E. sinkiangensis	2A, 2n = 4x = 28 = 24m + 4sm	5.72%-9.41%	StY
无芒披碱草 E. sinosubmuticus	2A, 2n = 6x = 42 = 28m + 14sm (2sat)	3.68%-6.11%	StHY
毛披碱草 E. villifer	1A, 2n = 6x = 42 = 30m + 12sm (6sat) (刘玉红, 1985)	-	StHY
内蒙古大麦 Hordeum innermongolicum	-	-	-
青海以礼草 Kengyilia kokonorica	1B, 2n = 6x = 42 = 30m + 12sm	3.02%-7.75%	StYP
华山新麦草 Psathyrostachys huashanica	2A, 2n = 2x = 14 = 10m (4sat) + 4sm (2sat)	12.30%-19.53%	Ns (Li et al., 2025)

Fig. 1 Chromosome karyotype plates of 10 national key protected wild plants of the Triticeae. No mature seeds were obtained for Hordeum innermongolicum, whereas seeds of Elymus villifer failed to germinate, precluding further experimental analyses.

Fig. 2 Molecular identification of national key protected wild plants of the Triticeae. (A) Phylogenetic tree inferred from the neighbor-joining analysis based on whole-genome k-mer (k = 21) and subgenome constitution inferred from whole-genome mapping coverage, 50-kb non-overlapping windows was calculated for the St, H, Y and P subgenomes, respectively. (B) Phylogenetic tree inferred from the maximum likelihood analysis based on plastid genomes, numbers at nodes indicate support values obtained by IQ-TREE under SH-aLRT/UFBoot schemes. Branch colors denote different subgenome compositions, and inflorescence characters are provided on the left for each type of subgenome composition.

Table 2 Sexual reproduction and dispersal abilities of national key protected wild plants of the Triticeae. Mature seeds of Hordeum innermongolicum were unavailable, and relevant experiments were therefore not performed.

物种 Species	结实率 Seed setting rate (%)	千粒重 Thousand kernel weight (g)	种子大小 Seed size (mm²)
沙芦草 Agropyron mongolicum	24	1.63	5.7
阿拉善披碱草 Elymus alashanicus	10	2.87	9.6
黑紫披碱草 E. atratus	60	1.87	10.5
短柄披碱草E. brevipes	77	3.59	9.8
内蒙披碱草 E. intramongolicus	73	4.00	17.9
紫芒披碱草 E. purpuraristatus	86	3.53	12.3
新疆披碱草 E. sinkiangensis	19	3.94	14.6
无芒披碱草 E. sinosubmuticus	67	3.44	9.7
毛披碱草 E. villifer	21	1.38	11.6
青海以礼草 Kengyilia kokonorica	35	5.31	12.2
华山新麦草 Psathyrostachys huashanica	47	5.21	16.5

Fig. 3 Correlation analysis among seed setting rate, thousand kernal weight, seed size, and extent of occurrence (EOO) (km2) as well as area of occupancy (AOO) (km2) for the national key protected wild plants of the Triticeae. Mature seeds of Hordeum innermongolicum were unavailable, and relevant experiments were therefore not performed.

Fig. 4 Morphological characteristics, habitat, and geographic distribution of Agropyron mongolicum. (A) Plant; (B), (C) Spikelet; (D) Inflorescence; (E) Floret; (F) Leaf blade; (G) Culm node; (H) Ligule; (I) Habitat; (J) Geographic distribution.

Fig. 5 Morphological characteristics, habitat, and geographic distribution of Elymus alashanicus. (A) Plant; (B), (C) Spikelet; (D) Inflorescence; (E) Floret; (F) Leaf blade; (G) Culm node; (H) Ligule; (I) Habitat; (J) Geographic distribution.

Fig. 6 Morphological characteristics, habitat, and geographic distribution of Elymus atratus. (A) Plant; (B), (C) Spikelet; (D) Inflorescence; (E) Floret; (F) Leaf blade; (G) Culm node; (H) Ligule; (I) Habitat; (J) Geographic distribution.

Fig. 7 Morphological characteristics, habitat, and geographic distribution of Elymus brevipes. (A) Plant; (B), (C) Spikelet; (D) Inflorescence; (E) Floret; (F) Leaf blade; (G) Culm node; (H) Ligule; (I) Habitat; (J) Geographic distribution.

Fig. 8 Morphological characteristics, habitat, and geographic distribution of Elymus intramongolicus. (A) Plant; (B), (C) Spikelet; (D) Inflorescence; (E) Floret; (F) Leaf blade; (G) Culm node; (H) Ligule; (I) Habitat; (J) Geographic distribution

Fig. 9 Morphological characteristics, habitat, and geographic distribution of Elymus purpuraristatus. (A) Plant; (B), (C) Spikelet; (D) Inflorescence; (E) Floret; (F) Leaf blade; (G) Culm node; (H) Ligule; (I) Habitat; (J) Geographic distribution.

Fig. 10 Morphological characteristics, habitat, and geographic distribution of Elymus sinkiangensis. (A) Plant; (B), (C) Spikelet; (D) Inflorescence; (E) Floret; (F) Leaf blade; (G) Culm node; (H) Ligule; (I) Habitat; (J) Geographic distribution.

Fig. 11 Morphological characteristics, habitat, and geographic distribution of Elymus sinosubmuticus. (A) Plant; (B), (C) Spikelet; (D) Inflorescence; (E) Floret; (F) Leaf blade; (G) Culm node; (H) Ligule; (I) Habitat; (J) Geographic distribution.

Fig. 12 Morphological characteristics, habitat, and geographic distribution of Elymus villifer. (A) Plant; (B), (C) Spikelet; (D) Inflorescence; (E) Floret; (F) Culm node; (G) Leaf sheath; (H) Ligule; (I) Leaf blade; (J) Habitat; (K) Geographic distribution.

Fig. 13 Morphological characteristics and geographic distribution of Hordeum innermongolicum. (A) Plant; (B) Line drawing, cited from Cai & Guo (1987); (C) Geographic distribution.

Fig. 14 Morphological characteristics, habitat, and geographic distribution of Kengyilia kokonorica. (A) Plant; (B) Culm node; (C) Ligule; (D) Leaf blade; (E), (G) Spikelets; (F) Glumes; (H) Floret; (I) Inflorescence; (J) Habitat; (K) Geographic distribution.

Fig. 15 Morphological characteristics, habitat, and geographic distribution of Psathyrostachys huashanica. (A) Plant; (B), (C) Spikelet; (D) Inflorescence; (E) Leaf blade; (F) Culm node; (G) Ligule; (H) Habitat; (I) Geographic distribution.

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Diversity and threatened categories assessment of national key protected wild plants of the Triticeae (Poaceae)

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