Diversity characteristics of phyllosphere bacterial communities in desert shrubs in hyper-arid regions

doi:10.17520/biods.2025485

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims: Phyllosphere microorganisms are crucial for host plant health; however, the diversity patterns and underlying mechanisms of both phyllosphere endophytic and epiphytic bacterial communities in desert shrubs of arid regions remain poorly understood. This study aimed to systematically investigate the diversity characteristics, influencing factor, and assembly mechanisms of phyllosphere endophytic and epiphytic bacterial communities in six typical desert shrubs.
Methods: The study focused on six typical desert shrub species in Turpan, Xinjiang. Using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene combined with statistical approaches including principal coordinates analysis, variation partitioning, structural equation modeling, and null models, we analyzed the diversity characteristics, influencing factors, and assembly mechanisms of phyllosphere endophytic and epiphytic bacterial communities.
Results: The diversity of epiphytic bacterial communities differed significantly among the six desert shrub species (P<0.05), while no significant interspecific differences were observed in endophytic bacterial community diversity (P>0.05). Significant differences in bacterial community diversity were detected between the leaf surface (epiphytic) and interior (endophytic), with the Shannon index and Pielou’s evenness index being significantly higher in endophytic than in epiphytic communities (P < 0.05). Variation partitioning analysis revealed that leaf physiology independently explained a greater proportion of variation in endophytic bacterial communities (35.10%) than leaf morphology (13.42%) or leaf nutrients (0.62%). In contrast, leaf morphology independently explained more variation in epiphytic bacterial communities (32.75%) compared to leaf physiology (6.75%) and leaf nutrients (0.52%). Structural equation modeling indicated that leaf physiological and chemical traits not only directly affected bacterial community structure on both leaf surfaces and interiors, but also indirectly influenced it through leaf morphological traits. Additionally, leaf morphology indirectly shaped community structure via its effect on bacterial α diversity. Null model analysis demonstrated that stochastic processes dominated the assembly of both epiphytic (66.67%-93.33%) and endophytic (80.00%-100.00%) bacterial communities, with ecological drift being the core influencing factors.
Conclusion: This study reveals that in extremely arid desert shrubs, epiphytic bacterial community diversity is primarily shaped by plant species identity and leaf morphology, with significant interspecific differences, whereas endophytic community diversity is mainly driven by leaf physiology and shows no significant interspecific variation. Moreover, stochastic processes, particularly ecological drift, play a dominant role in the assembly of both community types. These findings provide new theoretical insights into the mechanisms sustaining biodiversity in vulnerable desert ecosystems under global climate change.

Key words: desert shrubs, endophytic and epiphytic bacterial community diversity, community assembly, leaf functional traits, host plant identity, hyper-arid regions

Xiangzheng Yin, Haiyan Jiang, Jun Zhang, Chunsheng Luo, Yuanming Zhang. Diversity characteristics of phyllosphere bacterial communities in desert shrubs in hyper-arid regions[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2026, 34(4): 25485.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2025485

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2026/V34/I4/25485

Figures/Tables 5

Fig. 1 Alpha diversity distribution characteristics of phyllosphere endophytic and epiphytic bacterial communities in desert shrubs. Cc, Calligonum caput-medusae; Cj, C. junceum; Ha, Haloxylon ammodendron; Hp, H. persicum; Th, Tamarix hispida; Tr, T. ramosissima. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001. Lowercase letters beside boxplots denote least significant difference (LSD) multiple comparison results, different letters indicate significant differences.

Fig. 2 Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) of phyllosphere bacterial community structure in desert shrubs based on Bray-Curtis distance. (a) Effect of leaf ecological niche on phyllosphere bacterial community structure; Effect of plant species identity on endophytic (b) and epiphytic (c) bacterial community structure; Effect of plant genus identity on endophytic (d) and epiphytic (e) bacterial community structure. The dashed ellipses in the figure represent the distribution range of within-group data based on a 95% confidence interval.

Fig. 3 Effects of leaf functional traits on phyllosphere bacterial community structure in desert shrubs. (a) Redundancy analysis showing the relationship between phyllosphere bacterial communities and leaf functional traits. (b) Variance partitioning analysis illustrating the independent and shared contributions of leaf nutrient, physiological, and morphological traits to the variation in phyllosphere bacterial community structure. Values<0 not shown. BW, Blade width; BL, Blade length; SLA, Specific leaf area: LMA, Leaf mass per area; LDMC, Leaf dry matter content; SS, Soluble sugar; ST, Starch; Phe, Total phenols; Fla, Total flavonoids; TNC, Total non-structural carbohydrates ; LTP, Leaf total phosphorus; LTC, Leaf total carbon.

Fig. 4 The key factors influencing the variation of phyllosphere bacterial community structure in desert shrubs. (a) Structural equation model of phyllosphere endophytic bacterial communities; (b) Structural equation model of phyllosphere epiphytic bacterial communities. Values next to arrows are standardized path coefficients. Solid lines indicate significant effects (P < 0.05), while dashed lines indicate non-significant effects (P > 0.05). Red and blue lines represent positive and negative effects, respectively. R2 denotes the explained variance of variables, and GOF denotes the goodness of model fit. (c) Decomposition of standardized effects of each variable on the structure of phyllosphere endophytic bacterial communities; (d) Decomposition of standardized effects of each variable on the structure of phyllosphere epiphytic bacterial communities. * P < 0.05; ** P < 0.01; *** P < 0.001. The corresponding abbreviations of leaf functional traits are shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 5 Assembly processes of phyllosphere bacterial communities in desert shrubs. (a) β-nearest taxon index (βNTI) distributions of endophytic and epiphytic bacterial communities. The dashed lines indicate the |2| threshold, with values>|2| suggesting deterministic assembly and values<|2| indicating stochastic dominance. (b) Relative contributions of deterministic (homogeneous and heterogeneous selection) versus stochastic (homogenizing dispersal, diffusion limitation, and ecological drift) processes to bacterial community assembly, inferred from a zero-model analysis. The meanings of the abbreviations are shown in Fig. 1.

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