Effects of ecological factors on the multidimensional diversity of breeding birds communities in Sichuan Province

doi:10.17520/biods.2025464

Abstract

Abstract:

Aim: Spatial and temporal patterns of different dimensions of biodiversity are often mismatched, with distinct underlying shaping mechanisms. Studying bird diversity patterns along multiple dimensions is thus important for a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms that maintain and regulate communities. Sichuan Province, characterized by its complex natural environments and exceptionally high avian diversity, ranks second in China in terms of wild bird species richness. However, the spatial distribution patterns of bird diversity across different dimensions and their key driving factors in the region remain unclear.
Methods: Based on survey data from 288 sites collected through stratified sampling throughout Sichuan Province from 2023 to 2024, we calculated the taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity of breeding bird communities. We used generalized linear models to analyze the relative effects of climatic, habitat, and human activity factors on each dimension of community diversity.
Results: Taxonomic diversity was primarily influenced by habitat and climatic factors. It was significantly and positively correlated with the proportions of forest, water bodies, and cropland within the plots, while significantly and negatively correlated with annual precipitation. Functional diversity was affected by climatic and habitat factors, and was positively associated with precipitation variability, the Shannon index of the land-use types, and cropland proportion, and negatively associated with mean annual temperature. Phylogenetic diversity was influenced by climate, habitat, and human activities jointly, showing a significant positive correlation with mean annual temperature, and negative correlations with forest proportion and the human footprint index.
Conclusion: This study reveals that taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity of breeding bird communities are shaped by different ecological factors, with some factors exerting consistent effects across different dimensions and others having contrasting effects. Integrating taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic perspectives provides a more comprehensive understanding of community structure and its maintenance mechanisms, and offers a scientific basis for regional bird diversity conservation.

Key words: taxonomic diversity, functional diversity, phylogenetic diversity, influencing factor, generalized linear models

Luhong Wang, Bo Li, Panyan Yang, Jiaqin Huang, Yuting Xie, Xin Du, Yi Wen, Bin Wang. Effects of ecological factors on the multidimensional diversity of breeding birds communities in Sichuan Province[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2026, 34(4): 25464.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2025464

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2026/V34/I4/25464

Figures/Tables 7

Table 1 Number of species by order of breeding birds in Sichuan Province

目名 Order	科数 No. of families	种数 No. of species	占比 Percentage
雀形目 Passeriformes	32	251	65.9%
鹰形目 Accipitriformes	1	18	4.7%
鸻形目 Charadriiformes	6	16	4.2%
鸡形目 Galliformes	1	14	3.7%
雁形目 Anseriformes	1	13	3.4%
鹈形目 Pelecaniformes	1	11	2.9%
啄木鸟目 Piciformes	2	9	2.4%
佛法僧目 Coraciiformes	3	8	2.1%
鸽形目 Columbiformes	1	8	2.1%
鹤形目 Gruiformes	2	7	1.8%
鹃形目 Cuculiformes	1	7	1.8%
雨燕目 Apodiformes	1	4	1.0%
䴙䴘目 Podicipediformes	1	3	0.8%
隼形目 Falconiformes	1	3	0.8%
鸮形目 Strigiformes	1	3	0.8%
鹳形目 Ciconiiformes	1	2	0.5%
鲣鸟目 Suliformes	1	1	0.3%
犀鸟目 Bucerotiformes	1	1	0.3%
夜鹰目 Caprimulgiformes	1	1	0.3%
鹦鹉目 Psittaciformes	1	1	0.3%
总计 Total	60	381	100.0%

Fig. 1 Spatial distribution patterns of taxonomic diversity (species richness) of breeding bird communities in Sichuan Province (a) and the effects of different ecological factors on taxonomic diversity estimated by generalized linear regression models (b), showing the model-averaged standardized coefficient estimates and their 95% confidence intervals.

Fig. 2 Spatial distribution patterns of functional diversity (standardized effect size of functional diversity, SES.FD) of breeding bird communities in Sichuan Province (a) and the effects of different ecological factors on functional diversity estimated by generalized linear regression models (b), showing the model-averaged standardized coefficient estimates and their 95% confidence intervals.

Fig. 3 Spatial distribution patterns of phylogenetic diversity (standardized effect size of phylogenetic diversity, SES.PD) of breeding bird communities in Sichuan Province (a) and the effects of different ecological factors on phylogenetic diversity estimated by generalized linear regression models (b), showing the model-averaged standardized coefficient estimates and their 95% confidence intervals.

Fig. 4 Spatial distribution patterns of taxonomic diversity (species richness) of breeding non-migratory bird communities in Sichuan Province (a) and the effects of different ecological factors on taxonomic diversity estimated by generalized linear regression models (b), showing the model-averaged standardized coefficient estimates and their 95% confidence intervals.

Fig. 5 Spatial distribution patterns of functional diversity (standardized effect size of functional diversity, SES.FD) of breeding non-migratory bird communities in Sichuan Province (a) and the effects of different ecological factors on functional diversity estimated by generalized linear regression models (b), showing the model-averaged standardized coefficient estimates and their 95% confidence intervals.

Fig. 6 Spatial distribution patterns of phylogenetic diversity (standardized effect size of phylogenetic diversity, SES.PD) of breeding non-migratory bird communities in Sichuan Province (a) and the effects of different ecological factors on phylogenetic diversity estimated by generalized linear regression models (b), showing the model-averaged standardized coefficient estimates and their 95% confidence intervals.

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