The environmental DNA reveals diversity patterns and geographical distribution of protozoan in the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River during the dry season

doi:10.17520/biods.2024486

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims: The Yarlung Zangbo River is a crucial river ecosystem on the Tibetan Plateau, and protozoa, as an essential component of eukaryotic microorganisms, play a key role in aquatic ecosystems. This study aimed to investigate the diversity patterns and geographical distribution of protozoan communities in the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River during the dry season, focusing on their community structure, diversity, and environmental response mechanisms in both the mainstream and tributaries.

Methods: In the dry season of 2021, we conducted a comprehensive study of protozoan communities in the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River. We analyzed community structure, diversity, and environmental drivers using high-throughput sequencing, generating amplicon sequence variants (ASVs). Statistical analyses included distance- decay, environmental-decay, neutral and null models, and co-occurrence network analysis to assess spatial and environmental influences on protozoan assemblages.

Results: A total of 6,066 ASVs were detected, encompassing 23 phyla, 55 classes, 86 orders, 114 families, 281 genera, and 323 species. Significant differences in community structure were observed between the mainstream and tributaries, with species turnover identified as the primary driver of β-diversity variations. Distance-decay and environmental-decay analyses revealed that protozoan communities in tributaries were more sensitive to geographical and environmental changes. Neutral and null model analyses indicated that community assembly in both habitats was primarily driven by homogenous selection, though stochastic processes played a greater role in tributaries. Co-occurrence networks showed distinct environmental influences on protozoan communities in the mainstream versus tributaries.

Conclusion: These findings highlight the spatial heterogeneity and environmental response mechanisms of protozoan communities in river ecosystems. These insights contribute to a deeper understanding of microbial ecology in high-altitude river systems.

Key words: protozoan, community assembly, co-occurrence network, middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River, Xizang

Chen Wang, Jiajie Xu, Ruizhi An, Peipei Wei, Xiangjun Wu, Sang Ba. The environmental DNA reveals diversity patterns and geographical distribution of protozoan in the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River during the dry season[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2025, 33(6): 24486.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2024486

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2025/V33/I6/24486

Figures/Tables 6

Fig. 1 Sampling site distribution map in the mainstream and tributaries of the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River

Fig. 2 Protozoan community structure and α diversity in the mainstream and tributaries of the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River. (a) Dilution curves; (b) Community composition; (c) α diversity indices; (d) Shared and unique ASVs.

Fig. 3 Protozoan beta diversity in the mainstream and tributaries of the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River. (a) Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis; (b) Beta diversity partitioning; (c) Geographic distance decay; (d) Environmental distance decay.

Fig. 4 Analysis of protozoan community assembly processes in the mainstream and tributaries of the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River. (a, b) Neutral model; (c) Modified stochasticity ratio (MST); (d) Null model.

Fig. 5 Relationships between protozoan communities and environmental factors in the mainstream and tributaries of the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River. (a, b) Mantel test; (c, d) Variance partitioning analysis. pH, Acidity/alkalinity; EC, Electrical conductivity; TDS, Total dissolved solids; Salt, Salinity; WT, Water temperature; DO, Dissolved oxygen; BOD, Biochemical oxygen demand; TUR, Turbidity; WS, Water flow speed; NH3-N, Ammonia nitrogen; COD, Chemical oxygen demand; TP, Total phosphorus; TN, Total nitrogen; NO3--N, Nitrate nitrogen. * P ≤ 0.05; ** P ≤ 0.01; *** P ≤ 0.001.

Fig. 6 Co-occurrence network analysis of protozoan communities in the mainstream and tributaries of the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River. (a, b) Co-occurrence network; (c) Species composition of each module; (d) Topological characteristics of the co-occurrence network.

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