Impacts of coastal reclamation on Chinese white dolphin (Sousa chinensis) habitats in China from 1990 to 2020

doi:10.17520/biods.2025249

Abstract

Abstract:

Background & AimsThe rapid development of the coastal zones poses a serious challenge to global marine biodiversity, highlighting the urgent need for large-scale and long-term quantitative assessments of habitat changes for key species. Using the Chinese white dolphin (Sousa chinensis) as a key indicator species, this study integrates nearly three decades of satellite remote sensing and socioeconomic data to systematically analyze the spatial patterns and drivers of coastal reclamation in Southeast China, along with the resultant habitat loss and conservation gaps for this species. These findings provide scientific evidence for optimizing China’s marine ecological redlines and formulating conservation strategies for endangered marine species.

Results Driven primarily by regional population density (r = 0.638, P < 0.01) and gross regional product per capita (r = 0.635, P < 0.01), the cumulative coastal reclamation area in the study region reached 1,683.20 km² from 1990 to 2020, with reclamation intensity of 0.30 ha·yr^-1·km^-1. The reclamation exhibited a distinct spatial pattern characterized by “higher intensity in the north, lower in the south, and significant clustering in estuarine zones”. Extensive reclamation differentially impacted local Chinese white dolphin populations: the Xiamen Bay population experienced the highest proportion of habitat loss and the highest reclamation intensity within its habitat (9.03% and 0.46 ha·yr^-1·km^-1, respectively), followed by the Pearl River Estuary population (4.63% and 0.43 ha·yr^-1·km^-1), the population in the southwestern waters of Hainan was the least affected (0.06% and 0.02 ha·yr^-1·km^-1). Notably, only 8.25% (818.94 km²) of the species’ current habitat was located within protected areas, revealing significant conservation gaps.

Conclusion & RecommendationUrgent actions are required to: (1) incorporate the estuarine habitats of Chinese white dolphin population into the natural protected area system; (2) establish an integrated land-sea conservation framework to protect the existing habitats and enhance connectivity.

Key words: remote sensing imagery, MNDWI, coastal reclamation intensity, habitat, conservation gaps

Xixia Lu, Fengxiang Zhou, Liming Yong, Qianhui Zeng, Liyuan Zhao, Yuke Zhang, Xianyan Wang. Impacts of coastal reclamation on Chinese white dolphin (Sousa chinensis) habitats in China from 1990 to 2020[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2026, 34(3): 25249.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2025249

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2026/V34/I3/25249

Figures/Tables 8

References 86

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区域 Region	围填海面积 Reclamation area (km²)	年均围填海速率 Average annual reclamation rate (km²/yr)	围填海强度 Coastal reclamation index (ha·yr^-1·km^-1)
广东 Guangdong	746.15	24.87	0.40
福建 Fujian	496.50	16.55	0.29
广西 Guangxi	186.37	6.21	0.36
台湾 Taiwan	113.46	3.78	0.19
海南 Hainan	75.13	2.50	0.15
香港 Hong Kong	47.98	1.60	0.14
澳门 Macau	17.60	0.59	0.55
区域综合值 Regional composite value	1,683.20	56.11	0.30

区域 Region	围填海面积 Reclamation area (km²)	年均围填海速率 Average annual reclamation rate (km²/yr)	围填海强度 Coastal reclamation index (ha·yr^-1·km^-1)
广东 Guangdong	746.15	24.87	0.40
福建 Fujian	496.50	16.55	0.29
广西 Guangxi	186.37	6.21	0.36
台湾 Taiwan	113.46	3.78	0.19
海南 Hainan	75.13	2.50	0.15
香港 Hong Kong	47.98	1.60	0.14
澳门 Macau	17.60	0.59	0.55
区域综合值 Regional composite value	1,683.20	56.11	0.30

变量 Variable	地区生产总值 Gross regional product	人均地区生产总值 Gross regional product per capita	地区常住人口 Regional resident population	地区常住人口密度 Regional resident population density	区划面积 Division area	围填海强度系数 Coastal reclamation index
地区生产总值 Gross regional product	1	0.859^**	0.821^**	0.713^**	0.171	0.587^**
人均地区生产总值 Gross regional product per capita	0.859^***	1	0.606^**	0.498^**	0.095	0.635^**
地区常住人口 Regional resident population	0.821^***	0.606^***	1	0.615^**	0.536^**	0.528^**
地区常住人口密度 Regional resident population density	0.713^***	0.498^**	0.615^***	1	-0.235	0.638^**
区划面积 Division area	0.171	0.095	0.536^**	-0.235	1	0.078
围填海强度 Coastal reclamation index	0.587^***	0.635^***	0.528^**	0.638^***	0.078	1

变量 Variable	地区生产总值 Gross regional product	人均地区生产总值 Gross regional product per capita	地区常住人口 Regional resident population	地区常住人口密度 Regional resident population density	区划面积 Division area	围填海强度系数 Coastal reclamation index
地区生产总值 Gross regional product	1	0.859^**	0.821^**	0.713^**	0.171	0.587^**
人均地区生产总值 Gross regional product per capita	0.859^***	1	0.606^**	0.498^**	0.095	0.635^**
地区常住人口 Regional resident population	0.821^***	0.606^***	1	0.615^**	0.536^**	0.528^**
地区常住人口密度 Regional resident population density	0.713^***	0.498^**	0.615^***	1	-0.235	0.638^**
区划面积 Division area	0.171	0.095	0.536^**	-0.235	1	0.078
围填海强度 Coastal reclamation index	0.587^***	0.635^***	0.528^**	0.638^***	0.078	1

中华白海豚现有种群 Existing populations of Chinese white dolphin	1990年栖息地面积 Habitat area in 1990 (km²)	2020年栖息地面积 Habitat area in 2020 (km²)	栖息地丧失面积 Habitat loss (km²)	基于1990年的栖息地丧失比例 Proportion of habitat loss based on 1990 (%)	栖息地内围填海强度 Coastal reclamation index in the habitat (ha·yr^-1·km^-1)	栖息地内跨海大桥建设数量(座) Number of cross-sea bridges built in the habitat (n)
广东珠江口 PRE	5,989.96	5,712.74	277.21	4.63	0.43	13
福建厦门湾 XMB	604.92	550.32	54.60	9.03	0.46	9
广西北部湾 BBG	1,423.75	1,399.52	24.24	1.70	0.39	1
广东雷州湾 LZB	634.59	626.75	7.85	1.24	0.25	0
台湾西海岸 WTW	161.60	158.97	2.64	1.63	0.22	0
福建宁德 ND	25.61	24.78	0.83	3.24	0.06	1
海南西南水域 SWHN	1,231.70	1,230.97	0.73	0.06	0.02	0
广东汕头 ST	226.07	225.36	0.72	0.32	0.09	1
区域综合值 Regional composite value	10,298.21	9,929.40	368.81	3.58	0.39	25