Structure and spatial distribution pattern of a native Metasequoia glyptostroboides population in Hubei

doi:10.17520/biods.2019283

Abstract

Abstract:

Metasequia glyptostroboides is an endemic and endangered species in China, and has therefore been heavily researched. M. glyptostroboides’ distribution seems to have a recognizable spatial pattern, with a clear potential mechanism. To test this, we analyzed the structure and diameter classes and height level classes from survey data of parent M. glyptostroboides trees with a pairwise correlation function g (r) and three null models (complete spatial randomness, heterogeneous Poisson process, and antecedent condition) in a point pattern analysis. The results of the spatial distribution patterns showed that: (1) There was 5,661 individuals of the native M. glyptostroboides population in the study area. Within this population, 31 of which were dead, 40 trees were on the verge of death, and 465 trees were classified as “weak”, with morphological characteristics and growth conditions associated with these trees such as shoot breakage, ant damage, and lightning strike. (2) Both the diameter-class structure and the height-class structure were spindle-shaped, with poor natural renewal; (3) Based on Complete Spatial Randomness, the native M. glyptostroboides population showed a random distribution at all scales, the middle- aged trees showed an aggregation distribution on a small scale (r < 3,300 m), and the adult trees and the older trees appeared an aggregation distribution on a larger scale (r < 4,700 m). The aggregation scales of the population and the different age groups were 0-3,000 m, 0-2,100 m, 0-2,900 m and 0-2,500 m, respectively, and followed a weak random distribution and uniform distribution. (4) Based on Complete Spatial Randomness, there were positive correlations between the three growth stages at all scales that weakened when habitat heterogeneity was excluded (only a positive correlation between 0-2,800 m). In summary, the M. glyptostroboides population is decreasing gradually with poor population regeneration. The population is presented mainly as cluster distribution with positive relationship among all age classes, due to habitat heterogeneity, diffusion limitation and intra-species competition according to the existing spatial pattern.

Key words: Metasequoia glyptostroboides, population structure, point pattern analysis, space correlation

Xiao Huang,Jiang Zhu,Lan Yao,Xunru Ai,Jin Wang,Manling Wu,Qiang Zhu,Shaolin Chen. Structure and spatial distribution pattern of a native Metasequoia glyptostroboides population in Hubei[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2020, 28(4): 463-473.

Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX

URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2019283

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2020/V28/I4/463

Figures/Tables 6

Table 1 Number of individuals with different growth status of native Metasequoia glyptostroboides population

	濒死 Impending death	衰弱 Weakness	正常 Normal	总计 Total
断梢 Broken shoot	13	112	146	271
蚁害 Ant damage	1	40	171	212
雷击 Lightning strike	13	62	16	91
树木干枯 Dry-up of trees	10	44	16	70
根部空心 Root cavity	5	36	38	79
鸟害 Bird damage	0	15	51	66
树木分叉 Tree bifurcation	3	10	43	56
偏冠 Lopsided crown	0	16	36	52
根部腐烂 Root decay	4	25	19	50
雪压 Snow pressure	0	6	4	10
根部填埋 Root landfill	0	3	6	9
主干倾斜 Trunk tilt	3	3	3	9
火烧 Burn	1	3	0	4
树皮损害 Bark damage	4	0	1	5
人为剔枝 Artificial shaving	4	0	0	4

Fig. 1 Diameter and height classe structure of native Metasequoia glyptostroboides population

Fig. 3 Spatial patterns of the native Metasequoia glyptostroboides population based on Complete Spatial Randomness (CSR) and Heterogeneous Poisson Process (HP) models. The solid and dashed line are g(r) value and 99% confidence envelopes, respectively.

Fig. 2 Spatial distribution point of native Metasequoia glyptostroboides population

Fig. 4 Spatial distribution pattern of different ages in the native population of Metasequoia glyptostroboides based on Complete Spatial Randomness (CSR) and Heterogeneous Poisson Process (HP) models. The solid and dashed lines are g(r) value and 99% confidence envelopes, respectively.

Fig. 5 Spatial associations of the native population of Metasequoia glyptostroboides based on Complete Spatial Randomness (CSR) and Antecedent Condition (AC) models. The solid and dashed lines are g(r) value and 99% confidence envelopes, respectively.

References 52

[1]	Beckmann S, Geiger H (1968) Inhaltsstoffe von Metasequoia glyptostroboides—II: Flavon- und flavonolglykoside. Phytochemistry, 7, 1667-1671.
[2]	Chen S, Ai XR, Yao L, Lin Y, Huang W (2017) Niche of tree layer dominant population in the original Metasequoia glyptostroboides mother trees communities. Journal of Green Science and Technology, (8), 4-6. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 陈斯, 艾训儒, 姚兰, 林勇, 黄伟 (2017) 水杉原生母树群落乔木层优势种生态位. 绿色科技, (8), 4-6.]
[3]	Chen SL, Chen SM, Yu ZW, Du Y, Sun YY (2008) Current status and measures for the mother tree protection of Metasequoia glyptostroboides in Xingdou Mountain Nature Reserve. Forest Inventory and Planning, 33(4), 72-75. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 陈绍林, 陈世明, 余致武, 杜勇, 孙云逸 (2008) 星斗山自然保护区水杉母树的生长状况及保护策略. 林业调查规划, 33(4), 72-75.]
[4]	Cheng DD, Ge JW, Lai XL, Liu XQ, Fan SH (2007) Status and conservation strategy of native population of Metasequoia glyptostroboides. Environmental Science & Technology, 30(5), 48-50. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 程丹丹, 葛继稳, 赖旭龙, 刘宪群, 范深厚 (2007) 原生水杉种群的现状及其保护对策. 环境科学与技术, 30(5), 48-50.]
[5]	Cheng XL (2004) Study on the protection of primary population of Metasequoia glyptostroboides in Lichuan, Hubei Province. Forest Investigation Design, (2), 19-21. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 程小玲 (2004) 湖北利川水杉原生种群保护的研究. 林业勘查设计, (2), 19-21.]
[6]	Clark DB, Clark DA, Read JM (2010) Edaphic variation and the mesoscale distribution of tree species in a neotropical rain forest. Journal of Ecology, 86, 101-112.
[7]	Condit R, Ashton PS, Baker P, Bunyavejchewin S, Gunatilleke S, Gunatilleke N, Hubbell SP, Foster RB, Itoh A, Lafrankie, JV (2000) Spatial patterns in the distribution of tropical tree species. Science, 288, 1414-1418.
[8]	Diggle PJ (2003) Statistical Analysis of Spatial Point Patterns, (Vol. 47), 2nd edn. Hodder Education Publishers, London.
[9]	Gong WH, Xia M (2015) Effects of different media and different growth regulators on cutting roots of Metasequoia glyptostroboides. Heilongjiang Agricultural Sciences, (5), 58-60. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 龚维红, 夏猛 (2015) 不同基质和不同生长调节剂对金叶水杉扦插生根的影响. 黑龙江农业科学, (5), 58-60.]
[10]	Gong ZW, Gu L, Kang XG, Yang H, Zhao HY (2010) Spatial pattern of forests during secondary succession in Changbai Mountain, northeastern China. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 32(2), 92-99. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 龚直文, 顾丽, 亢新刚, 杨华, 赵浩彦 (2010) 长白山森林次生演替过程中林木空间格局研究. 北京林业大学学报, 32(2), 92-99.]
[11]	Guo QJ, Wang ZM, Deng ZZ (2018) Influences of different sodium selenite concentrations on seed germination of Metasequoia glyptostroboides. Guihaia, 38, 1319-1325. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 郭秋菊, 王志鸣, 邓桢珍 (2018) 不同浓度亚硒酸钠溶液对水杉种子萌发的影响. 广西植物, 38, 1319-1325.]
[12]	Han L, Wang HZ, Peng J, Mo ZX (2007) Spatial distribution patterns and dynamics of major population in Populus euphratica forest in upper reaches of Tarim River. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 27, 1668-1673. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 韩路, 王海珍, 彭杰, 莫治新 (2007) 塔里木河上游天然胡杨林种群空间分布格局与动态研究. 西北植物学报, 27, 1668-1673.]
[13]	Hou XY, Han JX (1997) Simulation analysis of spatial patterns of main species in the Korean-pine broadleaved forest in Changbai Mountain. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 21, 242-249. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 侯向阳, 韩进轩 (1997) 长白山红松林主要树种空间格局的模拟分析. 植物生态学报, 21, 242-249.]
[14]	IUCN (1997) Guidelines for the Convention on Biological Diversity. Science Press, Beijing. (in Chinese)
	[ IUCN(1997) 生物多样性公约性指南. 科学出版社, 北京.]
[15]	Jiang YH, Shen WH, Tan CQ, Xiang WH, Peng YH, Pan GB (2016) The population structure and dynamics analysis and protection strategy of Vatica guangxiensis extremely small population. Ecological Science, 35(6), 67-72. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 蒋迎红, 申文辉, 谭长强, 项文化, 彭玉华, 潘光波 (2016) 极小种群广西青梅种群结构、动态分析及保护策略. 生态科学, 35(6), 67-72.]
[16]	Jiang ZM, He ZS, Su H, Zhao H, Cai J (2018) Population structure and dynamic characteristics of endangered Syringa pinnatifolia Hemsl. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 38, 2471-2480. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 姜在民, 和子森, 宿昊, 赵涵, 蔡靖 (2018) 濒危植物羽叶丁香种群结构与动态特征. 生态学报, 38, 2471-2480.]
[17]	Jin X, Zhang QD, Xu Q, Ji Y, Bi RC (2018) Population distribution patterns and interspecific spatial associations of Acanthopanax senticosus populations in Lingkong Mountain, Shanxi Province, China. Plant Science Journal, 36, 327-335. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 金鑫, 张钦弟, 许强, 吉颖, 毕润成 (2018) 山西灵空山刺五加种群空间分布格局及种间空间关联性. 植物科学学报, 36, 327-335.]
[18]	Kubota Y, Kubo H, Shimatani K (2007) Spatial pattern dynamics over 10 years in a conifer/broadleaved forest, northern Japan. Plant Ecology, 190, 143-157. DOI URL
[19]	Li SF, Liu WD, Su JR, Lang XD, Zhang ZJ (2013) Age structure and spatial distribution patterns of Taxus yunnanensis population in Lanping County, Yunnan Province. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 33, 792-799. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 李帅锋, 刘万德, 苏建荣, 郎学东, 张志钧 (2013) 云南兰坪云南红豆杉种群年龄结构与空间分布格局分析. 西北植物学报, 33, 792-799.]
[20]	Li YL, Yang H, Kang XG, Wang Y, Yue G, Shen L (2014) Spatial heterogeneity of natural regeneration in a spruce-fir mixed broadleaf-conifer forest in Changbai Mountains. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 25, 311-317. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 李艳丽, 杨华, 亢新刚, 王妍, 岳刚, 沈林 (2014) 长白山云冷杉针阔混交林天然更新空间分布格局及其异质性. 应用生态学报, 25, 311-317.]
[21]	Li ZZ, Gong JJ, Wang Y, Huang HW (2003) Spatial structure of AFLP genetic diversity of remnant populations of Metasequoia glyptostroboides (Taxodiaceae). Biodiversity Science, 11, 265-275. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 李作洲, 龚俊杰, 王瑛, 黄宏文 (2003) 水杉孑遗居群AFLP遗传变异的空间分布. 生物多样性, 11, 265-275.]
[22]	Liang S, Xu H, Lin JY, Li YD, Lin MX (2014) Spatial distribution pattern of the dominant species Gironniera subaequalis in tropical montane rainforest of Jianfengling, Hainan Island, China. Acta Phytoecologica Sinica, 38, 1273-1282. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 梁爽, 许涵, 林家怡, 李意德, 林明献 (2014) 尖峰岭热带山地雨林优势树种白颜树空间分布格局. 植物生态学报, 38, 1273-1282.]
[23]	Lin Y, Ai XR, Yao L, Guo QJ, Zhang MX, Chen J (2017) Population structure and dynamics of Metasequoia glyptostroboides parent trees. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 36, 1531-1538. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 林勇, 艾训儒, 姚兰, 郭秋菊, 张敏霞, 陈俊 (2017) 水杉原生母树种群结构与动态. 生态学杂志, 36, 1531-1538.]
[24]	Liu XH (2019) Analysis on long non-coding RNAs in Metasequoia glyptostroboides. Molecular Plant Breeding, 3, 853‒857. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 刘小红 (2019) 水杉长链非编码RNA分析. 分子植物育种, 3, 853‒857.]
[25]	Ma JS (2003) Notes on the discovery of Metasequoia glyptostroboides: A review of 60 years. Plants, (3), 37-40. (in Chinese)
	[ 马金双 (2003) 水杉发现大事记——六十年的回顾. 植物杂志, (3), 37-40.]
[26]	Ma LY, Wang XQ, Guo BX (2006) Progress on introduction and ex-situ conservation on Metasequoia glyptostrobodies in the world. Guihaia, 26, 235-241. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 马履一, 王希群, 郭保香 (2006) 水杉引种及迁地保护进展. 广西植物, 26, 235-241.]
[27]	Ripley BD (1976) The second-order analysis of stationary point processes. Journal of Applied Probability, 13, 255-266.
[28]	Su ZY, Wu DR, Chen BG (2000) Structure and spatial pattern dynamics of dominant populations in a natural forest in North Guangdong Province. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 11, 337-341. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 苏志尧, 吴大荣, 陈北光 (2000) 粤北天然林优势种群结构与空间格局动态. 应用生态学报, 11, 337-341.]
[29]	Takyu M, Aiba SI, Kitayama K (2002) Effects of topography on tropical lower montane forests under different geological conditions on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo. Plant Ecology, 159, 35-49.
[30]	Thorsten W, Savitri G, Nimal G, Toshinori O (2007) Analyzing the spatial structure of a Sri Lankan tree species with multiple scales of clustering. Ecology, 88, 3088-3102.
[31]	Velázquez E, Martinez I, Getzin S, Moloney KA, Wiegand T (2016) An evaluation of the state of spatial point pattern analysis in ecology. Ecography, 39, 1042-1055.
[32]	Wang ST, Wu H, Liu MT, Zhang JX, Liu JM, Meng HJ, Xu YZ, Qiao XJ, Wei XZ, Lu ZJ, Jiang MX (2018) Community structure and dynamics of a remnant forest dominated by a plant species with extremely small population (Sinojackia huangmeiensis) in Central China. Biodiversity Science, 26, 749-759. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 王世彤, 吴浩, 刘梦婷, 张佳鑫, 刘检明, 孟红杰, 徐耀粘, 乔秀娟, 魏新增, 卢志军, 江明喜 (2018) 极小种群野生植物黄梅秤锤树群落结构与动态. 生物多样性, 26, 749-759.]
[33]	Wang XQ, Ma LY, Guo BX (2004 a) A systematic study on the discovery course of Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu & Cheng. Journal of Beijing Forestry University (Social Sciences), 3(1), 22-28. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 王希群, 马履一, 郭保香 (2004a) 水杉发现过程的系统研究. 北京林业大学学报(社会科学版), 3(1), 22-28.]
[34]	Wang XQ, Ma LY, Guo BX, Ge JW, Fan SH (2004b) The conservation of Metasequoia glyptostrobodies and its current problems in China. Biodiversity Science, 12, 377-385. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 王希群, 马履一, 郭保香, 葛继稳, 范深厚 (2004 b) 水杉的保护历程和存在的问题. 生物多样性, 12, 377-385.]
[35]	Wang ZY, Dong XB, Zhang T, Qu HF, Ma XB, Guan HW, Ruan JF (2018) Forest structure characteristics of Larix natural secondary forest in Daxing’an Mountains. Journal of Northeast Forestry University, 46(4), 6-11, 28. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 王智勇, 董希斌, 张甜, 曲杭峰, 马晓波, 管惠文, 阮加甫 (2018) 大兴安岭落叶松天然次生林林分结构特征. 东北林业大学学报, 46(4), 6-11, 28.]
[36]	Wiegand T, Kissling W, Cipriotti PM (2006) Extending point pattern analysis for objects of finite size and irregular shape. Journal of Ecology, 94, 825-837.
[37]	Wiegand T, Martínez I, Huth A (2009) Recruitment in tropical tree species: Revealing complex spatial patterns. The American Naturalist, 174, E106-E140. DOI URL
[38]	Xi EWT (2003) Concise Plant Population Biology. Higher Education Press, Beijing. (in Chinese)
	[ 西尔维唐 (2003) 简明植物种群生物学. 高等教育出版社, 北京.]
[39]	Xiao SL, Fu MY, Yang K, Chen XH (2019) Population structure and quantitative dynamics of an extremely small population, Michelia wilsonii. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 39, 1279-1288. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 肖书礼, 付梦媛, 杨科, 陈小红 (2019) 极小种群野生植物峨眉含笑的种群结构与数量动态. 西北植物学报, 39, 1279-1288.]
[40]	Xiong B, Ai XR, Wang BQ, Yi YM, Yao L, Fan SH (2010) Study on the population of the primary Metasequoia glyptostroboides mother trees. Journal of Hubei Minzu University (Natural Science Edition), 28, 282-285. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 熊彪, 艾训儒, 王柏泉, 易咏梅, 姚兰, 范深厚 (2010) 水杉原生母树种群研究. 湖北民族学院学报(自然科学版), 28, 282-285.]
[41]	Xu H, Liu YH (2018) Relationship between diameter class structure and intraspecific and interspecific competitions of precious and endangering plant Acer catalpifolium. Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica, 38, 1160-1170. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 许恒, 刘艳红 (2018) 珍稀濒危植物梓叶槭种群径级结构与种内种间竞争关系. 西北植物学报, 38, 1160-1170.]
[42]	Yan HB, Han YZ, Yang XQ, Wang LY, Xiang XY (2010) Spatial distribution patterns and associations of tree species in typical natural secondary mountain forest communities of Northern China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 30, 2311-2321. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 闫海冰, 韩有志, 杨秀清, 王丽艳, 项小英 (2010) 华北山地典型天然次生林群落的树种空间分布格局及其关联性. 生态学报, 30, 2311-2321.]
[43]	Yon Q, Yu YW, Gao Y, Ding QQ, Xue D, Zhang QQ (2013) Composition of volatile organic compounds in Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Taxodium ascendens and Taxodium distichum. Journal of Northeast Forestry University, 41(6), 23-26. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 殷倩, 俞益武, 高岩, 丁倩倩, 薛丹, 张倩倩 (2013) 3种杉科植物挥发性有机化合物成分. 东北林业大学学报, 41(6), 23-26.]
[44]	You DM, Ma GL (2008) Effects of different litter layer depth on seed germination of Metasequoia glyptostroboides. Journal of Nanyang Normal University, 7(6), 51-53. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 尤冬梅, 马广礼 (2008) 水杉枯落物对其种子萌发的影响初探. 南阳师范学院学报, 7(6), 51-53.]
[45]	Yu DX, Du F, Shi M, Yang C, Dai J (2018) Community characteristics and population structure of Ferrocalamus strictus, a rare species in Mojiang, Yunnan, China. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 42, 938-945. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 喻丁香, 杜凡, 石明, 杨聪, 代俊 (2018) 云南墨江极小种群物种铁竹的种群结构与群落特征. 植物生态学报, 42, 938-945.]
[46]	Zhang BY, Zhang FY (1980) A preliminary study on the flowering and fruiting development of Metasequoia glyptostroboides. Hubei Forestry Science and Technology, (4), 6-10, 64. (in Chinese)
	[ 张卜阳, 张丰云 (1980) 水杉开花结实发育过程的初步研究. 湖北林业科技, (4), 6-10, 64.]
[47]	Zhang JY, Cheng KW, Zang RG (2014) The spatial distribution patterns and associations of the principal trees and shrubs in a natural tropical coniferous forest on Hainan Island, China. Biodiversity Science, 22, 129-140. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 张俊艳, 成克武, 臧润国 (2014) 海南岛热带天然针叶林主要树种的空间格局及关联性. 生物多样性, 22, 129-140.]
[48]	Zhang WH, Xu XB, Zhou JY, Xie ZQ (2005) Population dynamics of endangered plant species Abies chensiensis. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 16, 1799-1804. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 张文辉, 许晓波, 周建云, 谢宗强 (2005) 濒危植物秦岭冷杉种群数量动态. 应用生态学报, 16, 1799-1804.]
[49]	Zhang WH, Zu YG (2002) Population ecological characteristics and analysis on endangered cause of ten endangered plant species. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 22, 1512-1520. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 张文辉, 祖元刚 (2002) 十种濒危植物的种群生态学特征及致危因素分析. 生态学报, 22, 1512-1520.]
[50]	Zhang YF, Li DW, Wang M, Liu P (2015) Population structure and dynamics of Juniperus rigida in different regions of Loess Plateau. Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 51(2), 1-10. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 张亚芳, 李登武, 王梅, 刘盼 (2015) 黄土高原不同地区杜松种群结构与动态. 林业科学, 51(2), 1-10.]
[51]	Zhang YS, Liu XH (2019) Analysis on SSR sequences based on full-length transcriptome sequencing in Metasequoia glyptostroboides. Molecular Plant Breeding, 23, 7817-7821. (in Chinese with English abstract)
	[ 张咏祀, 刘小红 (2019) 基于全长转录组测序的水杉SSR序列分析. 分子植物育种, 23, 7817-7821.]
[52]	Zhu Y, Ma KP (2010) Point pattern analysis and its application in the study of plant spatial distribution pattern. In: Proceedings of National Symposium on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity, pp. 319-331. China Meteorological Press, Beijing. (in Chinese)
	[ 祝燕, 马克平 (2010) 点格局分析及其在植物空间分布格局研究中的应用. 见: 全国生物多样性保护与持续利用研讨会论文集, 319-331页. 气象出版社, 北京.]