Biodiv Sci ›› 2019, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (9): 919-931. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2019027
• Special Feature: Snow Leopards: Survey, Research and Conservation Status in China • Next Articles
Yanjiang Liu1,#,Xueyang Li1,#,Xuchang Liang2,Yanlin Liu3,Chen Cheng1,Juan Li4,Piaopiao Tang1,Huiyuan Qi5,Xiaoxing Bian2,Bing He6,Rui Xing7,Sheng Li1,Xiaogang Shi8,Chuangming Yang9,Yadong Xue10,Xinming Lian11,Awangjiumei 12,Xierannima 13,Dazhao Song3,Lingyun Xiao1,*(),Zhi Lü1,*(
)
Received:
2019-01-31
Accepted:
2019-09-16
Online:
2019-09-20
Published:
2019-09-25
Contact:
Yanjiang Liu,Xueyang Li,Lingyun Xiao,Zhi Lü
Yanjiang Liu, Xueyang Li, Xuchang Liang, Yanlin Liu, Chen Cheng, Juan Li, Piaopiao Tang, Huiyuan Qi, Xiaoxing Bian, Bing He, Rui Xing, Sheng Li, Xiaogang Shi, Chuangming Yang, Yadong Xue, Xinming Lian, Awangjiumei , Xierannima , Dazhao Song, Lingyun Xiao, Zhi Lü. Where and How many? The status of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) density surveys and knowledge gaps in China[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2019, 27(9): 919-931.
地区 Area | 雪豹栖息地面积 Snow leopard habitat (km2) | 密度调查覆盖面积 Density survey area (km2) | 占雪豹栖息地百分比 Proportion of snow leopard habitat (%) | 已发表密度调查文献数 Literatures published on density surveys | 未发表密度调查数量 Unpublished density surveys |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
新疆 Xinjiang | 476,398 | 2,315 | 0.49 | 9 | 5 |
内蒙古 Inner Mongolia | 21,762 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
甘肃 Gansu | 105,815 | 4,300 | 4.06 | 1 | 8 |
青海 Qinghai | 330,768 | 14,680 | 4.44 | 5 | 8 |
西藏 Tibet | 660,798 | 4,503 | 0.68 | 2 | 8 |
云南 Yunnan | 15,756 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
四川 Sichuan | 160,366 | 4,578 | 2.85 | 1 | 4 |
全国 China | 1,771,662 | 29,934 | 1.69 | 18 | 28 |
Table 1 The proportion of snow leopard density survey area in total snow leopard habitat in each province of China
地区 Area | 雪豹栖息地面积 Snow leopard habitat (km2) | 密度调查覆盖面积 Density survey area (km2) | 占雪豹栖息地百分比 Proportion of snow leopard habitat (%) | 已发表密度调查文献数 Literatures published on density surveys | 未发表密度调查数量 Unpublished density surveys |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
新疆 Xinjiang | 476,398 | 2,315 | 0.49 | 9 | 5 |
内蒙古 Inner Mongolia | 21,762 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
甘肃 Gansu | 105,815 | 4,300 | 4.06 | 1 | 8 |
青海 Qinghai | 330,768 | 14,680 | 4.44 | 5 | 8 |
西藏 Tibet | 660,798 | 4,503 | 0.68 | 2 | 8 |
云南 Yunnan | 15,756 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
四川 Sichuan | 160,366 | 4,578 | 2.85 | 1 | 4 |
全国 China | 1,771,662 | 29,934 | 1.69 | 18 | 28 |
Fig. 1 Snow leopard distribution and density surveyed areas in China. The surveyed area in the Qilian Mountain National Park (Gansu part) is schematic due to lack of data.
1 | Ale SB, Mishra C ( 2018)The snow leopard’s questionable comeback. Science, 359, 1110. |
2 | Alexander JS, Cusack JJ, Chen P, Shi K, Philip R ( 2015a) Conservation of snow leopards: Spill-over benefits for other carnivores. Oryx, 50, 239-243. |
3 | Alexander JS, Gopalaswamy AM, Shi K, Riordan P ( 2015b) Face value: Towards robust estimates of snow leopard densities. PLoS ONE, 10, e0134815. |
4 | Alexander JS, Shi K, Tallents LA, Riordan P ( 2016a) On the high trail: Examining determinants of site use by the endangered snow leopard Panthera uncia in Qilianshan, China. Oryx, 50, 231-238. |
5 | Alexander JS, Zhang C, Shi K, Riordan P ( 2016 b) A spotlight on snow leopard conservation in China. Integrative Zoology, 11, 308-321. |
6 | Bai D, Chen P, Atzeni L, Cering L, Li Q, Shi K ( 2018) Assessment of habitat suitability of the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in Qomolangma National Nature Reserve based on MaxEnt modeling. Zoological Research, 39, 373-386. |
7 | Buzzard PJ, Li X, Bleisch WV ( 2017) The status of snow leopards Panthera uncia, and high altitude use by common leopards P. pardus, in north-west Yunnan, China. Oryx, 51, 587-589. |
8 | Cardoso P, Erwin TL, Borges PA, New TR ( 2011) The seven impediments in invertebrate conservation and how to overcome them. Biological Conservation, 144, 2647-2655. |
9 | Chen P, Gao Y, Wang J, Pu Q, Lhaba C, Hu H, Xu J, Shi K ( 2017) Status and conservation of the Endangered snow leopard Panthera uncia in Qomolangma National Nature Reserve, Tibet. Oryx, 51, 590-593. |
10 | Gaston KJ, Rodrigues ASL ( 2003) Reserve selection in regions with poor biological data. Conservation Biology, 17, 188-195. |
11 | Jackson R, Mallon D, McCarthy T, Chundawat RA, Habib B ( 2008) Panthera uncia.The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . (accessed on 2019-01-31) |
12 | Jackson R, Wang Z, Lu XD, Chen Y ( 1994) Snow leopards in the Qomolangma Nature Reserve of the Tibet Autonomous Region, pp. 85-95. In: Proceedings of the Seventh International Snow Leopard Symposium.International Snow Leopard Trust, Seattle, Washington . |
13 | Janečka JE, Jackson R, Zhang Y, Li D, Munkhtsog B, Buckley-Beason V, Murphy WJ ( 2008) Population monitoring of snow leopards using noninvasive collection of scat samples: A pilot study. Animal Conservation, 11, 401-411. |
14 | Ji WZ ( 1999) Wildlife in Yunnan. China Forestry Publishing House,Beijing. |
(in Chinese) [ 季维智 ( 1999) 中国云南野生动物. 中国林业出版社, 北京.] | |
15 | Karanth KU, Nichols JD ( 1998) Estimation of tiger densities in India using photographic captures and recaptures. Ecology, 79, 2852-2862. |
16 | Ladle R, Hortal J ( 2013) Mapping species distributions: Living with uncertainty. Frontiers of Biogeography, 5, 8-9. |
17 | Li J ( 2012) Ecology and Conservation Strategy of Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia) in Sanjiangyuan Area on the Tibetan Plateau. PhD dissertation, Peking University, Beijing. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[ 李娟 ( 2012) 青藏高原三江源地区雪豹(Panthera uncia)的生态学研究及保护. 博士学位论文, 北京大学, 北京.] | |
18 | Li J, Wang D, Yin H, Zhaxi D, Jiagong Z, Schaller GB, Mishra C, McCarthy TM, Wang H, Wu L, Xiao L, Basang L, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Lü Z ( 2013) Role of Tibetan buddhist monasteries in snow leopard conservation. Conservation Biology, 28, 87-94. |
19 | Li S, Wang DJ, Lü Z, McShea WJ ( 2010) Cats living with pandas: The status of wild felids within giant panda range, China. Cat News, 52, 20-23. |
20 | Liao YF ( 1985) The geographical distribution of ounces in Qinghai Province (in Mandarin). Acta Theriologica Sinica, 5, 183-188. (in Chinese) |
[ 廖炎发 ( 1985) 青海雪豹地理分布的初步调查. 兽类学报, 5, 183-188.] | |
21 | Lomolino MV, Heaney LR ( 2004) Frontiers of Biogeography:New Directions in the Geography of Nature, pp.145-232. Oxford University Press,London. |
22 | Ma M, Xu F, Chen Y ( 2013) Snow Leopards in Xinjiang. Science Press, Beijing. (in Chinese) |
[ 马鸣, 徐峰, 程芸 ( 2013) 新疆雪豹. 科学出版社, 北京.] | |
23 | Ma M, Xu F, Chundawat RS, Jumabay K, Wu YQ, Aizezi, Zhu MH ( 2006) Camera trapping of snow leopards for the photo capture rate and population size in the Muzat Valley of Tianshan Mountains. Acta Zoologica Sinica, 52, 788-793. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[ 马鸣, 徐峰, Chundawat RS, Jumabay K, 吴逸群, 艾则孜, 朱玛洪 ( 2006) 利用自动照相术获得天山雪豹拍摄率与个体数量. 动物学报, 52, 788-793.] | |
24 | Ma M, Xu F, Munkhtsog B, Wu YQ, McCarthy T, McCarthy K ( 2011) Monitoring of population density of snow leopard in Xinjiang. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 27(1), 79-83. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[ 马鸣, 徐峰, Munkhtsog B, 吴逸群 , Mccarthy T, McCarthy K ( 2011) 新疆雪豹种群密度监测方法探讨. 生态与农村环境学报, 27(1), 79-83.] | |
25 | Mace GM ( 2004) The role of taxonomy in species conservation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences, 359, 711-719. |
26 | MacKenzie DI, Nichols JD, Royle JA, Pollock KH, Bailey LL, Hines JE ( 2006) Occupancy Estimation and Modelling:Inferring Patterns and Dynamics of Species Occurrence .Academic Press (Elsevier),London. |
27 | MacKenzie DI, Royle JA ( 2005) Designing occupancy studies: General advice and allocating survey effort. Journal of Applied Ecology, 42, 1105-1114. |
28 | McCarthy KP, Fuller TK, Ma M, McCarthy TM, Waits LP, Jumabaev K ( 2008) Assessing estimators of snow leopard abundance. Journal of Wildlife Management, 72, 1826-1833. |
29 | McCarthy T, Mallon D, Jackson R, Zahler P, McCarthy K ( 2017) Panthera uncia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017, e. T22732A50664030. . (accessed on 2019-01-11) |
30 | Mei S, Alexander JS, Zhao X, Cheng C, Lü Z ( 2018) Common leopard and snow leopard co-existence in Sanjiangyuan, Qinghai, China. Cat News, 67, 34-36. |
31 | Mondal S, Karanth U, Kumar N, Gopalaswamy A, Andheria A, Ramakrishnan U ( 2009) Evaluation of non-invasive genetic sampling methods for estimating tiger population size. Biological Conservation, 142, 2350-2360. |
32 | O’Connell AF, Nichols JD, Karanth KU ( 2010) Camera Traps in Animal Ecology: Methods and Analyses. Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin. |
33 | Peng JT ( 2009) An investigation on snow leopard resources in Ganzi Prefecture in the Hengduan Mountains on the southeast of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology, 30(1), 57-58. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[ 彭基泰 ( 2009) 青藏高原东南横断山脉甘孜地区雪豹资源调查研究. 四川林业科技, 30(1), 57-58.] | |
34 | Phillips SJ, Anderson RP, Schapire RE ( 2006) Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions. Ecological Modelling, 190, 231-259. |
35 | Qiao MJ, Tang Z, Shi XG, Cheng YH, Hu Q, Li WJ, Zhang HM ( 2017) Habitat suitability assessment of snow leopards in Wolong National Nature Reserve based on MaxEnt modeling. Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology, 38(6), 1-4. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[ 乔麦菊, 唐卓, 施小刚, 程跃红, 胡强, 李文静, 张和民 ( 2017) 基于MaxEnt模型的卧龙国家级自然保护区雪豹(Panthera uncia)适宜栖息地预测. 四川林业科技, 38(6), 1-4.] | |
36 | Royle JA, Chandler RB, Sollmann R, Gardner B ( 2013) Spatial Capture-Recapture. Academic Press, Massachusetts. |
37 | Schaller GB, Li H, Talipu, Ren J, Qiu M (1988a) The snow leopard in Xinjiang, China. Oryx, 22, 197-204. |
38 | Schaller GB, Ren JR, Qiu MJ ( 1988 b) Status of the snow leopard Panthera uncia in Qinghai and Gansu provinces, China. Biological Conservation, 45, 179-194. |
39 | Schaller GB ( 1998) Wildlife of the Tibetan Steppe. University of Chicago Press,Chicago. |
40 | Scott JM, Davis F, Csuti B, Noss R, Butterfield B, Groves C, Ulliman J ( 1993) Gap analysis: A geographic approach to protection of biological diversity. Wildlife Monographs, 123, 3-41. |
41 | Smith AT, Xie Y ( 2008) A Guide to the Mammals of China. Princeton University Press,Princeton. |
42 | Suryawanshi KR, Khanyari M, Sharma K, Lkhagvajav P, Mishra C ( 2019) Sampling bias in snow leopard population estimation studies. Population Ecology, 61, 268-276. |
43 | Tang Z, Yang J, Liu XH, Wang PY, Li ZY ( 2017) Research on snow leopards (Panthera unica) using camera-trapping in Wolong National Nature Reserve, China. Biodiversity Science, 25, 62-70. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[ 唐卓, 杨建, 刘雪华, 王鹏彦, 李周园 ( 2017) 基于红外相机技术对四川卧龙国家级自然保护区雪豹(Panthera unica)的研究. 生物多样性, 25, 62-70.] | |
44 | Turghan M, Ma M, Xu F, Wang Y ( 2011) Status of snow leopard Uncia uncia and its conservation in the Tumor Peak Natural Reserve in Xinjiang, China. International Journal of Biodiversity & Conservation, 3, 497-500. |
45 | Wang J, Laguardia A, Damerell P, Riordan P, Shi K ( 2014) Dietary overlap of snow leopard and other carnivores in the Pamirs of Northwestern China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 59, 3162-3168. |
46 | Wang XM, Schaller GB ( 1996) Status of large mammals in western Inner Mongolia. Journal of East China Normal University (Natural Science), 12, 93-104. |
47 | Wisz MS, Hijmans RJ, Li J, Peterson AT, Graham CH, Guisan A , NCEAS Predicting Species Distributions Working Group(2008) Effects of sample size on the performance of species distribution models. Diversity and Distributions, 14, 763-773. |
48 | Wu D, Ma M, Xu G, Zhu X, Buzzard P ( 2015) Relationship between ibex and snow leopard about food chain and population density in Tian Shan. Selevinia, 516, 186-190. |
49 | Wu GS ( 2009) Snow leopard preliminary investigation in Zhiyucun, Dulan County of Qinghai Province. Journal of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, 28(6), 33-34. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[ 吴国生 ( 2009) 青海省都兰县沟里乡智玉村野生雪豹调查. 畜牧兽医杂志, 28(6), 33-34.] | |
50 | Xu AC, Jiang ZG, Li CW, Guo JX ( 2008) Status and conservation of the snow leopard Panthera uncia in the Gouli Region, Kunlun Mountains, China. Oryx, 42, 460-463. |
51 | Xu F, Ma M, Yin SJ, Munkhtsog B ( 2006) Autumn habitat selection by snow leopard (Uncia uncia) in Beita Mountain, Xinjiang, China. Zoological Research, 27, 221-224. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[ 徐峰, 马鸣, 殷守敬 , Munkhtsog B ( 2006) 新疆北塔山雪豹对秋季栖息地的选择. 动物学研究, 27, 221-224.] | |
52 | Xu F, Ma M, Yin SJ, Bariushaa M ( 2007) Investingation on snow leopard (Uncia uncia) and its prey in Baytag Mountain Region, Xinjiang. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 21(3), 63-66. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[ 徐峰, 马鸣, 殷守敬 , Bariushaa M ( 2007) 新疆北塔山地区雪豹及其食物资源调查初报. 干旱区资源与环境, 21(3), 63-66.] | |
53 | Xu G, Ma M, Buzzard P, Blank D ( 2014) Nature reserve in Xinjiang: A snow leopard paradise or refuge for how long? Selevinia, 516. |
54 | Zhou YY, Feng JZ, Duo HR, Yang HL, Li J, Li DQ, Zhang YG ( 2014) Population survey and genetic diversity of snow leopard (Uncia uncia) in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as revealed by fecal DNA. Acta Theriologica Sinica, 34, 138-148. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[ 周芸芸, 冯金朝, 朵海瑞, 杨海龙, 李娟, 李迪强, 张于光 ( 2014) 基于粪便DNA的青藏高原雪豹种群调查和遗传多样性分析. 兽类学报, 34, 138-148.] | |
55 | Zhou YY, Duo HR, Xue YD, Li DQ, Feng JZ, Zhang YG ( 2015) Genetic diversity analysis of microsatellite DNA in snow leopard (Panthera uncia). Chinese Journal of Zoology, 50, 161-168. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[ 周芸芸, 朵海瑞, 薛亚东, 李迪强, 冯金朝, 张于光 ( 2015) 雪豹的微卫星DNA遗传多样性. 动物学杂志, 50, 161-168.] | |
56 | Zhang YG, He L, Duo HR, Li DQ, Jin K ( 2009) A preliminary study on the population genetic structure of snow leopard (Unica unica) in Qinghai Province utilizing fecal DNA. Acta Zoologica Sinica, 29, 310-315. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[ 张于光, 何丽, 朵海瑞, 李迪强, 金崑 ( 2009) 基于粪便DNA的青海雪豹种群遗传结构初步研究. 动物学报, 29, 310-315.] |
[1] | Shizheng Wang Yifei Sun Zhenzhen Li Yue Shu Jiawei Feng Tianming Wang. Effects of bird migration on the temporal patterns of the wetland soundscape in the downstream region of the Tumen River Basin of China [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2023, 31(1): 22337-. |
[2] | Fei Li, Xiangyuan Huang, Xingchao Zhang, Tsz Kin Au, Bosco Pui Lok Chan. Camera-trapping study of marbled cat (Pardofelis marmorata) in Tengchong area of Mt. Gaoligongshan, Yunnan [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2022, 30(9): 22089-. |
[3] | Moyan Chu, Shujie Liang, Peiyun Li, Ding Jia, Abudusaimaiti Maierdiyali, Xueyang Li, Nan Jiang, Xiang Zhao, Faxiang Li, Lingyun Xiao, Zhi Lü. Population dynamic of snow leopard (Panthera uncia) in Yunta Village, Sanjiangyuan National Nature Reserve, China [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2022, 30(9): 22157-. |
[4] | Ziyu Ma, Zaixin He, Yiqing Wang, Dazhao Song, Fan Xia, Shiming Cui, Hongxin Su, Jianlin Deng, Ping Li, Sheng Li. An update on the current distribution and key habitats of the clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) populations in China [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2022, 30(9): 22349-. |
[5] | Ke Liu, Sicheng Han, He Yu, Shu-Jin Luo. The evolutionary genetics, taxonomy, and conservation of the Chinese mountain cat [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2022, 30(9): 22396-. |
[6] | Shuanggui Wang, Zhihong Guo, Bojian Gu, Tianti Li, Yubing Su, Bocheng Ma, Hongxin Guan, Qiaowen Huang, Fang Wang, Zhuojin Zhang. Habitat use of the North China leopard (Panthera pardus japonensis) in the Liupanshan Mountains and its implications for conservation planning [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2022, 30(9): 22342-. |
[7] | Yixiao Zhu, Dawei Wang, Zhilin Li, Jiawei Feng, Tianming Wang. Restoring tiger population in Asia: Challenges, opportunities, and future prospects [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2022, 30(9): 22421-. |
[8] | Jianhuan Yang, King Wa Li, Ho Yuen Yeung, Tsz Kin Au, Xi Zheng, Anthony J. Giordano, Bosco Pui Lok Chan. Population density and activity patterns of the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) in southern China: Estimates based on camera-trapping data [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2022, 30(9): 21357-. |
[9] | Weinuo Liang, Liang Hu. Geographical distribution of freshwater and estuarial fish archaeological remains since the Neolithic Age in China and its biogeographical implications [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2022, 30(8): 21471-. |
[10] | Ludan Zhang, Ying Lu, Chang Chu, Qiaoqiao He, Zhiyuan Yao. New spider taxa of the world in 2021 [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2022, 30(8): 22163-. |
[11] | Huanxi Cao, Arong Luo, Zeqing Niu, Yanzhou Zhang, Hui Xiao, Chaodong Zhu. New taxa of the order Hymenoptera in 2021 [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2022, 30(8): 22162-. |
[12] | Chen Lin, Bing Zhang, Liang Wang, Ding Yang. New taxa of Diptera from China in 2021 [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2022, 30(8): 22192-. |
[13] | Jianping Jiang, Bo Cai, Bin Wang, Weitao Chen, Zhixin Wen, Dezhi Zhang. New vertebrate forms discovered in China in 2021 [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2022, 30(8): 22225-. |
[14] | Bo Wei, Linshan Liu, Changjun Gu, Haibin Yu, Yili Zhang, Binghua Zhang, Bohao Cui, Dianqing Gong, Yanli Tu. The climate niche is stable and the distribution area of Ageratina adenophora is predicted to expand in China [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2022, 30(8): 21443-. |
[15] | Tongyi Liu, Liyun Jiang, Gexia Qiao. Annual report of new insect taxa of Chinese Hemiptera and 28 other orders described in 2021 [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2022, 30(8): 22300-. |
Viewed | ||||||
Full text |
|
|||||
Abstract |
|
|||||
Copyright © 2022 Biodiversity Science
Editorial Office of Biodiversity Science, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China
Tel: 010-62836137, 62836665 E-mail: biodiversity@ibcas.ac.cn