Evaluating the status of China’s mammals and analyzing their causes of endangerment through the red list assessment

doi:10.17520/biods.2015311

Abstract

Abstract:

Based on current population estimates, habitat status, rates of population decline, and projected population trends, we assessed the status of all known 673 mammals in China using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (Version 3.1), Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria and Guidelines for Application of IUCN Red List Criteria at Regional and National Levels (Version 4.0). We evaluated 71 mammal species that were not evaluated by the IUCN Red List (2015) and 60 species that were not considered by the IUCN Red List (2015) to be distributed in China. We discovered that 178 species of mammals were threatened in China, accounting for 26.4% of all mammal species in the country, which was higher than the worldwide average percentage of threatened species (21.8%). Three species were identified as “Extinct in the Wild” while another three species were classified as “Regionally Extinct”. Roughly a quarter of endemic mammal species are threatened in China. The three orders with the highest ratios of threatened to unthreatened species are Primates, Carnivora and Cetartiodactyla. Most of the provinces in the country have rate of threatened species between 20-30%. Most mammals are distributed on the second ring of the geographic ladder of the country, though few mammal species live at high altitudes but more species of them are threatened. Over-exploitation by humans, habitat loss and human interference are the three leading threats to mammals in China. Since the implementation of the Wild Animal Protection Law of People’s Republic of China in 1989, the status of some mammals, including the giant panda and Tibetan antelope, have been improved. Nevertheless, considering the uniqueness and diversity of mammalian fauna, and the complexity of the topography in China, how to rescue threatened species in the country is still a difficult task in front of us.

Key words: mammals, extinct, threatened, threat, IUCN endangered species, red list

Zhigang Jiang, Lili Li, Zhenhua Luo, Songhua Tang, Chunwang Li, Huijian Hu, Yong Ma, Yi Wu, Yingxiang Wang, Kaiya Zhou, Shaoying Liu, Zuojian Feng, Lei Cai, Chunxin Zang, Yan Zeng, Zhibin Meng, Xiaoge Ping, Hongxia Fang. Evaluating the status of China’s mammals and analyzing their causes of endangerment through the red list assessment[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2016, 24(5): 552-567.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2015311

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2016/V24/I5/552

Figures/Tables 12

References 56

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	CRDB*	CSRL*	本研究 This study
灭绝 Extinct	0	0	0
野外灭绝 Extinct in the Wild	3	2	3
区域灭绝 Regionally Extinct	2	1	3
极危 Critically Endangered	0	25	58
濒危 Endangered	60	94	53
易危 Vulnerable	51	111	67
近危 Near Threatened	20	61	153
无危 Least Concern	0	215	261
数据缺乏 Data Deficient	4	20	74
未评估 Not Evaluated	0	51	0
总计 Total	140	580	672

	CRDB*	CSRL*	本研究 This study
灭绝 Extinct	0	0	0
野外灭绝 Extinct in the Wild	3	2	3
区域灭绝 Regionally Extinct	2	1	3
极危 Critically Endangered	0	25	58
濒危 Endangered	60	94	53
易危 Vulnerable	51	111	67
近危 Near Threatened	20	61	153
无危 Least Concern	0	215	261
数据缺乏 Data Deficient	4	20	74
未评估 Not Evaluated	0	51	0
总计 Total	140	580	672

目 Order	野外灭绝 EW	区域灭绝 RE	极危 CR	濒危 EN	易危 VU	近危 NT	无危 LC	数据缺乏 DD	总计 Total
劳亚食虫目 Eulipotyphla	0	0	1	0	11	36	30	9	87
攀鼩目 Scandentia	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1
翼手目 Chiroptera	0	0	0	3	15	51	42	23	134
灵长目 Primates	0	0	14	6	5	0	1	0	26
鳞甲目 Pholidota	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	2	3
食肉目 Carnivora	0	0	7	19	15	14	3	0	58
鲸偶蹄目 Cetartiodactyla	2	0	31	19	12	7	16	18	105
海牛目 Sirenia	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1
长鼻目 Proboscidea	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1
奇蹄目 Perissodactyla	1	3	0	0	1	1	0	0	6
啮齿目 Rodentia	0	0	1	3	7	36	147	21	215
兔形目 Lagomorpha	0	0	2	2	1	8	21	1	35
总计 Total	3	3	58	53	67	153	261	74	672

目 Order	野外灭绝 EW	区域灭绝 RE	极危 CR	濒危 EN	易危 VU	近危 NT	无危 LC	数据缺乏 DD	总计 Total
劳亚食虫目 Eulipotyphla	0	0	1	0	11	36	30	9	87
攀鼩目 Scandentia	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1
翼手目 Chiroptera	0	0	0	3	15	51	42	23	134
灵长目 Primates	0	0	14	6	5	0	1	0	26
鳞甲目 Pholidota	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	2	3
食肉目 Carnivora	0	0	7	19	15	14	3	0	58
鲸偶蹄目 Cetartiodactyla	2	0	31	19	12	7	16	18	105
海牛目 Sirenia	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1
长鼻目 Proboscidea	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1
奇蹄目 Perissodactyla	1	3	0	0	1	1	0	0	6
啮齿目 Rodentia	0	0	1	3	7	36	147	21	215
兔形目 Lagomorpha	0	0	2	2	1	8	21	1	35
总计 Total	3	3	58	53	67	153	261	74	672

科名	Family	种数 Number of species	受威胁种数 Number of threatened species	比例 Proportion (%)	科名	Family	种数 Number of species	受威胁种数 Number of threatened species	比例 Proportion (%)
猬科	Erinaceidae	9	1	11	马科	Equidae	3	1	33
鼹科	Talpidae	19	6	32	猪科	Suidae	1	0	0
鼩鼱科	Soricidae	59	5	8	骆驼科	Camelidae	1	1	100
树鼩科	Tupaiidae	1	0	0	鼷鹿科	Tragulidae	1	1	100
狐蝠科	Pteropodidae	11	6	55	麝科	Moschidae	6	6	100
鞘尾蝠科	Emballonuridae	2	0	0	鹿科	Cervidae	27	24	89
假吸血蝠科	Megadermatidae	2	1	50	牛科	Bovidae	31	22	71
菊头蝠科	Rhinolophidae	20	2	10	露脊鲸科	Balaenidae	1	1	100
蹄蝠科	Hipposideridae	9	2	22	灰鲸科	Eschrichtiidae	1	0	0
犬吻蝠科	Molossidae	3	0	0	须鲸科	Balaenopteridae	7	3	43
蝙蝠科	Vespertilionidae	87	7	8	白鱀豚科	Lipotidae	1	1	100
懒猴科	Lorisidae	2	2	100	抹香鲸科	Physeteridae	3	0	0
猴科	Cercopithecidae	18	17	94	喙鲸科	Ziphiidae	6	0	0
长臂猿科	Hylobatidae	6	6	100	鼠海豚科	Phocoenidae	2	2	100
鲮鲤科	Manidae	3	1	33	海豚科	Delphinidae	17	1	6
犬科	Canidae	6	1	17	松鼠科	Sciuridae	49	4	8
熊科	Ursidae	3	3	100	河狸科	Castoridae	1	1	100
大熊猫科	Ailuropodidae	1	1	100	仓鼠科	Cricetidae	68	1	1
小熊猫科	Ailuridae	1	1	100	鼠科	Muridae	61	4	7
海狮科	Otariidae	2	1	50	刺山鼠科	Platacanthomyidae	1	0	0
鼬科	Mustelidae	19	12	63	鼹型鼠科	Spalacidae	12	0	0
海豹科	Phocidae	3	1	33	睡鼠科	Gliridae	2	1	50
灵猫科	Viverridae	9	8	89	跳鼠科	Dipodidae	18	0	0
獴科	Herpestidae	2	1	50	豪猪科	Hystricidae	3	0	0
猫科	Felidae	12	12	100	鼠兔科	Ochotonidae	25	4	16
儒艮科	Dugongidae	1	1	100	兔科	Leporidae	10	1	10
象科	Elephantidae	1	1	100	总计	Total	672	178	26
犀科	Rhinocerotidae	3	0	0