中国南部热带植物区系

doi:10.17520/biods.2016055

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

中国的热带地区包括西藏东南部、云南西南到东南部、广西西南部、广东雷州半岛、台湾的南部和海南岛。依据现有植物区系的记录和资料, 中国的热带地区至少具有野生种子植物227科2,181属12,844种。中国的热带植物区系以热带和主产热带, 但分布区延伸到亚热带和温带的科为主, 在属的组成上, 也以热带分布属占优势, 并以热带亚洲分布属所占比例最大, 标志着其热带边缘性质和具有热带亚洲植物区系的特点。因不同地区地质历史及生态环境的差异, 中国热带植物区系在不同地区的组成和地理成分也有一定差异。总的来说, 我国西南部到东南部各热带地区的植物区系科和属的相似性分别在90%和64%以上, 但种的相似性一般低于50%。具体而言, 西藏东南部与云南东南部显示出具有更多的共同优势科属和更大的植物区系相似性; 云南南部和东南部热带亚洲成分比例最高, 虽然它们之间在种的相似性上最大, 但在优势的科属上差异较大; 海南植物区系热带成分总体比例最高, 其中又以泛热带分布比例最大。中国热带植物区系在不同地区间演化和发展上的差异与喜马拉雅隆升过程中发生的地质事件有关, 如印度支那板块向东南逃逸、云南发生地质板块顺时针旋转和位移、云南南部与东南部在地质历史上曾有的隔离以及海南岛向东南的位移等。

关键词: 中国南部, 热带植物区系, 组成, 特征, 起源与演化

Abstract

The Chinese tropical region has generally been recognized to be the area on the northern edge of tropical Asia, and includes southeastern Xizang (Tibet), southern Yunnan, southwestern Guangxi, southern Taiwan, and Hainan Island. Based on present floristic records and data from these tropical areas, 12,844 species of seed plants including 2,181 genera and 227 families, are recognized. The families that are distributed mainly in tropical areas but extended to the temperate zone contribute to the majority of the flora of tropical China, and genera with tropical distributions make up the most of the total flora, which indicate that the flora of tropical areas in China is marginally tropical in nature. The genera with the tropical Asian distribution contributed to the highest portion among the various distribution types, which implies tropical Asian or Indo-Malaysia affinity of the tropical flora of China. The tropical flora of China has conspicuous variations in floristic composition and geographical elements from region to region due to different geological history and ecological environments, although the floristic similarities at the family and generic levels are more than 90% and 64%, respectively but lower than 50% at the specific level, among the compared regional floras from southwestern China and southeastern China. We found that there are more similar dominant families and genera, and also higher similarities between families and genera between southeastern Tibet (Xizang) and southeastern Yunnan. The floras of southern and southeastern Yunnan have a higher portion of the tropical Asian elements compared with other tropical floras in China, and although they have the highest similarity at specific level, the dominant families and genera have conspicuous differences between them. The flora of Hainan has the highest ratio of tropical elements, of which the pan-tropical element has the highest portion. Differences in characteristics and evolution in these tropical floras could be influenced mainly by historical events occurring with uplift of Himalayas, such as the southeastward extrusion of the Indochina geoblock, clockwise rotation and southeastward movement of Lanping-Simao geoblock, divergent geological histories between southern and southeastern Yunnan, and southeastward movement of Hainan Island.

Key words: southern China, tropical flora, floristic composition, characteristics, origin and evolution

朱华 (2017) 中国南部热带植物区系. 生物多样性, 25, 204-217. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2016055.

Hua Zhu (2017) Tropical flora of southern China. Biodiversity Science, 25, 204-217. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2016055.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2016055

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2017/V25/I2/204

图/表 4

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68	Yu G, Chen X, Ni J, Cheddadi R, Guiot J, Han H, Harrison SP, Huang C, Ke M, Kong Z, Li S, Li W, Liew P, Liu G, Liu J, Liu Q, Liu KB, Prentice IC, Qui W, Ren G, Song C, Sugita S, Sun X, Tang L, Van Campo E, Xia Y, Xu Q, Yan S, Yang X, Zhao J, Zheng Z (2000) Palaeovegetation of China: a pollen data-based synthesis for the mid-Holocene and last glacial maximum. Journal of Biogeography, 27, 635-664.
69	Yunnan Geology and Mineral Bureau(1995) Atlas of Geology and Palaeogeography of Yunnan. Yunnan Science and Technology Press, Kunming.
	(in Chinese) [云南地质矿产局(1995) 云南岩相古地理图集. 云南科技出版社, 昆明.]
70	Zhang RJ, Xing FW, Siu LP, Liu Y, Ye YS, Saichit Ng, Chen HF, Wang FG (2007) Spermatophyte flora of Yinggeling Mountain, Hainan. Biodiversity Science, 15, 382-392.
	(in Chinese with English abstract) [张荣京, 邢福武, 萧丽萍, 刘演, 叶育石, 吴世捷, 陈红锋, 王发国 (2007) 海南鹦哥岭的种子植物区系. 生物多样性, 15, 382-392.]
71	Zhang XS (2007) Vegetation Maps of the People’s Republic of China. Geological Publishing House, Beijing.
	(in Chinese) [张新时 (2007) 中华人民共和国植被图. 地质出版社, 北京.]
72	Zhu H (1994) The floristic characteristics of the tropical rain forest in Xishuangbanna. Chinese Geographical Science, 4, 174-185.
73	Zhu H (1997) Ecological and biogeographical studies on the tropical rain forest of south Yunnan, SW China with a special reference to its relation with rain forests of tropical Asia. Journal of Biogeography, 24, 647-662.
74	Zhu H (2008a) The tropical flora of southern Yunnan, China, and its biogeographical affinities. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 95, 661-680.
75	Zhu H (2008b) Advances in biogeography of the tropical rainforest in southern Yunnan, southwestern China. Tropical Conservation Science, 1, 34-42.
76	Zhu H (2011) A new biogeographical line between South Yunnan and Southeast Yunnan. Advances in Earth Science, 26, 916-925.
	(in Chinese with English abstract) [朱华 (2011) 云南一条新的生物地理线. 地球科学进展, 26, 916-925.]
77	Zhu H (2012) Biogeographical divergence of the flora of Yunnan, southwestern China initiated by the uplift of Himalaya and extrusion of indochina block. PLoS ONE, 7, e45601.
78	Zhu H (2013) Geographical elements of seed plants suggest the boundary of the tropical zone in China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 386, 16-22.
79	Zhu H (2015) Geographical patterns of Yunnan seed plants may be influenced by the Clockwise Rotation of the Simao-Indochina Geoblock. Frontiers in Earth Science, 3, 53. doi:10.3389/feart.2015.00053.
80	Zhu H (2016a) A biogeographical comparison between Yunnan, Southwest China, and Taiwan, Southeast China, with implications for the evolutionary history of the East Asian Flora. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 101, 750-771.
81	Zhu H (2016b) Biogeographical evidences help revealing the origin of Hainan Island. PLoS ONE, 11, e0151941.
82	Zhu H, Cao M, Hu HB (2006a) Geological history, flora, and vegetation of Xishuangbanna, southern Yunnan, China. Biotropica, 38, 310-317.
83	Zhu H, Chai Y, Zhou SS, Wang H, Yan LC (2015) Vegetation, floristic composition and species diversity in a tropical mountain nature reserve in southern Yunnan, SW China with implications to conservation. Tropical Conservation Science, 8, 528-546.
84	Zhu H, Ma YX, Yan LC, Hu HB (2007) The relationship between geography and climate in the generic-level patterns of Chinese seed plants. Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica, 45, 134-166.
85	Zhu H, Roos MC (2004) The tropical flora of S. China and its affinity to Indo-Malesian flora. Telopea, 10, 639-648.
86	Zhu H, Shi JP, Zhao CJ (2005) Species composition, physiognomy and plant diversity of the tropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forest in southern Yunnan. Biodiversity and Conservation, 14, 2855-2870.
87	Zhu H, Wang H, Li BG (2006b) Species composition and biogeography of tropical montane rain forest in southern Yunnan of China. Gardens’ Bulletin Singapore, 58, 81-132.
88	Zhu H, Wang H, Li BG, Sirirugsa P (2003) Biogeography and floristic affinity of the limestone flora in southern Yunnan, China. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 90, 444-465.
89	Zhu H, Yan LC (2002) A discussion on biogeographical lines of the tropical-subtropical Yunnan. Chinese Geographical Science, 12, 90-96.
90	Zhu H, Yan LC (2003) Notes on the realities and significances
91	of the “Tanaka line” and the “Ecogeographical Diagonal line” in Yunnan. Advances in Earth Science, 18, 871-877.
	(in Chinese with English abstract) [朱华, 阎丽春 (2003) 再论“田中线”和“滇西-滇东南”生态地理(生物地理)对角线”的真实性和意义. 地球科学进展, 18, 871-877.]
92	Zhu H, Yan LC (2009) Biogeographical affinities of the flora of southeastern Yunnan, China. Botanical Studies, 50, 467-475.
93	Zhu H, Yan LC (2012) Native Seed Plants in Xishuangbanna of Yunnan. Science Press, Beijing.
	(in Chinese) [朱华, 闫丽春 (2012) 云南西双版纳野生种子植物. 科学出版社, 北京.]
94	Zhu H, Zhao CJ, Wang H, Zhou SS, Shi JP, Li BG (2006) A study on the flora of Caiyanghe Nature Reserve in Simao, Yunnan with references to the transition from tropical Asian flora to Eastern Asian flora. Bulletin of Botanical Research, 26(1), 38-52.
	(in Chinese with English abstract) [朱华, 赵崇奖, 王洪, 周时顺, 施济普, 李保贵 (2006) 思茅菜阳河自然保护区植物区系研究——兼论热带亚洲植物区系向东亚植物区系的过渡. 植物研究, 26(1), 38-52.]
95	Zhu KZ, Wan MW (1963) Phenology. Scientific Education Press, Beijing.
	(in Chinese) [竺可桢, 宛敏渭 (1963) 物候学. 科学教育出版社, 北京.]

分布区类型 Areal-types	科数 No. of family (%)	属数 No. of genus (%)
1 世界分布 Cosmopolitan	47 (20.70)	92 (4.22)
2 泛热带分布 Pantropic	86 (37.89)	345 (15.82)
3 热带亚洲至热带美洲间断分布 Tropical Asia and Tropical America disjuncted	14 (6.17)	57 (2.61)
4 旧世界热带分布 Old World Tropics	10 (4.41)	167 (7.66)
5 热带亚洲至大洋洲分布 Tropical Asia to Tropical Australasia	9 (3.96)	198 (9.08)
6 热带亚洲至热带非洲分布 Tropical Asia to Tropical Africa	3 (1.32)	131 (6.01)
7 热带亚洲分布 Tropical Asia (Indo-Malesia)	10 (4.41)	568 (26.04)
热带成分合计 Subtotal tropical elements (2-7)	132 (58.16)	1,466 (67.22)
8 北温带分布 North Temperate	31 (13.66)	190 (8.71)
9 东亚和北美间断分布 E. Asia and N. America disjuncted	9 (3.96)	79 (3.62)
10 旧世界温带分布 Old World Temperate	1 (0.44)	73 (3.35)
11 温带亚洲分布 Temperate Asia	0 (0.00)	16 (0.73)
12 地中海, 西亚至中亚分布 Mediterranea, W. Asia to C. Asia	0 (0.00)	6 (0.28)
13 中亚分布 C. Asia	0 (0.00)	5 (0.23)
14 东亚分布 E. Asia	7 (3.08)	178 (8.16)
15 中国特有分布 Endemic to China	0 (0.00)	76 (3.48)
温带成分合计 Subtotal temperate elements (8-15)	48 (21.14)	623 (28.56)
总计 Total	227 (100.00)	2,181 (100.00)

分布区类型 Areal-types	科数 No. of family (%)	属数 No. of genus (%)
1 世界分布 Cosmopolitan	47 (20.70)	92 (4.22)
2 泛热带分布 Pantropic	86 (37.89)	345 (15.82)
3 热带亚洲至热带美洲间断分布 Tropical Asia and Tropical America disjuncted	14 (6.17)	57 (2.61)
4 旧世界热带分布 Old World Tropics	10 (4.41)	167 (7.66)
5 热带亚洲至大洋洲分布 Tropical Asia to Tropical Australasia	9 (3.96)	198 (9.08)
6 热带亚洲至热带非洲分布 Tropical Asia to Tropical Africa	3 (1.32)	131 (6.01)
7 热带亚洲分布 Tropical Asia (Indo-Malesia)	10 (4.41)	568 (26.04)
热带成分合计 Subtotal tropical elements (2-7)	132 (58.16)	1,466 (67.22)
8 北温带分布 North Temperate	31 (13.66)	190 (8.71)
9 东亚和北美间断分布 E. Asia and N. America disjuncted	9 (3.96)	79 (3.62)
10 旧世界温带分布 Old World Temperate	1 (0.44)	73 (3.35)
11 温带亚洲分布 Temperate Asia	0 (0.00)	16 (0.73)
12 地中海, 西亚至中亚分布 Mediterranea, W. Asia to C. Asia	0 (0.00)	6 (0.28)
13 中亚分布 C. Asia	0 (0.00)	5 (0.23)
14 东亚分布 E. Asia	7 (3.08)	178 (8.16)
15 中国特有分布 Endemic to China	0 (0.00)	76 (3.48)
温带成分合计 Subtotal temperate elements (8-15)	48 (21.14)	623 (28.56)
总计 Total	227 (100.00)	2,181 (100.00)

西藏墨脱¹ Motuo, Xizang¹	种数 No. of species	云南南部² Southern Yunnan²	种数 No. of species	云南东南部³ Southeastern Yunnan³	种数 No. of species	广西西南部⁴ Southwestern Guangxi⁴	种数 No. of species	海南⁵ Hainan⁵	种数 No. of species
兰科 Orchidaceae	181	兰科 Orchidaceae	377	兰科 Orchidaceae	276	豆科 Fabaceae	163	禾本科 Poaceae	267
杜鹃花科 Ericaceae	94	豆科 Fabaceae	261	豆科 Fabaceae	270	大戟科 Euphorbiaceae	105	兰科 Orchidaceae	264
禾本科 Poaceae	88	茜草科 Rubiaceae	201	茜草科 Rubiaceae	235	茜草科 Rubiaceae	105	豆科 Fabaceae	230
荨麻科 Urticaceae	77	禾本科 Poaceae	189	禾本科 Poaceae	215	菊科 Asteraceae	93	茜草科 Rubiaceae	199
樟科 Lauraceae	70	大戟科 Euphorbiaceae	148	菊科 Asteraceae	175	兰科 Orchidaceae	83	莎草科 Cyperaceae	172
蔷薇科 Rosaceae	61	唇形科 Lamiaceae	139	樟科 Lauraceae	141	禾本科 Poaceae	79	大戟科 Euphorbiaceae	160
菊科 Asteraceae	58	菊科 Asteraceae	137	荨麻科 Urticaceae	134	樟科 Lauraceae	68	菊科 Asteraceae	125
唇形科 Lamiaceae	50	樟科 Lauraceae	105	大戟科 Euphorbiaceae	127	蔷薇科 Rosaceae	65	唇形科 Lamiaceae	110
豆科 Fabaceae	49	荨麻科 Urticaceae	84	蔷薇科 Rosaceae	124	荨麻科 Urticaceae	58	樟科 Lauraceae	103
茜草科 Rubiaceae	47	姜科 Zingiberaceae	84	壳斗科 Fagaceae	109	壳斗科 Fagaceae	57	萝摩科 Asclepiadaceae	68
毛茛科 Ranunculaceae	35	桑科 Moraceae	83	桑科 Moraceae	104	桑科 Moraceae	47	爵床科 Acanthaceae	66
五加科 Araliaceae	31	爵床科 Acanthaceae	77	杜鹃花科 Ericaceae	95	芸香科 Rutaceae	46	壳斗科 Fagaceae	64
莎草科 Cyperaceae	29	萝摩科 Asclepiadaceae	66	唇形科 Lamiaceae	91	姜科 Zingiberaceae	46	桑科 Moraceae	60
壳斗科 Fagaceae	29	莎草科 Cyperaceae	63	莎草科 Cyperaceae	87	萝摩科 Asclepiadaceae	45	番荔枝科 Annonaceae	54
天南星科 Araceae	28	葫芦科 Cucurbitaceae	60	爵床科 Acanthaceae	85	苦苣苔科 Gesneriaceae	45	旋花科 Convolvulaceae	51
蓼科 Polygonaceae	28	壳斗科 Fagaceae	60	苦苣苔科 Gesneriaceae	80	夹竹桃科 Apocynaceae	43	紫金牛科 Myrsinaceae	49
苦苣苔科 Gesneriaceae	27	蔷薇科 Rosaceae	59	茶科 Theaceae	80	天门冬科 Asparagaceae	43	荨麻科 Urticaceae	49
桑科 Moraceae	23	番荔枝科 Annonaceae	57	天门冬科 Asparagaceae	67	紫金牛科 Myrsinaceae	42	桃金娘科 Myrtaceae	48
忍冬科 Caprifoliaceae	22	夹竹桃科 Apocynaceae	56	五加科 Araliaceae	62	唇形科 Lamiaceae	39	玄参科 Scrophulariaceae	48
大戟科 Euphorbiaceae	22	葡萄科 Vitaceae	56	金牛科 Myrsinaceae	60	葡萄科 Vitaceae	37	芸香科 Rutaceae	42

西藏墨脱¹ Motuo, Xizang¹	种数 No. of species	云南南部² Southern Yunnan²	种数 No. of species	云南东南部³ Southeastern Yunnan³	种数 No. of species	广西西南部⁴ Southwestern Guangxi⁴	种数 No. of species	海南⁵ Hainan⁵	种数 No. of species
兰科 Orchidaceae	181	兰科 Orchidaceae	377	兰科 Orchidaceae	276	豆科 Fabaceae	163	禾本科 Poaceae	267
杜鹃花科 Ericaceae	94	豆科 Fabaceae	261	豆科 Fabaceae	270	大戟科 Euphorbiaceae	105	兰科 Orchidaceae	264
禾本科 Poaceae	88	茜草科 Rubiaceae	201	茜草科 Rubiaceae	235	茜草科 Rubiaceae	105	豆科 Fabaceae	230
荨麻科 Urticaceae	77	禾本科 Poaceae	189	禾本科 Poaceae	215	菊科 Asteraceae	93	茜草科 Rubiaceae	199
樟科 Lauraceae	70	大戟科 Euphorbiaceae	148	菊科 Asteraceae	175	兰科 Orchidaceae	83	莎草科 Cyperaceae	172
蔷薇科 Rosaceae	61	唇形科 Lamiaceae	139	樟科 Lauraceae	141	禾本科 Poaceae	79	大戟科 Euphorbiaceae	160
菊科 Asteraceae	58	菊科 Asteraceae	137	荨麻科 Urticaceae	134	樟科 Lauraceae	68	菊科 Asteraceae	125
唇形科 Lamiaceae	50	樟科 Lauraceae	105	大戟科 Euphorbiaceae	127	蔷薇科 Rosaceae	65	唇形科 Lamiaceae	110
豆科 Fabaceae	49	荨麻科 Urticaceae	84	蔷薇科 Rosaceae	124	荨麻科 Urticaceae	58	樟科 Lauraceae	103
茜草科 Rubiaceae	47	姜科 Zingiberaceae	84	壳斗科 Fagaceae	109	壳斗科 Fagaceae	57	萝摩科 Asclepiadaceae	68
毛茛科 Ranunculaceae	35	桑科 Moraceae	83	桑科 Moraceae	104	桑科 Moraceae	47	爵床科 Acanthaceae	66
五加科 Araliaceae	31	爵床科 Acanthaceae	77	杜鹃花科 Ericaceae	95	芸香科 Rutaceae	46	壳斗科 Fagaceae	64
莎草科 Cyperaceae	29	萝摩科 Asclepiadaceae	66	唇形科 Lamiaceae	91	姜科 Zingiberaceae	46	桑科 Moraceae	60
壳斗科 Fagaceae	29	莎草科 Cyperaceae	63	莎草科 Cyperaceae	87	萝摩科 Asclepiadaceae	45	番荔枝科 Annonaceae	54
天南星科 Araceae	28	葫芦科 Cucurbitaceae	60	爵床科 Acanthaceae	85	苦苣苔科 Gesneriaceae	45	旋花科 Convolvulaceae	51
蓼科 Polygonaceae	28	壳斗科 Fagaceae	60	苦苣苔科 Gesneriaceae	80	夹竹桃科 Apocynaceae	43	紫金牛科 Myrsinaceae	49
苦苣苔科 Gesneriaceae	27	蔷薇科 Rosaceae	59	茶科 Theaceae	80	天门冬科 Asparagaceae	43	荨麻科 Urticaceae	49
桑科 Moraceae	23	番荔枝科 Annonaceae	57	天门冬科 Asparagaceae	67	紫金牛科 Myrsinaceae	42	桃金娘科 Myrtaceae	48
忍冬科 Caprifoliaceae	22	夹竹桃科 Apocynaceae	56	五加科 Araliaceae	62	唇形科 Lamiaceae	39	玄参科 Scrophulariaceae	48
大戟科 Euphorbiaceae	22	葡萄科 Vitaceae	56	金牛科 Myrsinaceae	60	葡萄科 Vitaceae	37	芸香科 Rutaceae	42

属分布区类型 Areal-types of genera	西藏墨脱¹ Motuo, Xizang¹	云南南部² Southern Yunnan²	云南东南部³ Southeastern Yunnan³	广西西南部⁴ Southwestern Guangxi⁴	海南⁵ Hainan⁵
1 世界分布 Cosmopolitan	7.60	4.67	4.57	5.43	5.07
2 泛热带分布 Pantropic	16.42	20.47	17.69	20.06	23.07
3 热带亚洲至热带美洲间断分布 Tropical Asia and Tropical America disjuncted	2.85	2.50	2.21	2.96	2.88
4 旧世界热带分布 Old World Tropics	6.38	9.91	8.55	9.19	11.46
5 热带亚洲至大洋洲分布 Tropical Asia to Tropical Australasia	8.14	10.72	6.04	9.98	13.18
6 热带亚洲至热带非洲分布 Tropical Asia to Tropical Africa	4.75	5.72	7.00	4.45	6.24
7 热带亚洲分布 Tropical Asia (Indo-Malesia)	16.28	27.72	27.34	23.22	23.77
热带成分合计 Subtotal tropical elements	54.82	77.03	69.00	69.86	80.5
8 北温带分布 North Temperate	15.06	5.48	8.18	7.71	4.60
9 东亚和北美间断分布 E. Asia and N. Amer. Disjuncted	5.16	2.58	3.46	3.95	2.49
10 旧世界温带分布 Old World Temperate	3.66	2.34	2.36	2.96	1.56
11 温带亚洲分布 Temperate Asia	0.68	0.40	0.44	0.49	0.31
12 地中海, 西亚至中亚分布 Mediterranea, W. Asia to C. Asia	0.54	0.24	0.22	0.30	0.16
13 中亚分布 C. Asia	0.14	0.16	0.07	0.00	0
14 东亚分布 E. Asia	11.94	5.88	8.84	7.11	3.74
15 中国特有分布 Endemic to China	0.41	1.21	3.02	2.17	1.48
温带成分合计 Subtotal temperate elements	37.58	18.29	26.59	24.7	14.34
总计	100	100	100	100	100.00