穿山甲肉在中国大陆的非法贸易网络及对其实施关键干预措施的启示

doi:10.17520/biods.2023079

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

中国是穿山甲(Manis spp.)肉及甲片的主要消费区域之一。针对穿山甲不同形式产品的非法贸易和消费特点制定差异化、精准的保护对策, 对于穿山甲物种保护具有重要的促进作用。然而, 目前缺乏分别对穿山甲的肉或甲片开展非法贸易和消费特点的研究。本研究通过使用关键词“穿山甲”检索2022年1月11日之前在中国裁判文书网和网络媒体上报道的穿山甲肉的非法贸易案例, 对其涉及区域、贸易网络特征及贸易方式等进行了研究。结果发现, 穿山甲肉的贸易和消费主要集中在中国南方地区; 这些肉主要是由东南亚地区输入我国, 少量可能来自查获地。防城港、保山以及德宏是穿山甲肉非法贸易入境的主要陆路通道, 而广东和福建的港口和小码头是主要的海运通道。国内防城港、广州和昆明是穿山甲非法贸易网络上的关键城市。本研究的结果可能会受到2013年之前裁判文书网相应案件收录不全以及越久远的网络报道案例丢失越多的数据偏差的影响。根据本研究结果, 我们建议: 加强中国广西、云南边境口岸以及广东、福建港口、小码头等的货物走私检查和监察力度, 提高防城港、广州、保山和德宏出境车辆货物检查率, 在中国南方和北方采取差异化的穿山甲保护公众教育措施, 同时呼吁东南亚国家加强野生动物保护立法、执法力度和公众教育等措施, 是有效遏制中国大陆穿山甲肉非法贸易和消费的手段。本研究对于中国的穿山甲物种保护具有较大的实践意义。

关键词: 非法贸易, 穿山甲肉, 走私, 动物保护, 中国大陆

Abstract

Background & Aim: China is one of the main consumption areas of pangolin (Manis spp.) meat and scales. In order to promote the conservation of this taxonomic group, differentiated and precise protection measures based on the illegal trade and consumption characteristics of various pangolin products are essential. However, there is a lack of research on the illegal trade and consumption characteristics of pangolin meat or scales separately.

Methods: This study uses the key word “pangolin” to compile the illegal trade cases of pangolin meat reported on the China Judgements Online and network media before January 11, 2022. We then use these reports to assess the characteristics of the region, trade network and trade methods.

Results: We found that pangolin meat trade and consumption mainly occured in southern China. This meat was mainly imported from Southeast Asia, though a small amount may come from seized area in China. The primary land access points for illegal pangolin meat trade into Chinese mainland are Fangchenggang, Baoshan and Dehong, while ports and small wharves in Guangdong and Fujian are the main sea access areas. Fangchenggang, Guangzhou, and Kunming are the key cities in the illegal pangolin trade network in Chinese mainland. The validity of these results may be affected by the incomplete inclusion of corresponding cases on the judicial documents website before 2013 and biases present the older reported cases on the internet.

Suggestions: Based on the results presented here, we suggest enhancing the inspection of border ports in Guangxi and Yunnan and wharves in Guangdong and Fujian, China. Measures such as improving the outbound vehicle inspection rate in Fangchenggang, Guangzhou, Baoshan, and Dehong and adopting differentiated public education on pangolin protection in Southern and Northern China. While it is important to continue to call on Southeast Asian countries to strengthen wildlife protection legislation, law enforcement and public education measures are considered effective additional means of curbing the illegal trade and consumption of pangolin meat in China.

Key words: illegal trade, pangolin meat, smuggling, animal protection, Chinese mainland

张富华, 席菲, 汤芯蕊, 岑鹏, 吴诗宝 (2023) 穿山甲肉在中国大陆的非法贸易网络及对其实施关键干预措施的启示. 生物多样性, 31, 23079. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023079.

Fuhua Zhang, Fei Xi, Xinrui Tang, Peng Cen, Shibao Wu (2023) The illegal trade network of pangolin meat in Chinese mainland and its implications for the implementation of key interventions. Biodiversity Science, 31, 23079. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2023079.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.17520/biods.2023079

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2023/V31/I10/23079

图/表 7

图1 中国大陆境内穿山甲肉非法贸易区域分布图

Fig. 1 Illegal trade of pangolin meat in different regions of Chinese mainland

图2 2001?2019年间每年缉获的穿山甲个体和案件数量及其变动趋势

Fig. 2 The annual number of seized pangolin individuals and cases and their changing trends from 2001 to 2019

图3 2001?2021年间在中国境内缉获的不同地区间穿山甲肉相关的非法贸易环状图。(a)查获的不同区域间穿山甲肉非法贸易案件数量; (b)查获的由境外输入的中国大陆不同城市及大陆境内不同城市间非法贸易的穿山甲个体数量; (c)查获的不同国家输入中国大陆不同城市非法贸易的穿山甲个体数量; (d)查获的不同国家与中国大陆各省及大陆各省之间进行非法贸易的穿山甲个体数量。连接带与边缘彩色环条之间的间隙表示进口, 边缘彩色环条与相同颜色的连接带表示出口, 填充两者之间间隙的彩色环条代表货物出口的目的地, 连接带的宽度表示非法贸易案件数量(a)或个体数量(b, c和d)。图中各数字代表城市如下: 1. 国外; 2. 重庆; 3. 六盘水、绵阳、成都、攀枝花; 4. 西双版纳; 5. 保山; 6. 楚雄; 7. 德宏; 8. 昆明; 9. 普洱; 10. 曲靖; 11. 文山; 12. 丽江、怒江、大理、红河、临沧; 13. 北海; 14. 崇左; 15. 防城港; 16. 广西未知城市、梧州、贺州、百色; 17. 桂林; 18. 柳州; 19. 南宁; 20. 钦州; 21. 玉林; 22. 赣州; 23. 鹰潭、南昌、抚州、上饶、吉安、九江; 24. 海南; 25. 荆州、恩施; 26. 福建未知城市、莆田、南平; 27. 福州; 28. 龙岩; 29. 宁德; 30. 泉州; 31. 三明; 32. 厦门; 33. 漳州; 34. 北京; 35. 山东未知、西安、吉林、石家庄、青岛; 36. 郑州; 37. 常州; 38. 苏州、泰州; 39. 南京; 40. 无锡; 41. 上海; 42. 阜阳、宣城、芜湖; 43. 长沙; 44. 郴州; 45. 衡阳; 46. 怀化; 47. 湖南未知城市、湘西、永州; 48. 益阳; 49. 株洲; 50. 东莞; 51. 佛山; 52. 广州; 53. 广东未知城市、潮州、汕头、汕尾; 54. 河源; 55. 惠州; 56. 江门; 57. 揭阳; 58. 茂名; 59. 梅州; 60. 清远; 61. 韶关; 62. 深圳; 63. 阳江; 64. 云浮; 65. 湛江; 66. 肇庆; 67. 中山; 68. 珠海; 69. 杭州; 70. 嘉兴; 71. 金华; 72. 丽水; 73. 宁波; 74. 衢州; 75. 绍兴; 76. 台州; 77. 温州; 78. 印度尼西亚; 79. 老挝; 80. 马来西亚; 81. 缅甸; 82. 国外未知; 83. 越南; 84. 红河; 85. 临沧; 86. 怒江; 87. 百色; 88. 四川; 89. 吉林; 90. 山东; 91. 河北; 92. 陕西; 93. 河南; 94. 贵州; 95. 浙江; 96. 云南; 97. 广西; 98. 江西; 99. 湖北; 100. 福建; 101. 江苏; 102. 安徽; 103. 湖南; 104. 广东。

Fig. 3 A circular map of the illegal trade in pangolin meat between different regions seized in China from 2001 to 2021. (a) The number of seized incidences in pangolin meat between regions; (b) Number of seized individuals in pangolin meat between regions; (c) Number of individuals illegally traded into different cities of Chinese mainland from different countries; (d) Number of individuals in illegal trade between different provinces in China and between different provinces in China and other countries. The gap between the connection band and the edge colored ring bar represents the import, the edge colored ring bar and the same color connection band indicates the exit, and the colored ring bar filling the gap between the two represents the destination of the goods export. The width of the connection band indicates the number of seized incidences (a) or individuals (b, c and d). The numbers in the figure represent the cities as follow: 1. Abroad; 2. Chongqing; 3. Liupanshui, Mianyang, Chengdu, Panzhihua; 4. Xishuangbanna; 5. Baoshan; 6. Chuxiong; 7. Dehong; 8. Kunming; 9. Pu’er; 10. Qujing; 11. Wenshan; 12. Lijiang, Nujiang, Dali, Honghe, Lincang; 13. Beihai; 14. Chongzuo; 15. Fangchenggang; 16. Unknown cities in Guangxi, Wuzhou, Hezhou, Baise; 17. Guilin; 18. Liuzhou; 19. Nanning; 20. Qinzhou; 21. Yulin; 22. Ganzhou; 23. Yingtan, Nanchang, Fuzhou (Jiangxi), Shangrao, Ji’an, Jiujiang; 24. Hainan; 25. Jingzhou, Enshi; 26. Unknown cities in Fujian, Putian, Nanping; 27. Fuzhou (Fujian); 28. Longyan; 29. Ningde; 30. Quanzhou; 31. Sanming; 32. Xiamen; 33, Zhangzhou; 34. Beijing; 35. Unknown cities in Shandong, Xi’an, Jilin, Shijiazhuang, Qingdao; 36. Zhengzhou; 37. Changzhou; 38. Suzhou, Taizhou (Jiangsu); 39. Nanjing; 40. Wuxi; 41. Shanghai; 42. Fuyang, Xuancheng, Wuhu; 43. Changsha; 44. Chenzhou; 45. Hengyang; 46. Huaihua; 47. Unknown cities in Hunan, Xiangxi, Yongzhou; 48. Yiyang; 49. Zhuzhou; 50. Dongguan; 51. Foshan; 52. Guangzhou; 53. Unknown cities in Guangdong, Chaozhou, Shantou, Shanwei; 54. Heyuan; 55. Huizhou; 56. Jiangmen; 57. Jieyang; 58. Maoming; 59. Meizhou; 60. Qingyuan; 61. Shaoguan; 62. Shenzhen; 63. Yangjiang; 64. Yunfu; 65. Zhanjiang; 66. Zhaoqing; 67. Zhongshan; 68. Zhuhai; 69. Hangzhou; 70. Jiaxing; 71. Jinhua; 72. Lishui; 73. Ningbo; 74. Quzhou; 75. Shaoxing; 76. Taizhou (Zhejiang); 77. Wenzhou; 78. Indonesia; 79. Laos; 80. Malaysia; 81. Myanmar; 82. Abroad unknown; 83. Vietnam; 84. Honghe; 85. Lincang; 86. Nujiang ; 87. Baise; 88. Sichuan; 89. Jilin; 90. Shandong; 91. Hebei; 92. Shaanxi; 93. Henan; 94. Guizhou; 95. Zhejiang; 96. Yunnan; 97. Guangxi; 98. Jiangxi; 99. Hubei; 100. Fujian; 101. Jiangsu; 102. Anhui; 103. Hunan; 104. Guangdong.

表1 不同城市穿山甲肉的非法贸易中缉获个体数量和案件数量的中介中心性

Table 1 Betweenness centrality of the number of seized individuals and incidences in the illegal trade of pangolin meat in different cities

序号 No.	总贸易量中介值 Betw. (ind.)	贸易个体来源 Borgatti’s source betw. (ind.)	贸易个体去向 Borgatti’s destination betw. (ind.)	总案件量中介值 Betw. (inc)	贸易案件来源 Borgatti’s source betw. (inc.)	贸易案件去向 Borgatti’s destination betw. (inc.)
1	广州 Guangzhou	广州 Guangzhou	广州 Guangzhou	广州 Guangzhou	广州 Guangzhou	广州 Guangzhou
2	防城港 Fangchenggang	防城港 Fangchenggang	防城港 Fangchenggang	衢州 Quzhou	防城港 Fangchenggang	佛山 Foshan
3	金华 Jinhua	衢州 Quzhou	金华 Jinhua	昆明 Kunming	衢州 Quzhou	昆明 Kunming
4	昆明 Kunming	北海 Beihai	昆明 Kunming	上海 Shanghai	上海 Shanghai	深圳 Shenzhen
5	衢州 Quzhou	昆明 Kunming	深圳 Shenzhen	佛山 Foshan	长沙 Changsha	衢州 Quzhou

表2 不同城市穿山甲肉的非法贸易中缉获个体数量和案件数量的度中心性

Table 2 Degree centrality of the number of seized individuals and incidences in the illegal trade of pangolin meat in different cities

序号 No.	总贸易量 Degree value (ind.)	输入数量 Indegree value (ind.)	输出数量 Outdegree value (ind.)	总案件数量 Degree value (inc.)	输入案件量 Indegree value (inc.)	输出案件量 Outdegree value (inc.)
1	防城港 Fangchenggang	江门 Jiangmen	防城港 Fangchenggang	广州 Guangzhou	广州 Guangzhou	防城港 Fangchenggang
2	北海 Beihai	防城港 Fangchenggang	北海 Beihai	防城港 Fangchenggang	佛山 Foshan	广州 Guangzhou
3	江门 Jiangmen	北海 Beihai	广州 Guangzhou	德宏 Dehong	防城港 Fangchenggang	德宏 Dehong
4	广州 Guangzhou	厦门 Xiamen	台州 Taizhou	昆明 Kunming	保山 Baoshan	长沙 Changsha
5	厦门 Xiamen	惠州 Huizhou	中山 Zhongshan	佛山 Foshan	衡阳 Hengyang	昆明 Kunming

表3 去掉或隔离1?10个城市组成的一组节点对穿山甲肉非法贸易网络的破坏情况

Table 3 Removal or isolation of the destruction of the illegal trade network of pangolin meat by a group of nodes composed of 1 to 10 cities

分组 No.	关键节点 Key players	破碎化指数 Fragmentation index
1	中国上海 China’s Shanghai	0.394
2	中国福州、上海 China’s Fuzhou, Shanghai	0.46
3	中国长沙、广州、昆明 China’s Changsha, Guangzhou, Kunming	0.511
4	中国防城港、广州、深圳、广西未知城市 China’s Fangchenggang, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, unknown cities in Guangxi	0.546
5	中国防城港、广州、深圳、广西未知城市; 越南 China’s Fangchenggang, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, unknown cities in Guangxi; Vietnam	0.583
6	中国防城港、福州、广州、上海、广西未知城市; 越南 China’s Fangchenggang, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Shanghai, unknown cities in Guangxi; Vietnam	0.771
7	中国长沙、防城港、广州、昆明、衢州、深圳、广西未知城市 China’s Changsha, Fangchenggang, Guangzhou, Kunming, Quzhou, Shenzhen, unknown cities in Guangxi	0.886
8	中国长沙、防城港、福州、广州、上海、昆明、广西未知城市; 越南 China’s Changsha, Fangchenggang, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Kunming, unknown cities in Guangxi; Vietnam	0.923
9	中国长沙、防城港、广州、昆明、上海、深圳、广西未知城市; 越南; 马来西亚 China’s Changsha, Fangchenggang, Guangzhou, Kunming, Shanghai, Shenzhen, unknown cities in Guangxi; Vietnam; Malaysia	0.943
10	中国长沙、防城港、广州、昆明、上海、深圳、广西未知城市; 越南; 马来西亚; 缅甸 China’s Changsha, Fangchenggang, Guangzhou, Kunming, Shanghai, Shenzhen, unknown cities in Guangxi; Vietnam; Malaysia; Myanmar	0.953

图4 穿山甲肉非法贸易中使用的不同运输方式。(a)查获的使用不同运输方式非法贸易的次数; (b)通过不同运输方式非法贸易的穿山甲个体总数; (c)通过不同运输方式平均每次非法贸易的穿山甲个体数量以及差异(平均值 ± 标准差)。在图(c)中, 相同字母表示二者之间差异不显著, 不同字母代表差异显著。

Fig. 4 Different ways of transportation used in the illegal trade of pangolin meat. (a) Frequency of different modes of transportation; (b) The total volume of transportation and; (c) Volume of single transportation mode (mean ± SD). In Fig. (c), there are no significant differences between those labeled with the same letter and those with different letters represent a significant difference.

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