生物多样性 ›› 2022, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (3): 21321. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2021321
史丹阳1, 廖书跃1, 朱磊2, 李彬彬1,*(
)
收稿日期:2021-08-16
接受日期:2021-12-20
出版日期:2022-03-20
发布日期:2022-01-08
通讯作者:
李彬彬
作者简介:*E-mail: bl113@duke.edu
Danyang Shi1, Shu-Yueh Liao1, Lei Zhu2, Binbin V. Li1,*()
Received:2021-08-16
Accepted:2021-12-20
Online:2022-03-20
Published:2022-01-08
Contact:
Binbin V. Li
摘要：
随着城市化进程的推进, 各类人造设施, 尤其是建筑物及建筑物上的玻璃, 已经成为鸟类生存的重要威胁。有些建筑物及其上的玻璃拥有透明和反光的特性, 这样的特性令鸟类无法辨认出玻璃的存在, 导致在飞行途中与玻璃相撞致死, 或致伤、致残。这样的现象被称为鸟撞建筑或鸟撞建筑玻璃, 简称鸟撞。在北美, 针对鸟撞现象的研究较多。在美国, 鸟撞每年造成3-10亿只鸟死亡, 是人类活动直接造成的鸟类死亡中最突出的原因之一。然而, 目前中国对于鸟撞的研究和关注还非常有限。随着中国对城市生态学和城市生物多样性的重视, 鸟撞现象也应进入到生物多样性研究与保护的视野中。为了让该议题被更多人所了解, 本综述总结和介绍了鸟撞现象, 包括影响鸟撞发生的因素、预防鸟撞措施的进展和鸟撞调查的方法概述。此外, 本文以案例形式介绍了国内首个系统性鸟撞建筑的调查, 并阐释了该类调查的可行性与必要性。基于过往研究, 本文最后提出了针对未来鸟撞建筑研究方向的建议: (1)对中国鸟撞建筑现象进行整体评估; (2)建立系统性调查方法和鸟撞数据收集的系统; (3)进一步探究鸟撞机理; (4)促进和改变公众意识、影响城市规划与建筑革新。
史丹阳, 廖书跃, 朱磊, 李彬彬 (2022) 鸟撞建筑现象概述及系统性调查案例分析. 生物多样性, 30, 21321. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2021321.
Danyang Shi, Shu-Yueh Liao, Lei Zhu, Binbin V. Li (2022) Review on bird-building collisions and the case study of a systematic survey in China. Biodiversity Science, 30, 21321. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2021321.
图1 涉及到鸟撞建筑现象发表的文献随时间的变化
Fig. 1 Number of publications on bird-building collision over time
| 国家或地区 Country or region | 发表文献数量 Number of publications |
|---|---|
| 美国 The United States | 53 |
| 加拿大 Canada | 13 |
| 巴西 Brazil | 5 |
| 英国 The United Kingdom | 5 |
| 加拿大和美国 Canada and the United States | 4 |
| 阿根廷 Argentina | 2 |
| 哥伦比亚 Colombia | 2 |
| 墨西哥 Mexico | 2 |
| 葡萄牙 Portugal | 2 |
| 加拿大、美国和墨西哥 Canada, the United States, and Mexico | 2 |
| 奥地利 Austria | 1 |
| 哥斯达黎加 Costa Rica | 1 |
| 德国 Germany | 1 |
| 印度 India | 1 |
| 西班牙 Spain | 1 |
| 瑞典 Sweden | 1 |
| 奥地利和美国 Austria and the United States | 1 |
| 英国和美国 The United Kingdom and the United States | 1 |
| 中国 China | 1 |
| 总计 Total | 99 |
表1 鸟撞建筑文献发表数量及地区分布
Table 1 Number of publications on bird-window collision by country
| 国家或地区 Country or region | 发表文献数量 Number of publications |
|---|---|
| 美国 The United States | 53 |
| 加拿大 Canada | 13 |
| 巴西 Brazil | 5 |
| 英国 The United Kingdom | 5 |
| 加拿大和美国 Canada and the United States | 4 |
| 阿根廷 Argentina | 2 |
| 哥伦比亚 Colombia | 2 |
| 墨西哥 Mexico | 2 |
| 葡萄牙 Portugal | 2 |
| 加拿大、美国和墨西哥 Canada, the United States, and Mexico | 2 |
| 奥地利 Austria | 1 |
| 哥斯达黎加 Costa Rica | 1 |
| 德国 Germany | 1 |
| 印度 India | 1 |
| 西班牙 Spain | 1 |
| 瑞典 Sweden | 1 |
| 奥地利和美国 Austria and the United States | 1 |
| 英国和美国 The United Kingdom and the United States | 1 |
| 中国 China | 1 |
| 总计 Total | 99 |
| 影响因素类别 Type of influencing factor | 影响因素 Influencing factor | 影响机制 Mechanism of influence | 参考文献/研究案例 Supporting studies |
|---|---|---|---|
| 季节 Seasonality | 迁徙季 Migration season | 迁徙季是鸟撞现象发生的高峰 Bird collision happen at high frequency during migration season | Borden et al, |
| 繁殖季 Mating season | 繁殖季是鸟撞现象发生的高峰 Bird collision happen at high frequency during mating season | Kahle et al, | |
| 天气 Weather | 晴朗的天气 Favorable weather | 晴朗的天气会加剧玻璃的反光效果 Window is particularly reflective during favorable weather | Klem, |
| 恶劣的天气 Inclement weather | 极端的恶劣天气会干扰鸟类的飞行和判断能力 Inclement weather interfere with bird’s flying ability and “judgement” | Loss et al, | |
| 建筑物的特征 Building characteristics | 玻璃面积 Window area | 玻璃面积达到一定大小时更易发生鸟撞, 并且其大小与鸟撞频率呈正相关 Windows need to exceed certain size for bird collision to happen; the area of window is positive related to bird collision frequency | Klem et al, |
| 建筑大小 Building size | 单个高层建筑发生鸟撞的平均频率远高于低层居民楼, 但由于居民楼的数量极大, 因此总体上数量可观的鸟撞事件发生在居民楼 On average, more bird collision happens at taller buildings. However, since the number of lower building are significantly larger than taller buildings, in total, more bird collisions happen at lower residential buildings | Loss et al, | |
| 夜间室内灯光 Indoor lighting at night | 夜间室内灯光强度与鸟撞频率有强烈的正向关系 The intensity of indoor light at night positively correlates with bird collision frequency | Winger et al, | |
| 建筑外墙形状 Shape of building façade | 外墙越大, 鸟撞风险越大; “内凹型”外墙可能尤为危险 The larger the façade, the more likely birds will collide; alcoves-shaped façade could be especially dangerous | Riding et al, | |
| 建筑周边环境 Building’s surrounding environment | 植被情况 Plantations | 玻璃前的植被茂密程度与鸟撞频率呈正相关; 比起低矮的灌木丛和草地, 树木可能会带来更高的鸟撞风险 The density of plantations in front of window is positive related to bird collision frequency; compared to bushes or grass, trees in the surrounding environment could bring about higher collision risks | Gelb & Delacretaz, |
| 城市化 Urbanization | 城市化程度与鸟撞频率呈负相关, 乡村地区的鸟撞频率对于建筑尺寸的增加非常敏感 Urbanization is negatively related to bird collision frequency; collision frequency is more sensitive to the sizes of the buildings in rural areas | Bayne et al, | |
| 喂鸟器 Bird feeders | 放置喂鸟器会增加鸟撞的频率 Placing bird feeders in front of windows increases bird collision frequency | Bayne et al, | |
| 鸟类特征 Bird features | 鸟种 Bird species | 蜂鸟、雨燕、莺类、雀类、旋木雀以及鸫类更易发生鸟撞 Hummingbirds, swifts, warblers, sparrows, creepers, and thrushes are more vulnerable to bird collision risks | Gelb & Delacretaz, |
| 多度 Abundance | 在一定程度上, 鸟类多度和鸟撞频率呈正相关 To some extent, abundance and collision frequency is positively related | Dunn, | |
| 习性 Ecology | 迁徙性鸟类常比留鸟更易发生鸟撞; 经常在茂密狭小的林下植被飞行的鸟类更容易与玻璃相撞; 局部鸟撞频率的规律与建筑周围植被状况和鸟类栖息地偏好有关, 鸟撞更容易发生在林栖性鸟类及食虫鸟类中 Considering the influence of abundance, migratory birds are still more vulnerable to bird collision risks compared to non-migratory birds; birds that are used to flying through dense understory vegetations are more likely to collision into windows; local collision patterns are associated with local vegetation conditions and birds’ habitat preferences; bird collision happens more in insectivore birds and birds that inhabit in trees | Snyder, | |
| 性别 Sex | 繁殖季期间, 雄性呈现更活跃的行为规律, 相较雌性更易发生鸟撞 During mating seasons, male bird are more actively and more likely to collide | Sealy, | |
| 年龄 Age | 幼鸟缺乏飞行经验且更易在鸟撞中遭受严重创伤 Juveniles lack flying experience and are more likely to suffer from severe injury when colliding | Hager & Craig, |
表2 影响鸟撞建筑的因素、大致机制和研究案例
Table 2 Factors influencing bird collision, the mechanisms, and supporting studies
| 影响因素类别 Type of influencing factor | 影响因素 Influencing factor | 影响机制 Mechanism of influence | 参考文献/研究案例 Supporting studies |
|---|---|---|---|
| 季节 Seasonality | 迁徙季 Migration season | 迁徙季是鸟撞现象发生的高峰 Bird collision happen at high frequency during migration season | Borden et al, |
| 繁殖季 Mating season | 繁殖季是鸟撞现象发生的高峰 Bird collision happen at high frequency during mating season | Kahle et al, | |
| 天气 Weather | 晴朗的天气 Favorable weather | 晴朗的天气会加剧玻璃的反光效果 Window is particularly reflective during favorable weather | Klem, |
| 恶劣的天气 Inclement weather | 极端的恶劣天气会干扰鸟类的飞行和判断能力 Inclement weather interfere with bird’s flying ability and “judgement” | Loss et al, | |
| 建筑物的特征 Building characteristics | 玻璃面积 Window area | 玻璃面积达到一定大小时更易发生鸟撞, 并且其大小与鸟撞频率呈正相关 Windows need to exceed certain size for bird collision to happen; the area of window is positive related to bird collision frequency | Klem et al, |
| 建筑大小 Building size | 单个高层建筑发生鸟撞的平均频率远高于低层居民楼, 但由于居民楼的数量极大, 因此总体上数量可观的鸟撞事件发生在居民楼 On average, more bird collision happens at taller buildings. However, since the number of lower building are significantly larger than taller buildings, in total, more bird collisions happen at lower residential buildings | Loss et al, | |
| 夜间室内灯光 Indoor lighting at night | 夜间室内灯光强度与鸟撞频率有强烈的正向关系 The intensity of indoor light at night positively correlates with bird collision frequency | Winger et al, | |
| 建筑外墙形状 Shape of building façade | 外墙越大, 鸟撞风险越大; “内凹型”外墙可能尤为危险 The larger the façade, the more likely birds will collide; alcoves-shaped façade could be especially dangerous | Riding et al, | |
| 建筑周边环境 Building’s surrounding environment | 植被情况 Plantations | 玻璃前的植被茂密程度与鸟撞频率呈正相关; 比起低矮的灌木丛和草地, 树木可能会带来更高的鸟撞风险 The density of plantations in front of window is positive related to bird collision frequency; compared to bushes or grass, trees in the surrounding environment could bring about higher collision risks | Gelb & Delacretaz, |
| 城市化 Urbanization | 城市化程度与鸟撞频率呈负相关, 乡村地区的鸟撞频率对于建筑尺寸的增加非常敏感 Urbanization is negatively related to bird collision frequency; collision frequency is more sensitive to the sizes of the buildings in rural areas | Bayne et al, | |
| 喂鸟器 Bird feeders | 放置喂鸟器会增加鸟撞的频率 Placing bird feeders in front of windows increases bird collision frequency | Bayne et al, | |
| 鸟类特征 Bird features | 鸟种 Bird species | 蜂鸟、雨燕、莺类、雀类、旋木雀以及鸫类更易发生鸟撞 Hummingbirds, swifts, warblers, sparrows, creepers, and thrushes are more vulnerable to bird collision risks | Gelb & Delacretaz, |
| 多度 Abundance | 在一定程度上, 鸟类多度和鸟撞频率呈正相关 To some extent, abundance and collision frequency is positively related | Dunn, | |
| 习性 Ecology | 迁徙性鸟类常比留鸟更易发生鸟撞; 经常在茂密狭小的林下植被飞行的鸟类更容易与玻璃相撞; 局部鸟撞频率的规律与建筑周围植被状况和鸟类栖息地偏好有关, 鸟撞更容易发生在林栖性鸟类及食虫鸟类中 Considering the influence of abundance, migratory birds are still more vulnerable to bird collision risks compared to non-migratory birds; birds that are used to flying through dense understory vegetations are more likely to collision into windows; local collision patterns are associated with local vegetation conditions and birds’ habitat preferences; bird collision happens more in insectivore birds and birds that inhabit in trees | Snyder, | |
| 性别 Sex | 繁殖季期间, 雄性呈现更活跃的行为规律, 相较雌性更易发生鸟撞 During mating seasons, male bird are more actively and more likely to collide | Sealy, | |
| 年龄 Age | 幼鸟缺乏飞行经验且更易在鸟撞中遭受严重创伤 Juveniles lack flying experience and are more likely to suffer from severe injury when colliding | Hager & Craig, |
图2 不同建筑外墙结构的示意图。在四个示意图中, 黑色实线是外墙; 外墙结构参考Riding等(2020)。A: 圆外凸型; B: 内凹型; C: 平面型; D: 夹角型。
Fig. 2 Demonstration of different façade shape, in all four illustrations, façades are indicated by the solid black lines. Façade shapes are adapted from Riding et al (2020). A, Convex rounds; B, Alcoves; C, Flats; D, Concave corners.
图3 昆山杜克大学内鸟撞发生次数最多的建筑。A: 学生宿舍的玻璃连廊; B: 湖心亭。
Fig. 3 Buildings in Duke Kunshan University with the most bird collisions. A, Corridor connecting student dorms; B, The Water Pavilion.
图4 昆山杜克大学鸟撞调查区域示意图(A)及系统性调查中发现的鸟撞分布(B)。A图: (1)学术楼三楼南侧阳台; (2)学生公寓东侧连廊; (3)学生公寓西侧连廊。
Fig. 4 Campus map of Duke Kunshan University (A) and bird collision location distribution of systematic survey (B). For A, (1) South balcony of Academic Building; (2) East corridor of Student Residence Hall; (3) West corridor of Student Residence Hall.
图5 鸟撞频率随时间分布。A: 系统性调查结果(无填充柱指鸟撞事件数量; 有填充柱指系统性调查记录数); B: 随机报告结果。
Fig. 5 Temporal distribution of bird collisions. A, Systematic survey (Non-filled bars mean number of bird collision events, filled bars mean survey efforts); B, Random report.
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