大渡河上游不同林龄云杉人工林与原始林下地表苔藓层片结构与物种组成

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.08272

生物多样性 ›› 2009, Vol. 17 ›› Issue (2): 201-209. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.08272

• 论文 • 上一篇

大渡河上游不同林龄云杉人工林与原始林下地表苔藓层片结构与物种组成

包维楷¹^,^*(), 雷波¹, 庞学勇¹, 闫晓丽¹, 贾渝²

1 中国科学院成都生物研究所生态恢复重点实验室, 成都 610041
2 中国科学院植物研究所, 北京 100093

收稿日期:2008-10-28 接受日期:2009-02-05 出版日期:2009-03-20 发布日期:2009-03-20
通讯作者: 包维楷
作者简介:* E-mail: baowk@cib.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(30570333);中国科学院西部行动计划项目(KZCX2-XB2-02)

Species composition and synusia structure of ground bryophyte communities under different aged spruce plantations and primary forest in the upper reaches of the Dadu River, Sichuan

Weikai Bao¹^,^*(), Bo Lei¹, Xueyong Pang¹, Xiaoli Yan¹, Yu Jia²

1 Key Laboratory of Ecological Restoration, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041
2 Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093

Received:2008-10-28 Accepted:2009-02-05 Online:2009-03-20 Published:2009-03-20
Contact: Weikai Bao

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为评估在人工林早期发育过程中地表苔藓层片物种组成和结构的演变趋势, 选择四川省金川县507林场4-30年林龄的5块云杉(Picea asperata)人工林和1块300年岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)原始林, 开展了地表苔藓植物调查。采用方差分析法(ANOVA)对苔藓植物特征参数进行差异性检验, 采用Sørensen群落相似性系数比较了苔藓群落β多样性差异。结果表明: (1)云杉人工林较原始林地表苔藓物种丰富度高。年轻的人工林(<16年)较中龄林(21-30年)地表有更多的苔藓种类; (2)原始林较人工林有更高的地表苔藓植物盖度、密度、平均高度和厚度, 而不同林龄的人工林之间在苔藓植物层片盖度和密度上并没有表现出统计学意义上的差异(P>0.05), 但地表苔藓优势种及次优势种组成具有较明显的差异; (3)人工林与原始林地表苔藓共有种具有明显的喜光耐旱特性, 4年生未成林地段与原始林共有种数最多, 为19种; (4)原始林下地表24种苔藓植物中, 除Rhytidium rugosum外, 23种在云杉人工林早期发育过程中存在。在人工林发育过程中地表苔藓物种替代明显, 替代率随林龄呈增加趋势(0.24-0.60), 有明显的物种替代现象发生。综合分析表明: (1) 本文所研究的4-30年的云杉人工林发育过程中地表苔藓结构与多样性并没有表现出预期的恢复趋势, 大多数土著苔藓种群还未能有效恢复; (2)要恢复重建林地后演替阶段的苔藓种群结构和多样性, 不仅需要在采伐和造林过程中减少对土壤的扰动以保护地表微生境, 还应在云杉人工林处于16-20年林龄, 地表苔藓植物丰富度发生显著衰退时进行合理疏伐。

关键词: 造林, 人工林, 原始林, 苔藓, 多样性保护, 大渡河上游

Abstract

To reveal shifts in composition and structure of bryophyte communities in plantation forests at different stages of early development, we sampled five different aged spruce (Picea asperata) plantations with similar topographic situation and one primary Minjiang fir (Abies faxoniana) forest as a control. We investigated species composition and synusia structure. ANOVA was used to test for differences in characteristic parameters among bryophyte communities, and Sørensen similarity coefficients were used to measure variation in β diversity. Plantations had higher bryophyte species richness than the primary forest, and the young plantation (<16 years) had more bryophyte species than the middle-aged ones (21-30 years). Coverage, density, and average height and thickness of bryophytes were greater in the primary forest than in the plantations, While bryophyte coverage and density statistically showed no significant difference (P>0.05) among plantations, but the composition of dominant and subdominant species differed. Common species in both primary and plantation forests included photophilic and drought-tolerant species, and the 4-year old plantation and primary forest shared the highest number of common species (19 species). Twenty-four bryophyte species dwelling in primary forest, except Rhytidium rugosum, were shared among the primary forest and plantations, and species turnover rate (0.24-0.60) was increasing with stand age, indicating that species replacement occurred. Our results suggested that ground disturbance during clear cutting and reforestation should be reduced in order to restoration of species in later successional stage. In addition, suitable thinning application in the 16-20-year-old plantations may be useful when the bryophyte species richness begin to decline.

Key words: reforestation, spruce plantation, primary forest, bryophyte, biodiversity conservation, forest management, Dadu River

包维楷, 雷波, 庞学勇, 闫晓丽, 贾渝 (2009) 大渡河上游不同林龄云杉人工林与原始林下地表苔藓层片结构与物种组成. 生物多样性, 17, 201-209. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.08272.

Weikai Bao, Bo Lei, Xueyong Pang, Xiaoli Yan, Yu Jia (2009) Species composition and synusia structure of ground bryophyte communities under different aged spruce plantations and primary forest in the upper reaches of the Dadu River, Sichuan. Biodiversity Science, 17, 201-209. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.08272.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.08272

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2009/V17/I2/201

图/表 7

参考文献 27

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林龄 Stand age (year)	林冠总郁闭度 Total canopy coverage	伐后时间 Years after felling	海拔 Elevation (m)	坡向 Aspect	坡度 Slope
人工林 Plantations
4	0.10	1	3,800	NW25°	24°
16	0.85	12	3,600	NW34°	27°
21	0.90	18	3,500	NW20°	18°
25	0.95	21	3,700	NW15°	26°
30	0.90	26	3,650	NW0°	8°
原始林 Primary forest
300	0.75	-	3,880	NW0°	17°

林龄 Stand age (year)	林冠总郁闭度 Total canopy coverage	伐后时间 Years after felling	海拔 Elevation (m)	坡向 Aspect	坡度 Slope
人工林 Plantations
4	0.10	1	3,800	NW25°	24°
16	0.85	12	3,600	NW34°	27°
21	0.90	18	3,500	NW20°	18°
25	0.95	21	3,700	NW15°	26°
30	0.90	26	3,650	NW0°	8°
原始林 Primary forest
300	0.75	-	3,880	NW0°	17°

林龄 Stand age (year)	盖度 Coverage (%)
林龄 Stand age (year)	乔木层 Arbor layer	灌木层 Shrub layer	草本层 Herb layer	凋落物 Litter layer
4	1.1 ± 0.9^a	6.4 ± 4.5^b	35.2 ± 10.0^b	49.17 ± 8.2^a
16	73.0 ± 4. 4^bc	35.2 ± 11.3^a	38.1 ± 4.8^b	28.78 ± 7.2^b
21	70.0 ±5.2^bc	12.0 ± 5.9^b	39.0 ± 7.1^b	20.00 ± 4.1^b
25	78.0 ± 4. 9^b	0.8 ± 0.8^b	40.9 ± 8.0^b	21.00 ± 4.8^b
30	62.3 ± 5.2^c	3.3 ± 2.7^b	11.0 ± 2.8^a	35.38 ± 7.6^a
300	64.4 ± 6.9^bc	4.4 ± 3.4^b	1.5 ± 1.5^a	30.00 ± 0.5^ab

林龄 Stand age (year)	盖度 Coverage (%)
林龄 Stand age (year)	乔木层 Arbor layer	灌木层 Shrub layer	草本层 Herb layer	凋落物 Litter layer
4	1.1 ± 0.9^a	6.4 ± 4.5^b	35.2 ± 10.0^b	49.17 ± 8.2^a
16	73.0 ± 4. 4^bc	35.2 ± 11.3^a	38.1 ± 4.8^b	28.78 ± 7.2^b
21	70.0 ±5.2^bc	12.0 ± 5.9^b	39.0 ± 7.1^b	20.00 ± 4.1^b
25	78.0 ± 4. 9^b	0.8 ± 0.8^b	40.9 ± 8.0^b	21.00 ± 4.8^b
30	62.3 ± 5.2^c	3.3 ± 2.7^b	11.0 ± 2.8^a	35.38 ± 7.6^a
300	64.4 ± 6.9^bc	4.4 ± 3.4^b	1.5 ± 1.5^a	30.00 ± 0.5^ab

物种 Species	林龄 Stand age (year)
物种 Species	4	16	21	25	30	300
苔类 Liverworts
地钱1种 Marchantia sp.	-	0.29	0.43	0.67	-	1.07
德氏羽苔 Plagiochila delavayi	0.48	2.27	-	-	13.28	-
钝叶光萼苔 Porella obtusata	2.58	0.91	2.69	-	2.50	7.98
藓类 Moss
顶蒴藓类 Acrocarpous moss
黑扭口藓 Barbula nigrescens	1.74	-	-	-	-	-
梨蒴珠藓 Bartramia pomiformis	0.27	0.92	0.94	-	-	-
银叶真藓 Bryum argenteum	12.00	-	-	-	-	-
真藓 B. argenteum	0.79	1.15	-	-	-	-
真藓1种 Bryum sp. 1	0.26	-	-	-	-	-
真藓1种 Bryum sp. 2	-	-	0.46	-	-	-
真藓1种 Bryum sp. 3	-	0.37	1.07	4.34	2.22	-
阿萨姆曲尾藓 Dicranum assamicum	-	0.56	-	-	-	-
长叶曲尾藓 D. elongatum	0.57	0.71	1.18	-	-	6.12
日本曲尾藓 D. japonicum	0.83	0.90	-	-	-	-
曲尾藓1种 Dicranum sp.1	0.27	-	0.50	-	-	2.66
曲尾藓1种 Dicranum sp.2	3.24	0.29	-	-	-	1.06
粗叶青毛藓 Dicranodontium asperulum	-	1.62	0.91	0.69	-	-
长叶青毛藓 D. attenuatum	3.27	-	0.64	-	-	-
钩枝镰刀藓 Drepanocladus uncinatus	0.45	-	-	-	-	8.32
小刺叶提灯藓 Mnium spinulosum	0.30	-	1.07	-	0.45	-
山曲背藓 Oncophorus wahlenbergii	3.25	0.36	-	12.15	5.00	0.43
拟白发藓 Paraleucobryum enerve	3.02	-	-	-	-	-
皱叶匍灯藓 Plagiomnium arbusculum	-	4.89	1.35	-	2.06	-
尖叶匍灯藓 P. cuspidatum	-	11.70	9.90	15.05	1.88	1.82
大叶匍灯藓 P. succulentum	2.64	1.89	15.76	2.29	4.50	0.56
林地丝瓜藓 Pohlia drummondii	-	1.03	-	-	0.92	0.56
长蒴丝瓜藓 P. elongata	0.43	-	-	-	-	-
阔边大叶藓 Rhadobryum laxelimbatum	1.28	0.31	-	-	-	0.45
狭边大叶藓 R. ontariense	-	-	1.86	3.32	1.87	0.44
疣灯藓 Trachycystis microphylla	0.44	1.98	2.38	10.88	5.90	1.41
折叶纽藓 Tortella fragilis	4.42	1.89	6.25	0.67	0.89	4.27
侧蒴藓类 Pleurocarpous moss
山羽藓 Abietinella abietina	-	-	0.45	-	-	-
锦丝藓 Actinothuidium hookeri	8.13	5.79	-	10.42	1.96	11.15
皱叶仙鹤藓 Atrichum crispulum	-	0.33	-	-	-	-
粗枝青藓 Brachythecium helminthocladum	-	-	-	-	0.48	-
皱叶青藓 B. kuroishicum	-	-	-	-	3.09	-
长肋青藓 B. populeum	-	-	0.60	-	-	-
弯叶青藓 B. reflexum	-	2.97	0.60	-	3.01	-
厚角绢藓 Entodon concinnus	3.91	8.47	19.65	20.79	2.65	3.79
疏网美喙藓 Eurhynchium laxirete	-	-	0.77	1.34	0.92	-
皱叶粗枝藓 Gollania ruginosa	1.84	0.59	-	-	0.47	-
塔藓 Hylocomium splendens	8.51	3.64	-	0.67	7.65	22.61
东亚灰藓 Hypnum fauriei	0.46	0.79	-	-	-	-
大灰藓 H. plumaeforme	8.50	0.32	-	0.80	2.46	8.56
纤枝同叶藓 Isopterygium minutirameum	-	3.56	1.78	-	1.56	-
树状美喙藓 Eurhynchium arbuscula	-	-	-	1.08	-	-
鼠尾藓 Myuroclada maximowiczii	-	-	-	0.81	-	-
Orthotrichum alpestre	17.27	0.28	-	-	-	0.43
赤茎藓 Pleurozium schreberi	0.54	1.90	-	-	-	2.54
台湾拟金发藓 Polytrichastrum formosum	0.84	-	1.06	-	-	0.86
刺边小金发藓褐色亚种 Pogonatum cirratum subsp. fuscatum	0.27	0.33	-	-	-	-
垂枝藓 Rhytidium rugosum	-	-	-	-	-	4.52
拟垂枝藓 Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus	1.59	5.60	-	-	1.18	-
大羽藓 Thuidium cymbifolium	1.73	27.91	25.53	12.69	31.00	4.08
大羽藓1种 Thuidium sp.1	1.02	2.91	1.29	0.67	0.46	0.87

大渡河上游不同林龄云杉人工林与原始林下地表苔藓层片结构与物种组成

Species composition and synusia structure of ground bryophyte communities under different aged spruce plantations and primary forest in the upper reaches of the Dadu River, Sichuan

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林龄 Stand age (year)	林龄 Stand age (year)
林龄 Stand age (year)	300	4	16	21	25	30
300		0.656	0.621	0.571	0.619	0.571
4	19		0.676	0.407	0.346	0.441
16	18	23		0.542	0.500	0.610
21	14	12	16		0.512	0.480
25	13	9	13	11		0.651
30	14	13	18	12	14

	林地年龄 Stand age (year)
	4	16	21	25	30	300
Shannon-Wiener指数 H′	0.26	0.31	0.35	0.32	0.34	0.29
Simpson指数	0.84	0.85	0.83	0.87	0.78	0.81
丰富度 Species richness (Species number/plot)	11.72 ± 0.81^c	11.7 ± 1.28^c	7.09 ± 0.72^b	4.8 ± 0.61^a	6.92 ± 0.87^ab	8.56 ± 0.85^b
总物种数 Total species number	34	34	25	18	25	24

林地年龄 Stand age (year)	盖度 Coverage (%)	密度 Density (Shoot/m²)	平均高度 Average height (mm)	厚度 Thickness (mm)
4	44.8 ± 9.3^b	14,299. 3 ± 3,899.8^b	15.3 ± 2.4^b	34.2 ± 5.4^ac
16	50.3 ± 6.9^b	7,758.0 ± 1,117.9^b	22.8 ± 3.1^a	37.2 ± 4.8^a
21	43.6 ± 6.6^b	12,387.6 ± 1,387.6^b	17.3 ± 2.2^ab	24.8 ± 3.7^ac
25	54.5 ± 6.8^b	14,039.6 ± 3,294.5^b	17.5 ± 2.0^ab	29.8 ± 3.2^ac
30	35.4 ± 5.7^b	9,377.8 ± 3,042.3^b	13.0 ± 1.1^b	20.0 ± 3.7^c
300	99.3 ± 4.4^a	21,869. 8 ± 4,344.6^a	29.6 ± 2.8^c	70.0 ± 8.1^b

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