生态位模型的基本原理及其在生物多样性保护中的应用

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2013.09106

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

生态位模型是利用物种已知的分布数据和相关环境变量, 根据一定的算法来推算物种的生态需求, 然后将运算结果投射至不同的空间和时间中来预测物种的实际分布和潜在分布。近年来, 该类模型被越来越多地应用在入侵生物学、保护生物学、全球气候变化对物种分布影响以及传染病空间传播的研究中。然而, 由于生态位模型的理论基础未被深入理解, 导致得出入侵物种生态位迁移等不符合实际的结论。作者从生态位与物种分布的关系、生态位模型构建的基本原理以及生态位模型和生态位的关系等方面探讨了生态位模型的理论基础。非生物的气候因素、物种间的相互作用和物种的迁移能力是影响物种分布的3个主要因素, 它们在不同的空间尺度下作用于物种的分布。生态位模型是利用物种分布点所关联的环境变量来模拟物种的分布, 这些分布点本身关联着该物种和其他物种间的相互作用, 因此生态位模型所模拟的是现实生态位(realized niche)或潜在生态位(potential niche), 而不是基础生态位(fundamental niche)。Grinnell生态位和Elton生态位均在生态位模型中得到反映, 这取决于环境变量类型的选择、所采用环境变量的分辨率以及物种自身的迁移能力。生态位模型在生物多样性保护中的应用主要包括物种的生态需求分析、未知物种或种群的探索和发现、自然保护区的选择和设计、物种入侵风险评价、气候变化对物种分布的影响、近缘物种生态位保守性及基于生态位分化的物种界定等方面。

关键词: 生态位模型, 生态位保守性, 空间尺度, Grinnell生态位, Elton生态位, 基础生态位, 潜在生态位, 现实生态位

Abstract

Based on the environmental variables that associated with species’ occurrence records, ecological niche modeling (ENM) seeks to characterize environmental conditions suitable for a particular species and then identify where suitable environmental habitats are distributed in the space. Recently, ENM has been used increasingly in biological invasion, conservation biology, biological responses to climate change, disease spatial transmission, and variety aspects of ecology and evolutionary biology research. However, the theoretical background of these applications is generally poorly understood, leading to artifactual conclusions in some studies (e.g. niche differentiation during species’ invasion). In this paper we discuss the relationship between niche and geographic distribution and introduce the theoretical basis of ENM, along with relationships between the niche and ENM. Abiotic/biotic, historical and dispersal factors are three key elements that determine species’ geographic distributions at different scales. By using environmental variables derived from distributional records, ENM is based on observations that already include effects of biotic interactions, therefore ENM is used to characterize somewhere between the realized niche and potential niche, not the fundamental niche. Grinnellian and Eltonian niches are both manifested in ENM calibration, depending on the types of variables used to fit model, the natural spatial scale at which they can be measured, and the dispersal of individuals throughout the environment. Applications of ENM in understanding ecological requirements of species, discovery of new species or populations, nature reserve design, predicting potential invasion, modeling biological responses to climate change, niche conservatism, and species delimitation are discussed in this paper.

Key words: ecological niche modeling, niche conservatism, spatial scale, Grinnellian niche, Eltonian niche, fundamental niche, potential niche, realized niche

朱耿平, 刘国卿, 卜文俊, 高玉葆 (2013) 生态位模型的基本原理及其在生物多样性保护中的应用. 生物多样性, 21, 90-98. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2013.09106.

Gengping Zhu,Guoqing Liu,Wenjun Bu,Yubao Gao (2013) Ecological niche modeling and its applications in biodiversity conservation. Biodiversity Science, 21, 90-98. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2013.09106.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2013.09106

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2013/V21/I1/90

图/表 3

图1 影响物种地理分布的因素修改自(Soberón & Peterson, 2005; Soberón, 2010)。A环表示对物种分布有利的非生物因素(基础生态位), B环表示物种相互作用中对该物种有利的区域, M环表示物种迁移能力范围内的区域, Go为三者的重叠区域(灰色区), 代表物种实际分布区, GI为该物种潜在分布区; 空心点代表源种群(source population), 实心点代表汇种群(sink population)。

Fig. 1 Diagram showing a simplified framework for understanding species distribution adopted from (Soberón & Peterson, 2005; Soberón, 2010). Overlap of the three circles (GO) represents areas of actual distribution, within which environment are favorable (circle A), accessible (circle M), and biologically suitable (circle B) to the species. Area A represents geographic extent of the fundamental ecological niche, and GI represents areas of potential distribution. The open circles represent source populations, whereas the closed circles represent sink populations.

图2 不同影响因素在不同的空间尺度下作用于物种的分布修改自(Pearson & Dawson, 2003; Soberón, 2007, 2010; Hortal et al., 2010)

Fig. 2 Relative importance of factors affecting species distributions across spatial scales adopted from (Pearson & Dawson, 2003; Soberón 2007, 2010; Hortal et al., 2010)

图3 示生态位模型将地理空间和生态空间二者结合引自(Pearson, 2007)

Fig. 3 Ecological niche modeling (ENM) building up the fridge of geographical space and ecological space adopted from (Pearson, 2007)

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