生物多样性 ›› 2023, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (4): 22446. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022446
程继铭, 何慧敏, 牛红玉, 张洪茂*(
)
收稿日期:2022-08-03
接受日期:2022-10-27
出版日期:2023-04-20
发布日期:2023-04-20
通讯作者:
*E-mail: 基金资助:
Jiming Cheng, Huimin He, Hongyu Niu, Hongmao Zhang*()
Received:2022-08-03
Accepted:2022-10-27
Online:2023-04-20
Published:2023-04-20
Contact:
*E-mail: 摘要：
鼠类-植物种子互作关系是森林生态系统研究的重点之一, 对森林生态系统结构和功能维持具有重要意义。许多研究关注了鼠类的行为习性、种群动态、群落结构、种间合作与竞争以及植物的种子特征和环境因素等对鼠类与植物种子取食和传播关系的影响。然而, 从种群内个体差异的角度探讨鼠类种子传播作用的研究较少, 鼠类种内特征(尤其是鼠类个性)为理解种子命运的巨大变化提供了另一种方法。近年来, 动物的个性及其生态效应逐渐受到关注, 但是将动物的个性与种子传播等生态服务联系起来的理论和研究案例较为少见, 妨碍了人们对动物个性如何影响种子传播进而影响植物更新机制的理解。本文结合近年来动物个性研究进展, 初步阐述了鼠类个性研究现状; 介绍了测量鼠类个性的常用方法(如旷场实验、出现实验和洞板实验等)以及这些方法测量了鼠类哪些个性; 着重讨论了鼠类个性对植物种子传播的影响, 强调了鼠类单一个性(如勇敢性、活跃性和探索性等)与种子传播的关系; 总结了鼠类个性介导种子传播的生态、进化和保护意义。在今后的研究中要设计适合的野生鼠个性测量方法, 长期监测不同个性鼠类与种子传播的关系, 实现理论预测和实证研究的整合。
程继铭, 何慧敏, 牛红玉, 张洪茂 (2023) 鼠类种内个性差异对种子传播影响的研究进展. 生物多样性, 31, 22446. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022446.
Jiming Cheng, Huimin He, Hongyu Niu, Hongmao Zhang (2023) Research progress on the effect of intraspecific personality differences on seed dispersal in rodents. Biodiversity Science, 31, 22446. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2022446.
图1 近30年鼠类个性研究的文献数量
Fig. 1 Number of articles on rodent personality studies in the last 30 years
| 物种 Species | 测量方法 Methods | 个性特征 Personality traits | 参考文献 Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| 欧亚红松鼠 Sciurus vulgaris | 旷场实验, 镜像刺激实验 Open-field test and mirror image stimulation test | 勇敢性, 活跃性, 探索性 Boldness, activity, and exploration | Haigh et al, Mazzamuto et al, |
| 东美松鼠 Sciurus carolinensis | 旷场实验, 镜像刺激实验 Open-field test and mirror image stimulation test | 勇敢性, 活跃性, 探索性 Boldness, activity, and exploration | Mazzamuto et al, |
| 狐松鼠 Sciurus niger | 旷场实验 Open-field test | 探索性 Exploration | Krause et al, |
| 镜像刺激实验 Mirror image stimulation test | 攻击性 Aggressiveness | Krause et al, | |
| 花鼠 Tamias sibiricus | 旷场实验 Open-field test | 活跃性 Activity | Montiglio et al, |
| 旷场实验 Open-field test | 活跃性, 探索性 Activity and exploration | Boyer et al, | |
| 东部花栗鼠 Tamias striatus | 洞板实验 Hole-board test | 探索性 Exploration | Martin & Réale, |
| 旷场实验 Open-field test | 活跃性 Activity | Montiglio et al, | |
| 旷场实验 Open-field test | 探索性 Exploration | Montiglio et al, | |
| 克里夫花栗鼠 Tamias dorsalis | 旷场实验 Open-field test | 活跃性, 探索性 Activity and exploration | Kilanowski, 2015①(①Kilanowski AL (2015) Individual Behavioral Phenotypes of the Cliff Chipmunk (Tamias dorsalis): Effects on Female Reproductive Success and Juvenile Habitat Selection. Master dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson.) |
| 镜像刺激实验 Mirror image stimulation test | 社会性 Sociability | Kilanowski, 2015① | |
| 黄腹旱獭 Marmota flaviventris | 镜像刺激实验 Mirror image stimulation test | 攻击性, 社会性 Aggressiveness and sociability | Svendsen & Armitage, |
| 阿尔卑斯旱獭 Marmota marmota | 旷场实验 Open-field test | 活跃性, 探索性 Activity and exploration | Ferrari et al, |
| 温哥华岛旱獭 Marmota vancouverensis | 镜像刺激实验 Mirror image stimulation test | 攻击性 Aggressiveness | Blumstein et al, |
| 北美红松鼠 Tamiasciurus hudsonicus | 旷场实验 Open-field test | 活跃性, 探索性 Activity and exploration | Boon et al, Kelley et al, Merrick & Koprowski, |
| 镜像刺激实验 Mirror image stimulation test | 攻击性 Aggressiveness | Boon et al, Merrick & Koprowski, | |
| 旷场实验 Open-field test | 攻击性 Aggressiveness | Taylor et al, | |
| 蓝栉鼠 Ctenomys talarum | 旷场实验 Open-field test | 勇敢性 Boldness | Fanjul & Zenuto, |
| 大林姬鼠 Apodemus sylvaticus | 捕食者气味暴露实验 Predator-scent exposure test | 勇敢性 Boldness | Feldman et al, |
| 屋顶鼠 Rattus rattus | 洞板实验 Hole-board test | 探索性 Exploration | Vobrubová et al, |
| 褐家鼠 Rattus norvegicus | 本土-入侵者实验 Resident-intruder aggression test | 攻击性 Aggressiveness | Carnevali et al, |
| 黄足裸尾鼠 Melomys cervinipes | 旷场实验 Open-field test | 探索性 Exploration | Rowell & Lee Rymer, |
| 新物体实验 Novel object test | 探索性 Exploration | Rowell & Lee Rymer, | |
| 光暗实验 Dark-light test | 焦虑 Anxiety | Rowell & Lee Rymer, | |
| 鹿鼠 Peromyscus maniculatus | 出现实验 Emergence test | 勇敢性 Boldness | Brehm et al, Boone et al, |
| 旷场实验 Open-field test | 勇敢性, 活跃性, 探索性, 焦虑 Boldness, activity, exploration, and anxiety | Brehm et al, Boone et al, | |
| 南方红背田鼠 Myodes gapperi | 出现实验 Emergence test | 勇敢性 Boldness | Brehm et al, |
| 旷场实验 Open-field test | 勇敢性, 活跃性, 探索性, 焦虑 Boldness, activity, exploration, and anxiety | Brehm et al, | |
| 梅式更格卢鼠 Dipodomys merriami | 捕食者气味暴露实验 Predator-scent exposure test | 勇敢性 Boldness | Dochtermann & Jenkins, |
| 镜像刺激实验 Mirror image stimulation test | 攻击性 Aggressiveness | Dochtermann & Jenkins, | |
| 长爪沙鼠 Meriones unguiculatus | 旷场实验 Open-field test | 探索性 Exploration | 田双杰等, |
| 高架十字迷宫实验 Elevated plus maze test | 勇敢性 Boldness | 田双杰等, | |
| 普通田鼠 Microtus arvalis | 其他实验 Other test | 探索性, 活跃性 Exploration and activity | Herde & Eccard, Gracceva et al, |
| 旷场实验 Open-field test | 勇敢性, 活跃性, 探索性 Boldness, activity, and exploration | Herde & Eccard, Gracceva et al, | |
| 出现实验 Emergence test | 勇敢性 Boldness | Herde & Eccard, Gracceva et al, | |
| 洞板实验 Hole-board test | 探索性 Exploration | Herde & Eccard, | |
| 新物体实验 Novel object test | 探索性 Exploration | Mazza et al, | |
| 雷鼠 Necromys lasiurus | 旷场实验 Open-field test | 活跃性, 探索性 Activity and exploration | Malange et al, |
| 棕背? Myodes glareolus | 出现实验 Emergence test | 勇敢性 Boldness | Schirmer et al, |
| 旷场实验 Open-field test | 勇敢性, 活跃性, 探索性 Boldness, activity, and exploration | ?íchová et al, | |
| 其他实验 Other test | 勇敢性, 活跃性, 探索性 Boldness, activity, and exploration | Korpela et al, | |
| 布氏田鼠 Lasiopodomys brandtii | 旷场实验 Open-field test | 探索性, 焦虑 Exploration and anxiety | 宋怡然等, |
表1 不同鼠类个性测量方法及其所测个性特征
Table 1 The methods of personality measurement and personality traits of different rodents
| 物种 Species | 测量方法 Methods | 个性特征 Personality traits | 参考文献 Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| 欧亚红松鼠 Sciurus vulgaris | 旷场实验, 镜像刺激实验 Open-field test and mirror image stimulation test | 勇敢性, 活跃性, 探索性 Boldness, activity, and exploration | Haigh et al, Mazzamuto et al, |
| 东美松鼠 Sciurus carolinensis | 旷场实验, 镜像刺激实验 Open-field test and mirror image stimulation test | 勇敢性, 活跃性, 探索性 Boldness, activity, and exploration | Mazzamuto et al, |
| 狐松鼠 Sciurus niger | 旷场实验 Open-field test | 探索性 Exploration | Krause et al, |
| 镜像刺激实验 Mirror image stimulation test | 攻击性 Aggressiveness | Krause et al, | |
| 花鼠 Tamias sibiricus | 旷场实验 Open-field test | 活跃性 Activity | Montiglio et al, |
| 旷场实验 Open-field test | 活跃性, 探索性 Activity and exploration | Boyer et al, | |
| 东部花栗鼠 Tamias striatus | 洞板实验 Hole-board test | 探索性 Exploration | Martin & Réale, |
| 旷场实验 Open-field test | 活跃性 Activity | Montiglio et al, | |
| 旷场实验 Open-field test | 探索性 Exploration | Montiglio et al, | |
| 克里夫花栗鼠 Tamias dorsalis | 旷场实验 Open-field test | 活跃性, 探索性 Activity and exploration | Kilanowski, 2015①(①Kilanowski AL (2015) Individual Behavioral Phenotypes of the Cliff Chipmunk (Tamias dorsalis): Effects on Female Reproductive Success and Juvenile Habitat Selection. Master dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson.) |
| 镜像刺激实验 Mirror image stimulation test | 社会性 Sociability | Kilanowski, 2015① | |
| 黄腹旱獭 Marmota flaviventris | 镜像刺激实验 Mirror image stimulation test | 攻击性, 社会性 Aggressiveness and sociability | Svendsen & Armitage, |
| 阿尔卑斯旱獭 Marmota marmota | 旷场实验 Open-field test | 活跃性, 探索性 Activity and exploration | Ferrari et al, |
| 温哥华岛旱獭 Marmota vancouverensis | 镜像刺激实验 Mirror image stimulation test | 攻击性 Aggressiveness | Blumstein et al, |
| 北美红松鼠 Tamiasciurus hudsonicus | 旷场实验 Open-field test | 活跃性, 探索性 Activity and exploration | Boon et al, Kelley et al, Merrick & Koprowski, |
| 镜像刺激实验 Mirror image stimulation test | 攻击性 Aggressiveness | Boon et al, Merrick & Koprowski, | |
| 旷场实验 Open-field test | 攻击性 Aggressiveness | Taylor et al, | |
| 蓝栉鼠 Ctenomys talarum | 旷场实验 Open-field test | 勇敢性 Boldness | Fanjul & Zenuto, |
| 大林姬鼠 Apodemus sylvaticus | 捕食者气味暴露实验 Predator-scent exposure test | 勇敢性 Boldness | Feldman et al, |
| 屋顶鼠 Rattus rattus | 洞板实验 Hole-board test | 探索性 Exploration | Vobrubová et al, |
| 褐家鼠 Rattus norvegicus | 本土-入侵者实验 Resident-intruder aggression test | 攻击性 Aggressiveness | Carnevali et al, |
| 黄足裸尾鼠 Melomys cervinipes | 旷场实验 Open-field test | 探索性 Exploration | Rowell & Lee Rymer, |
| 新物体实验 Novel object test | 探索性 Exploration | Rowell & Lee Rymer, | |
| 光暗实验 Dark-light test | 焦虑 Anxiety | Rowell & Lee Rymer, | |
| 鹿鼠 Peromyscus maniculatus | 出现实验 Emergence test | 勇敢性 Boldness | Brehm et al, Boone et al, |
| 旷场实验 Open-field test | 勇敢性, 活跃性, 探索性, 焦虑 Boldness, activity, exploration, and anxiety | Brehm et al, Boone et al, | |
| 南方红背田鼠 Myodes gapperi | 出现实验 Emergence test | 勇敢性 Boldness | Brehm et al, |
| 旷场实验 Open-field test | 勇敢性, 活跃性, 探索性, 焦虑 Boldness, activity, exploration, and anxiety | Brehm et al, | |
| 梅式更格卢鼠 Dipodomys merriami | 捕食者气味暴露实验 Predator-scent exposure test | 勇敢性 Boldness | Dochtermann & Jenkins, |
| 镜像刺激实验 Mirror image stimulation test | 攻击性 Aggressiveness | Dochtermann & Jenkins, | |
| 长爪沙鼠 Meriones unguiculatus | 旷场实验 Open-field test | 探索性 Exploration | 田双杰等, |
| 高架十字迷宫实验 Elevated plus maze test | 勇敢性 Boldness | 田双杰等, | |
| 普通田鼠 Microtus arvalis | 其他实验 Other test | 探索性, 活跃性 Exploration and activity | Herde & Eccard, Gracceva et al, |
| 旷场实验 Open-field test | 勇敢性, 活跃性, 探索性 Boldness, activity, and exploration | Herde & Eccard, Gracceva et al, | |
| 出现实验 Emergence test | 勇敢性 Boldness | Herde & Eccard, Gracceva et al, | |
| 洞板实验 Hole-board test | 探索性 Exploration | Herde & Eccard, | |
| 新物体实验 Novel object test | 探索性 Exploration | Mazza et al, | |
| 雷鼠 Necromys lasiurus | 旷场实验 Open-field test | 活跃性, 探索性 Activity and exploration | Malange et al, |
| 棕背? Myodes glareolus | 出现实验 Emergence test | 勇敢性 Boldness | Schirmer et al, |
| 旷场实验 Open-field test | 勇敢性, 活跃性, 探索性 Boldness, activity, and exploration | ?íchová et al, | |
| 其他实验 Other test | 勇敢性, 活跃性, 探索性 Boldness, activity, and exploration | Korpela et al, | |
| 布氏田鼠 Lasiopodomys brandtii | 旷场实验 Open-field test | 探索性, 焦虑 Exploration and anxiety | 宋怡然等, |
图2 鼠类个性测量方法示意图。(A)旷场实验: 将实验场地分中心区(非安全区)和边缘区(安全区), 观察鼠类做出的不同行为以及在不同区域活动的时间, 主要测量鼠类勇敢性、活跃性和探索性; (B)出现实验: 在实验场地中放入一个庇护所, 观察鼠类从庇护所中出来的时间, 主要测量鼠类勇敢性; (C)洞板实验: 在实验场地中放入一块带有孔洞的塑料板, 观察鼠类将头伸入孔洞的次数和时间, 主要测量鼠类探索性。鼠类的图片引用自Gu et al, 2021。
Fig. 2 Schematic representation of the rodent personality measures. (A) Open-field test: The experimental field was divided into central area (non-safe area) and marginal area (safe area) to observe the different behaviors and the time of activity in different areas, mainly measuring the boldness, activity and exploration of rodents; (B) Emergence test: A shelter was placed in the experimental field to observe the latency to emerge of the rodents from the shelter, mainly measuring the boldness of rodents; (C) Hole-board test: A plastic plate with holes was placed in the experimental field to observe the number and time that the rodents had extended its head into the hole, mainly measuring the exploration of rodents. The cartoon of rodent cited from Gu et al, 2021.
图3 分散贮藏鼠类积极主动型个体(a)和被动反应型个体(b)对种子传播的假设。箭头粗细及方块高度表示相对作用强度; 虚线表示事件发生的概率很小(改自Zwolak & Sih, 2020)。与被动反应型个体相比, 积极主动型个体能更好地应对捕食风险, 有更大的活动范围, 并且有更高的能量需求, 所以积极主动型个体可能收集和取食更多种子, 贮藏相对较少的种子, 并将这些少量的种子分散贮藏至远离母树、开阔的地点, 有利于种子萌发和幼苗建成。
Fig. 3 Hypothetical trade-offs involved in seed dispersal by proactive individuals (a) and reactive individuals (b), illustrated with an example of a scatterhoarding rodent. The width of arrows and the height of boxes indicate the relative strength at each stage during seed-seedling period. The dashed lines indicate the low probability of the stages (revised from Zwolak & Sih, 2020). In comparison to reactive individuals, proactive individuals can better cope with the predation risk, have a larger range of activity, and have a higher energy demand, thus active individuals are more likely to collect and eat more seeds, rather than cache them, but active individuals disperse a small number of scatterhoarding seeds to be far away from the mother tree, open place, where is beneficial to seed germination and seedling establishment.
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