长期施肥对水稻生长和抗虫性的影响: 解析土壤生物的贡献

doi:10.17520/biods.2016100

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

合理施肥对保障土壤质量和粮食安全具有重要作用。有机肥促进土壤生物群落的发展已被认为是其优于化肥的重要方面, 然而有机肥影响下的土壤生物群落对作物生长的贡献却了解甚少。了解土壤生物因素对作物抗虫性的贡献不仅可以揭示施肥影响土壤功能的生物调控机制, 而且有助于制定土壤-作物的综合管理措施。本研究采集长期施用有机肥和化肥的水稻土, 通过制备灭活与否的土壤悬液, 在砂培条件下探究土壤生物群落对水稻生长及其抗虫性的影响。结果显示, 土壤生物群落和施肥措施均极显著地影响了土壤养分含量(P < 0.01)。土壤生物的存在降低了土壤铵态氮含量、水稻生物量、茎叶全氮含量以及褐飞虱(Nilaparvata lugens)生物量; 增加了土壤硝态氮含量、水稻的根冠比及水稻根系全氮、可溶性糖以及酚类含量(P < 0.05); 同时, 有机肥处理的土壤生物群落还能够促进水稻茎叶可溶性糖和酚类的合成。接入褐飞虱后, 土壤生物群落的存在显著降低了水稻整体的全氮含量, 促进了酚类的合成(P < 0.05)。研究结果表明, 土壤生物群落, 尤其是有机肥处理的土壤生物群落, 主要通过改变水稻养分向地下部的分配格局、增加根冠比、促进防御性代谢物质(如酚类)的合成来提高水稻地上部对害虫的抗性。

关键词: 土壤生物群落, 施肥, 地上部和地下部, 植食作用, 养分再分配, 抗虫性

Abstract

Fertilization plays an important role in soil quality, food supply and security. Although promoting soil biological development is considered as one of the most critical components that organic fertilizers exert on soil compared with chemical fertilization, less attention has been paid to the fertilization-derived influence on crop growth and insect-resistance via soil biota. Understanding the role of soil biota in crop growth and resistance to insects would not only help explain the biological mechanisms of the fertilization effects on soil functions, but also help identify integrative management techniques for soils and crops. Soil suspension was extracted from long-term organically fertilized soils and chemically fertilized soils. Then, the soil suspension was sterilized or non-sterilized to investigate the soil biota’s effects on rice growth and insect-resistance through a soil-free cultured method. Results showed that soil biota and fertilization significantly affected soil nutrient status (P < 0.01). Soil biota decreased soil ammonium content, rice biomass, shoot nitrogen content and the biomass of Nilaparvata lugens, but increased soil nitrate content, rice root-shoot ratio and the contents of root nitrogen, soluble sugar and phenolics (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, soil biota from organically fertilized soils promoted the synthesis of shoot soluble sugar and shoot phenolics. With the addition of Nilaparvata lugens, soil biota significantly reduced rice nitrogen uptake and promoted phenolic synthesis (P < 0.05). Collectively, soil biota, especially from organically fertilized soils, promoted rice resistance traits by altering the nutrient allocation of rice between aboveground and belowground, and by increasing the root-shoot ratio and the synthesis of phenols.

Key words: soil biota, fertilization, aboveground-belowground, herbivory, nutrient allocation, insect-resistance

蒋林惠, 罗琌, 肖正高, 李大明, 陈小云, 刘满强, 胡锋 (2016) 长期施肥对水稻生长和抗虫性的影响: 解析土壤生物的贡献. 生物多样性, 24, 907-915. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2016100.

Linhui Jiang, Ling Luo, Zhenggao Xiao, Daming Li, Xiaoyun Chen, Manqiang Liu, Feng Hu (2016) Effects of soil biota influenced by long-term organic and chemical fertilizers on rice growth and resistance to insects. Biodiversity Science, 24, 907-915. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2016100.

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https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2016/V24/I8/907

图/表 8

表1 初始土壤及灭活后土壤的理化性质(平均值±标准差, n = 4)

Table 1 Physicochemical properties of original and sterilized soils (mean ± SD, n = 4)

	对照 Non-sterilized		灭活 Sterilized
	化肥 Chemical fertilizer	有机肥 Organic fertilizer	化肥 Chemical fertilizer	有机肥 Organic fertilizer
铵态氮 NH₄⁺-N (mg/kg)	4.34 ± 0.73	2.19 ± 0.53	18.36 ± 0.63	27.35 ± 0.38
硝态氮 NO₃^--N (mg/kg)	75.97 ± 9.73	147.13 ± 3.53	73.12 ± 3.65	143.23 ± 2.65
可溶性有机碳 DOC (mg/kg)	43.86 ± 11.90	34.27 ± 5.56	712.86 ± 4.71	1,074.73 ± 21.17
速效磷 AP (mg/kg)	135.34 ± 1.26	101.01 ± 0.68	21.88 ± 0.00	10.02 ± 0.39
速效钾 AK (mg/kg)	21.03 ± 0.00	34.96 ± 1.51	38.68 ± 1.38	67.00 ± 2.57
pH (H₂O)	6.01 ± 0.21	6.25 ± 0.26	5.77 ± 0.22	5.93 ± 0.23

表2 土壤生物因素(对照和灭活)、施肥因素(化肥和有机肥)及地上部害虫因素(接入和不接入褐飞虱)对土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、可溶性有机碳、pH、茎叶重、根系重和根冠比影响的方差分析结果

Table 2 ANOVA results showing the effects of soil biological factor (non-sterilized vs. sterilized), fertilization management (chemical vs. organic fertilizer) and brown planthopper (with vs. without planthoppers) on content of soil NH4+-N, NO3--N, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), pH, shoot mass, root mass, R/S ratio.

	自由度	铵态氮	硝态氮	可溶性有机碳	pH	茎叶重	根系重	根冠比
	df	NH₄⁺-N	NO₃^--N	DOC	(H₂O)	Shoot mass	Root mass	R/S ratio
灭活 Sterilization (S)	1	427.12^**	62.10^**	108.76^**	60.98^**	151.95^**	47.66^**	28.22^**
施肥 Fertilization (F)	1	11.48^**	16.70^**	22.65^**	27.48^**	9.28^**	0.10^NS	1.24^NS
飞虱 Planthopper (P)	1	2.08^NS	7.89^**	0.05^NS	0.07^NS	210.59^**	10.66^**	101.71^**
灭活×施肥 Sterilization × Fertilization (S × F)	1	7.16^*	0.28^NS	11.46^**	0.94^NS	9.44^**	3.77^NS	8.18^**
灭活×飞虱 Sterilization × Planthopper (S × P)	1	0.25^NS	3.60^NS	0.17^NS	6.05^*	20.62^**	2.39^NS	0.30^NS
施肥×飞虱 Fertilization × Planthopper (F × P)	1	1.13^NS	2.51^NS	0.60^NS	0.17^NS	1.89^NS	5.06^*	1.51^NS
灭活×施肥×飞虱 Sterilization × Fertilization × Planthopper (S × F × P)	1	0.19^NS	1.66^NS	1.52^NS	1.41^NS	1.99^NS	2.53^NS	2.74^NS
Error	24

图1 土壤生物因素(对照和灭活)、施肥因素(化肥和有机肥)及地上部害虫因素(接入和不接入褐飞虱)对土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、可溶性有机碳和pH的影响。不同小写字母表示各处理间差异显著, P < 0.05。

Fig. 1 Effects of soil biological factor (non-sterilized vs. sterilized), fertilization management (chemical vs. organic fertilizer) and brown planthopper (with vs. without planthoppers) on the content of soil NH4+-N、NO3--N、DOC and pH. Different letters among the treatments mean significant differences, P < 0.05.

图2 土壤生物因素(对照和灭活)、施肥因素(化肥和有机肥)及地上部害虫因素(接入和不接入褐飞虱)对植株茎叶重、根系重和根冠比的影响。不同小写字母表示各处理间差异显著, P < 0.05。

Fig. 2 Effects of soil biological factor (non-sterilized vs. sterilized), fertilization management (chemical vs. organic fertilizer) and brown planthopper (with vs. without planthoppers) on shoot mass, root mass and root to shoot ratio. Different letters among the treatments mean significant differences, P < 0.05.

表3 土壤生物因素(对照和灭活)、施肥因素(化肥和有机肥)及地上部害虫因素(接入和不接入褐飞虱)对植株茎叶和根系全氮、可溶性糖及总酚影响的方差分析结果

Table 3 ANOVA results showing the effects of soil biological factor (non-sterilized vs. sterilized), fertilization management (chemical vs. organic fertilizer) and brown planthopper (with vs. without planthoppers) on the content of nitrogen, soluble sugar, phenolic in shoot and root, respectively.

	自由度 df	茎叶氮 Shoot N	根系氮 Root N	茎叶糖 Shoot sugar	根系糖 Root sugar	茎叶酚 Shoot phenolic	根系酚 Root phenolic
灭活 Sterilization (S)	1	151.95^**	35.50^**	9.56^**	39.27^**	20.41^**	15.22^**
施肥 Fertilization (F)	1	9.28^**	27.93^**	31.76^**	0.39^NS	7.71^*	10.49^**
飞虱 Planthopper (P)	1	210.59^**	72.93^**	83.24^**	2.73^NS	1.59^NS	0.57^NS
灭活×施肥 Sterilization × Fertilization (S × F)	1	9.44^**	50.35^**	0.02^NS	0.023^NS	0.62^NS	10.82^**
灭活×飞虱 Sterilization × Planthopper (S × P)	1	20.62^**	2.00^NS	11.45^**	0.42^NS	5.31^*	0.53^NS
施肥×飞虱 Fertilization × Planthopper (F × P)	1	1.89^NS	5.42^*	3.18^NS	2.65^NS	0.30^NS	2.06^NS
灭活×施肥×飞虱 Sterilization × Fertilization × Planthopper (S × F × P)	1	1.99^NS	6.18^*	0.06^NS	12.86^**	4.68^*	0.73^NS
Error	24

图3 土壤生物因素(对照和灭活)、施肥因素(化肥和有机肥)及地上部害虫因素(接入和不接入褐飞虱)对植株茎叶全氮、根系全氮、茎叶可溶性糖、根系可溶性糖、茎叶总酚和根系总酚的影响。不同小写字母表示各处理间差异显著, P < 0.05。

Fig. 3 Effects of soil biological factor (non-sterilized vs. sterilized), fertilization management (chemical vs. organic fertilizer) and brown planthopper (with vs. without planthoppers) on the content of shoot total nitrogen, root total nitrogen, shoot soluble sugar, root soluble sugar, shoot phenolics and root phenolics. Different letters among the treatments mean significant differences, P < 0.05.

图4 土壤生物因素(对照和灭活)及施肥因素(化肥和有机肥)对褐飞虱生物量的影响。不同小写字母表示各处理间差异显著, P < 0.05。

Fig. 4 Effects of soil biological factor (non-sterilized vs. sterilized) and fertilization management (chemical vs. organic fertilizer) on planthopper mass. Different letters among the treatments mean significant differences, P < 0.05.

图5 植株代谢产物和土壤理化性质在土壤生物因素、施肥因素和地上部害虫因素影响下的主成分分析。□代表植株代谢产物和土壤理化性质指标, ●代表不同的处理。

Fig. 5 Principle component analysis (PCA) of plant and soil properties affected by soil biological factor, fertilization management and planthopper.□ plant metabolome and soil physicochemical property; ● different treatments.

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