植物群落清查的主要内容、方法和技术规范

doi:10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.09253

生物多样性 ›› 2009, Vol. 17 ›› Issue (6): 533-548. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.09253

所属专题：群落中的物种多样性：格局与机制

植物群落清查的主要内容、方法和技术规范

方精云¹^,^*(), 王襄平¹^,², 沈泽昊¹, 唐志尧¹, 贺金生¹, 于丹³, 江源⁴, 王志恒¹, 郑成洋¹, 朱江玲¹, 郭兆迪¹

1 北京大学城市与环境学院生态学系, 北京大学生态学研究与教育中心, 北京大学地表过程分析与模拟教育部重点实验室, 北京 100871
2 北京林业大学省部共建森林培育与保护教育部重点实验室, 北京 100083
3 武汉大学生命科学学院, 武汉大学梁子湖湖泊生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站, 武汉 430072
4 北京师范大学资源学院, 北京 100875

收稿日期:2009-10-29 接受日期:2009-11-27 出版日期:2009-11-20 发布日期:2009-11-20
通讯作者: 方精云
作者简介:*E-mail: jyfang@urban.pku.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(40638039);国家自然科学基金(90711002);国家自然科学基金(30721140306)

Methods and protocols for plant community inventory

Jingyun Fang¹^,^*(), Xiangping Wang¹^,², Zehao Shen¹, Zhiyao Tang¹, Jinsheng He¹, Dan Yu³, Yuan Jiang⁴, Zhiheng Wang¹, Chengyang Zheng¹, Jiangling Zhu¹, Zhaodi Guo¹

1 Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Center for Ecological Research & Education, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing 100871
2 Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083
3 College of Life Sciences, and National Field Station for Lake Ecosystem in Liangzi Lake, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072
4 College of Resources Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875

Received:2009-10-29 Accepted:2009-11-27 Online:2009-11-20 Published:2009-11-20
Contact: Jingyun Fang

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

植物群落是不同植物在长期环境变化中相互作用、相互适应而形成的组合。它提供着人类赖以生存的主要物质资源, 维系着地球生态系统的健康和功能, 也为各种动物和其他生物提供食物来源和栖息地, 是人类生存和发展不可或缺的物质基础, 具有不可替代的作用。我国植物群落类型多样, 在世界上首屈一指, 但我国至今尚没有一次全面和系统的植物群落清查, 不仅影响了人们对我国植物资源的了解、利用和保护, 也不利于我国生态学、环境科学和地理学等相关学科的发展。采用统一的方法体系和技术规范开展我国植物群落的清查工作势在必行, 并具有紧迫性。本文基于作者长期的野外工作实践和国内外的群落调查方法, 首先简要定义了与植物群落清查有关的重要概念, 在此基础上, 论述了调查样地的设置原则和体系、群落清查的技术指标和方法、主要优势种生态属性的测定方法和规范, 并介绍了大样地调查的主要步骤。通过本文的介绍、归纳和总结, 试图为制定我国植物群落清查的技术规范提供基础材料和技术储备。

关键词: 植物群落, 样地设置, 群落特征, 物种重要性, 生态属性

Abstract

A plant community is an assemblage of plant populations that live in certain area, and interact with and adapt to one another in the context of long-term environmental changes. Plant communities maintain global ecosystem functions, and provide food and habitats for animals and other organisms. Plant communities also provide primary resources for human survival and development, and are therefore indispensable to human societies. China is among the countries with the most diverse plant communities in the world. However, no systematic national inventory has been conducted for Chinese plant communities. This fact obstructs exploitation and protection of China’s plant resources, and also hampers the development of the fields of Chinese ecology and geography. There is an urgent need to survey Chinese plant communities using consistent methods and protocols. In this paper, we review major concepts in plant community ecology, and propose a framework for developing plant community inventories based on recent progress in community ecology and our own experience with long-term field surveys. Our framework provides protocols for site selection and plot design, items to be measured in a plot, and measurements of functional traits of dominant species. We also review protocols for field surveys of large, long-term plots. The protocols proposed in this paper are expected to be a base for standardizing methodology for inventory of Chinese plant communities.

Key words: plant community, plot design, community attribute, importance of species, ecological traits

方精云, 王襄平, 沈泽昊, 唐志尧, 贺金生, 于丹, 江源, 王志恒, 郑成洋, 朱江玲, 郭兆迪 (2009) 植物群落清查的主要内容、方法和技术规范. 生物多样性, 17, 533-548. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.09253.

Jingyun Fang, Xiangping Wang, Zehao Shen, Zhiyao Tang, Jinsheng He, Dan Yu, Yuan Jiang, Zhiheng Wang, Chengyang Zheng, Jiangling Zhu, Zhaodi Guo (2009) Methods and protocols for plant community inventory. Biodiversity Science, 17, 533-548. DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.09253.

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链接本文: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1003.2009.09253

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/CN/Y2009/V17/I6/533

图/表 16

参考文献 48

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分级 Scale	7	6	5	4	3	2	1
符号 Symbol	soc	cop3	cop2	cop1	sp	sol	un
描述 Description	极多	很多	多	尚多	不多	稀少	单株

分级 Scale	7	6	5	4	3	2	1
符号 Symbol	soc	cop3	cop2	cop1	sp	sol	un
描述 Description	极多	很多	多	尚多	不多	稀少	单株

样方编号				群落类型
调查地点	省县(林业局) 乡(林场) 村(林班)
具体位置描述:
纬度					地形	( )山地 ( )洼地 ( )丘陵 ( )平原 ( )高原
经度					坡位	( )谷地 ( )下部 ( )中下部 ( )中部
海拔						( )中上部 ( )山顶 ( )山脊
坡向					森林起源	( )原始林 ( )次生林 ( )人工林
坡度					干扰程度	( )无干扰 ( )轻微 ( )中度 ( )强度
土壤类型					林龄		群落剖面图:
垂直结构	层高(m)	盖度(%)		优势种
乔木层
亚乔木层
灌木层
草本层
调查人
记录人			调查日期

样方编号				群落类型
调查地点	省县(林业局) 乡(林场) 村(林班)
具体位置描述:
纬度					地形	( )山地 ( )洼地 ( )丘陵 ( )平原 ( )高原
经度					坡位	( )谷地 ( )下部 ( )中下部 ( )中部
海拔						( )中上部 ( )山顶 ( )山脊
坡向					森林起源	( )原始林 ( )次生林 ( )人工林
坡度					干扰程度	( )无干扰 ( )轻微 ( )中度 ( )强度
土壤类型					林龄		群落剖面图:
垂直结构	层高(m)	盖度(%)		优势种
乔木层
亚乔木层
灌木层
草本层
调查人
记录人			调查日期

属性 Traits	建议的计量单位Unit suggested	范围 Range	最小重复数 Minimum replications	推荐的重复数 Suggested replications
叶片属性 Leaf
叶片大小 Leaf size	mm²	1-106	5, 2	10, 2
叶片厚度 Leaf thickness	mm		5, 2	10, 2
叶片干物质含量 Leaf dry matter content	mg/g	50-700	5, 2	10, 2
比叶面积 Specific leaf area	mm²/mg	2-80	5, 2	10, 2
叶寿命 Leaf lifespan	month	0.5-200	3, 12	10, 12
叶片N Leaf N concentration	mg/g	10-60	5, 2	10, 2
叶片P Leaf P concentration	mg/g	0.5-5	5, 2	10, 2
最大光合速率 Maximum photosynthetic rate	μmol·m^-2·s^-1		5, 2	10, 2
气孔导度 Leaf stomatal water conductance	mol·m^-2·s^-1		5, 2	10, 2
蒸腾速率 Leaf transpiration	mol·m^-2·s^-1		5, 2	10, 2
枝干属性 Stem
树皮厚度 Bark thickness	mm		5	10
树干密度 Stem specific density	mg/mm³	0.4-1.2	5	10
心材/边材比率 Heartwood to sapwood area ratio	unitless		5	10
树干高度 Stem height	m	? -100	10	25
根系属性 Root
类型 Root type	cat.		5	10
比根长 Specific root length	m/g	10-500	5, 10	10, 10
细根直径 Fine root diameter	mm		5, 10	10, 10
组织密度 Tissue density	mg/mm³		5, 10	10, 10
细根N Fine root N concentration	mg/g		5, 2	10, 2
细根P Fine root P concentration	mg/g		5, 2	10, 2
繁殖属性 Reproduction
种子大小 Seed mass	mg	10^-3-107	3, 5	10, 5
传播类型 Dispersal mode	cat.		3	3
萌枝能力 Resprouting capacity	unitless	0-100	5	25

植物群落清查的主要内容、方法和技术规范

Methods and protocols for plant community inventory

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属性 Traits	测定方法 Measuring methods
叶片属性 Leaf 叶片大小 Leaf size	叶面积仪(如Delta-T (Cambridge, UK), Li-Cor (Lincoln, Nebraska, USA)), 或扫描仪
叶片厚度 Leaf thickness	显微镜或游标卡尺测量
叶片干物质含量 Leaf dry matter content	叶片装入自封袋, 加水浸湿, 保持12 h以上, 吸掉多余水分, 称鲜重; 60℃烘干至少72 h(或80℃至少48 h), 称干重, 计算
比叶面积 Specific leaf area	面积测定: 叶面积仪(如Delta-T (Cambridge, UK), Li-Cor (Lincoln, Nebraska, USA)。干重测定: 烘箱60℃烘烤至少72 h(或80℃至少48 h), 称干重。由叶面积和干重计算比叶面积。
叶寿命 Leaf lifespan	双子叶植物: 叶片标记法; 单子叶植物: 测定叶片特定区域的生产和死亡动态, 具体见Cornelissen 等(2003b)
叶片N Leaf N concentration	元素分析仪法(2400Ⅱ CHNS/O Elemental Analyzer, Perkin-Elmer, Boston, MA,USA)(He et al., 2006a)或凯氏定氮法
叶片P Leaf P concentration	钼蓝比色法 (Kuo, 1996; He et al., 2008)
最大光合速率 Pn_max	Li-6400便携式光合仪测定, 建议设光照=1,500 μmol/(m²·s¹), [CO₂] = 380 ppm
气孔导度 Gs	Li-6400便携式光合仪测定
蒸腾速率 Tr	Li-6400便携式光合仪测定
枝干属性 Stem
树皮厚度 Bark thickness	游标卡尺测量
树干密度 Stem specific density	体积替代法: 鲜树干完全浸于盛水的量筒中约5 s, 读取增加的体积; 烘箱中60℃烘烤至少72 h (小树干)或96 h (大树干), 称干重。由体积和重量计算树干密度
心材/边材比率 Heartwood to sapwood area ratio	钻取生长芯, 经打磨处理后, 用高精度扫描仪进行图像扫描, 据心材和边材颜色区分其界限, 用年轮分析软件测量每个生长芯的树皮厚度、边材宽度和边材年轮数。以树干横断面为标准圆形计算心材/边材比率
树干高度 Stem height	直接测量法(如激光测距仪)和三角函数法
根系属性 Root
类型 Root type	参照Weaver(1958)或Cannon (1949)
比根长 Specific root length	解剖镜下区分出活的、完整的根, 用目镜测微尺测量长度; 或用WinRHIZO根系分析系统, 60℃下至少烘烤72 h(或80℃至少48 h), 称重, 然后计算比根长
细根直径 Fine root diameter	解剖镜下区分出活的、完整的根, 用目镜测微尺校正细根直径
组织密度 Tissue density	根干重/根体积, 详细内容参见Ryser (1996)
细根N Fine root N concentration	元素分析仪法(如CHNS/O Elemental Analyzer, Perkin-Elmer, Boston, MA, USA)或微量凯氏定氮法
细根P Fine root N concentration	钼蓝比色法 (Kuo, 1996; He et al., 2008)
繁殖属性 Reproduction
种子大小 Seed mass	野外采成熟果实, 清理(洗)出种子, 统计种子数目, 80℃下至少烘烤48 h, 直到恒重, 称重。
传播类型 Dispersal mode	记录所有与传播有关的分类学特征, 据重要性按降序排列。具体分类特征见Cornelissen等(2003b)
萌枝能力 Resprouting capacity	根据萌枝数, 划分等级

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