Biodiv Sci ›› 2021, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (3): 409-418. DOI: 10.17520/biods.2020276
• Forum • Previous Articles
Minlan Li1,2, Chao Wang1,*(), Ruiwu Wang1,*(
)
Received:
2020-07-11
Accepted:
2021-01-04
Online:
2021-03-20
Published:
2021-01-13
Contact:
Chao Wang,Ruiwu Wang
About author:
First author contact:#Co-first authors
Minlan Li, Chao Wang, Ruiwu Wang. Path-dependent speciation in the process of evolution[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2021, 29(3): 409-418.
Fig. 1 Fitness landscape of phenotypes. The solid line shows the fitness landscape observed. When an organism evolves on such a multipeak fitness landscape, it’s easy to be trapped at a lower local peak. The dashed line displays the phenotypic fitness landscape smoothed by reaction norm, i.e., the expect fitness for a genotype with a certain average phenotype. This fitness landscape just has one single peak, which makes it easier for any phenotype to evolve to another one with higher fitness.
Fig. 2 An evolutionary process for phenotype in a population from x0 to xn. An individual selects the next phenotype to evolve with a certain probability according to its instantaneous fitness at each time step, thus many possible paths of phenotype in a population occur including paths a and b. Suppose that trajectory a consists of phenotype ${{x}_{0}},{{x}_{1}},{{x}_{2}},...,{{x}_{n}}$, then the possibility is $P[{{x}_{0}}({{t}_{0}}),{{x}_{1}}({{t}_{1}}),{{x}_{2}}({{t}_{2}}),\ldots,{{x}_{n}}({{t}_{n}})]$。
Fig. 3 The distribution of evolutionary paths. Different colors represent different distribution probability of paths. As time goes by, one phenotype differentiates to other phenotypes with different probabilities. The evolutionary path is continuous in this process because that phenotypes can only evolve to adjacent phenotypes. If the evolutionary results are observed at the moment of t = 1,000, significant discontinuous phenotype differentiation (blue regions) can be seen.
Fig. 4 Path-dependent evolutionary process of states. (a) The frequency distribution curve of states over time. The states represent genotype, phenotype or ecological process. (b) The frequency distribution curve of phenotypes at t = 10, (c) The frequency distribution curve of phenotypes at t = 600. From the perspective of phenotype, the distribution curve changes from unimodal in the early phase to bimodal at t = 600, which means the phenotype differentiates into two phenotypes (25 and 28) at t = 600 from one phenotype (50) in the initial stage. Then we can judge if the species with phenotype 25 and 28 are different species.
Fig. 5 Frequency distribution of phenotypes and genotypes at different time. (a) showing the frequency distribution curve of the state x1(x2) in the early differentiation. (b) demonstrating the frequency distribution curve of the phenotype x1 at a certain moment after differentiation. (c) indicating the frequency distribution curve of the genotype x2 at the same moment after differentiation. Suppose that any two states x1 and x2 of the original species A evolved influenced by random mutation and drift, then different degree of differentiation occurs in the same or different time. When observing in a “cutting plane” of a species evolution, we notice that x1(x2) differentiates into x11(x21) and x12(x22), and the evolution are path-dependent. Meanwhile, if the differentiated phenotypes and the genotypes in a quantity statistics satisfy certain conditions, the individuals with ${{x}_{11}},{{x}_{21}}({{x}_{11}},{{x}_{22}},or{{x}_{12}},{{x}_{21}},or{{x}_{12}},{{x}_{22}})$ are new species, respectively.
Fig. 6 schematic diagram of the species delimitation over time. The state x1 (x2) differentiates at t1(t2). It can be determined whether a specie at different moments is a new species.
Fig. 7 Differentiation of three independent phenotypes from one phenotype of a species at a moment. The figure is a special case of judging whether the phenotypic differentiates completely. There is a continuous and a little difference for the phenotype ?1 within the species (the difference range is ± 0.15), and the phenotype 0 versa. The discontinuity of these two interspecies phenotypes is 1, and the discontinuity is much higher than the intraspecies continuous difference. Therefore, it can be considered that the phenotype meets the requirements for phenotype in the concept of morphological species. Taking into account the differentiation of another state of this species, if the difference satisfies the same conditions, the corresponding individuals can be determined as a new species.
Fig. 8 Different case of phenotype differentiation. Imagine the relation of difference has been satisfied for one biological character. Then we consider phenotypes. In figure 8(a), $d=|{{x}_{1}}-{{x}_{2}}|=|(-6)-6|=12,{{\sigma }_{1}}=3,{{\sigma }_{2}}=3.5,d>{{\sigma }_{1}}$ and $d>{{\sigma }_{2}}$. If individuals in two populations satisfy these conditions, they are different species. In figure 8(b), $d=|{{x}_{1}}-{{x}_{2}}|=|(-2)-2|=4,{{\sigma }_{1}}=4,{{\sigma }_{2}}=3.5,d={{\sigma }_{1}}$ and $d>{{\sigma }_{2}}$. If those individuals satisfy these conditions, they are the same species. In figure 8(c), $d=|{{x}_{1}}-{{x}_{2}}|=|(-2)-2|=4,{{\sigma }_{1}}=8.1,{{\sigma }_{2}}=8.2,d<{{\sigma }_{1}}$ and $d<{{\sigma }_{2}}$. If those individuals satisfy these conditions, they are the same species.
[1] |
Abbott R, Albach D, Ansell S, Arntzen JW, Baird SJE, Bierne N, Boughman J, Brelsford A, Buerkle CA, Buggs R, Butlin RK, Dieckmann U, Eroukhmanoff F, Grill A, Cahan SH, Hermansen JS, Hewitt G, Hudson AG, Jiggins C, Jones J, Keller B, Marczewski T, Mallet J, Martinez-Rodriguez P, Möst M, Mullen S, Nichols R, Nolte AW, Parisod C, Pfennig K, Rice AM, Ritchie MG, Seifert B, Smadja CM, Stelkens R, Szymura JM, Väinölä R, Wolf JBW, Zinner D (2013) Hybridization and speciation. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 26,229-246.
URL PMID |
[2] | Darwin C (1929) The origin of species by means of natural selection. American Anthropologist, 61,176-177. |
[3] |
Frank SA (2011) Natural selection. II. Developmental variability and evolutionary rate. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 24,2310-2320.
URL PMID |
[4] | Hedberg O (1958) The taxonomic treatment of vicarious taxa. Uppsala Universitets Arsskrift, 6,186-195. |
[5] | Hong DY (2016) Biodiversity pursuits need a scientific and operative species concept. Biodiversity Science, 24,979-999. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[ 洪德元 (2016) 生物多样性事业需要科学、可操作的物种概念. 生物多样性, 24,979-999.]. | |
[6] | Li QJ, Li Y (2010) Lamarck redux—A revisit of Darwinism. Journal of Biology, 27(2),55-57. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[ 李启剑, 李越 (2010) 拉马克的归来: 对达尔文主义的再审视. 生物学杂志, 27(2),55-57.]. | |
[7] | Liu JQ (2016) “The integrative species concept” and “species on the speciation way”. Biodiversity Science, 24,1004-1008. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[ 刘建全 (2016) “整合物种概念”和“分化路上的物种”. 生物多样性, 24,1004-1008.]. | |
[8] | Lu BR, Wang Z (2016) What is a species: Conflict between evolutionary continuity and taxonomic discontinuity. Chinese Science Bulletin, 61,2663-2669. (in Chinese with English abstract) |
[ 卢宝荣, 王哲 (2016) 什么是物种: 进化连续性与分类间断性冲突的产物. 科学通报, 61,2663-2669.]. | |
[9] | Maynard Smith J (1982) Evolution and the theory of games. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. |
[10] | Traulsen A, Iwasa Y, Nowak MA (2007) The fastest evolutionary trajectory. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 249,617-623. |
[11] | Nowak MA (2006) Evolutionary Dynamics:Exploring the Equations of Life. Harvard University Press, Cambridge. |
[12] | Wang RW (2021) The End of Rationality and Selfness—A Story on the Asymmetry, Uncertainty and Evolution of Cooperation. China Commerce and Trade Press, Beijing. (in Chinese) (in press) |
王瑞武 (2021) 理性与自私的终结——非对称性、不确定性与社会合作行为. 中国商务出版社, 北京. | |
[13] | Wilkins JS (2009) Species: A History of the Idea. University of California Press, Berkeley. |
[14] | Zhou CF, Yang G (2011) Existence and Definition of Species. Science Press, Beijing. (in Chinese) |
周长发, 杨光 (2011) 物种的存在与定义. 科学出版社, 北京. |
[1] | Weifeng Xiao Lüxing Zuo Wentao Yang Chaokui Li. Generating pseudo-absence samples of invasive species based on the similarity of geographical environment in the Yangtze River Economic Belt [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2023, 31(1): 22094-. |
[2] | Minhao Chen Chao Zhang Jiadong Wang Zhenjie Zhan Junzhi Chen Xiaofeng Luan. Distribution and niche overlap of American mink and Eurasian otter in Northeast China [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2023, 31(1): 22289-. |
[3] | Keyi WU Wenda Ruan Difeng Zhou Qingchun Chen Chengyun Zhang Xinyuan Pan Shang Yu Yang Liu Rongbo Xiao. Syllable clustering analysis-based passive acoustic monitoring technology and its application in bird monitoring [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2023, 31(1): 22370-. |
[4] | Ziyu Ma, Zaixin He, Yiqing Wang, Dazhao Song, Fan Xia, Shiming Cui, Hongxin Su, Jianlin Deng, Ping Li, Sheng Li. An update on the current distribution and key habitats of the clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) populations in China [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2022, 30(9): 22349-. |
[5] | Tongyi Liu, Liyun Jiang, Gexia Qiao. Annual report of new insect taxa of Chinese Hemiptera and 28 other orders described in 2021 [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2022, 30(8): 22300-. |
[6] | Hongbo Ding, Shishun Zhou, Jianwu Li, Jianyong Shen, Xingda Ma, Jian Huang, Yu Song, Xuemei Wen, Ming Lei, Yanli Tu, Yaowu Xing, Yunhong Tan. Additions to the seed plant flora in Xizang, China [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2022, 30(8): 22085-. |
[7] | Ludan Zhang, Ying Lu, Chang Chu, Qiaoqiao He, Zhiyuan Yao. New spider taxa of the world in 2021 [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2022, 30(8): 22163-. |
[8] | Chunpeng Guo, Maojun Zhong, Xiaoyi Wang, Shengnan Yang, Ke Tang, Lele Jia, Chunlan Zhang, Junhua Hu. An updated species checklist of amphibians and reptiles in Fujian Province, China [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2022, 30(8): 22090-. |
[9] | Ke Wang, Lei Cai. Annual review on nomenclature novelties of fungi in the world (2021) [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2022, 30(8): 22277-. |
[10] | Xia Wan, Li-Bing Zhang. Global new taxa of vascular plants published in 2021 [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2022, 30(8): 22116-. |
[11] | Jianping Jiang, Bo Cai, Bin Wang, Weitao Chen, Zhixin Wen, Dezhi Zhang. New vertebrate forms discovered in China in 2021 [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2022, 30(8): 22225-. |
[12] | Wenxuan Xu, Feng Xu, Wei Ma, Muyang Wang, Jiancheng Wang, Weikang Yang. Proposing a quantitative selection method for determining flagship species based on an analytic hierarchy process [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2022, 30(8): 21536-. |
[13] | Hong Qian, Jian Zhang, Jingchao Zhao. How many known vascular plant species are there in the world? An integration of multiple global plant databases [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2022, 30(7): 22254-. |
[14] | Huihui Xi, Yiqing Wang, Yuezhi Pan, Tian Xu, Qingqing Zhan, Jian Liu, Xiuyan Feng, Xun Gong. Resources and protection of Cycas plants in China [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2022, 30(7): 21495-. |
[15] | Longfei Fu, Alexandre K. Monro, Yigang Wei. Cataloguing vascular plant diversity of karst caves in China [J]. Biodiv Sci, 2022, 30(7): 21537-. |
Viewed | ||||||
Full text |
|
|||||
Abstract |
|
|||||
Copyright © 2022 Biodiversity Science
Editorial Office of Biodiversity Science, 20 Nanxincun, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, China
Tel: 010-62836137, 62836665 E-mail: biodiversity@ibcas.ac.cn