Habitat simplification reshapes the fig-fig wasp interaction network: Adaptive responses of volatile composition and community structure

doi:10.17520/biods.2025328

Abstract

Abstract:

Aim: The botanical garden, as a relatively homogenized artificial environment, offers an ideal model for exploring environmental adaptation mechanisms in plant-pollinator interactions. This study aims to investigate how the translocation of fig trees (Ficus auriculata) to botanical gardens influences the composition of fig volatiles, the structure of fig wasp communities, and the stability of their obligate mutualistic interactions relative to natural habitats.

Method: We analyzed volatile compounds emitted during the female flowering phase of male fig trees using dynamic headspace sampling combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Concurrently, we collected fig wasp communities from male flowering phase figs in male trees to compare community structure and interaction networks between natural habitats and botanical garden.

Results: (1) Volatile compositions differed significantly between the two habitats. Natural habitat figs emitted more defense-related fatty acid derivatives, while botanical garden figs predominantly released terpene compounds that attract pollinating wasps. (2) Fig wasp communities also exhibited marked differences. Natural habitats had higher wasp diversity and a greater proportion of non-pollinating wasps, whereas pollinators accounted for 99.07% of individuals in botanical garden, compared to 76.55% in natural habitats. (3) The fig-fig wasp interaction network in natural habitats showed higher connectivity, modularity, and robustness, suggesting greater complexity and adaptability. In contrast, botanical garden network exhibited stronger specialization and nestedness, with the homogenized environment increasing the sensitivity of fig wasp communities to environmental change.

Conclusion: This study is the first to systematically demonstrate how the fig-fig wasp interaction network adapts to artificial environments through changes in chemical signaling and community structure. The results confirm that habitat simplification can reshape obligate mutualisms by altering volatile profiles and niche partitioning. These findings enhance our understanding of the environmental adaptability of specialized mutualistic systems and offer important insights for the ex situ conservation of fig trees and biodiversity management strategies.

Key words: natural habitat, ex situ conservation, obligate mutualistic system, volatiles, fig wasp community, interaction network

Yu Luo, Xuyan Zheng, Li Cao, Bo Wang, Yanqiong Peng, Yinling Luo, Huiping Zhou, Xiaofang Yang, Baige Miao, Chaoya Wang, Jie Gao. Habitat simplification reshapes the fig-fig wasp interaction network: Adaptive responses of volatile composition and community structure[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2026, 34(2): 25328.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2025328

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2026/V34/I2/25328

Figures/Tables 7

References 51

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科 Family	物种 Species	分类特征 Taxonomic characteristics	生物学功能 Biological function
榕小蜂科Agaonidae	Ceratosolen emarginatus	体棕黑色, 足黄色, 翅棕色, 单复眼黑红色, 翅棕色, 无腹柄 Body brownish-black; legs flavous; wings brown; ocelli and compound eyes nigro-rufous; petiole absent	传粉者 Pollinator
金小蜂亚科Pteromalinae	Sycoscapter roxburghi	体呈金属黄绿, 单、复眼红色, 触角梗节和鞭节棕色, 足黄色, 腹部背板背面铁锈色, 翅透明, 不具腹柄, 产卵器的长度约是身体5.7倍, 是腹部的10.5倍, 产卵器尾部膨大 Body metallic yellowish-green; ocelli and compound eyes rufous; pedicel and funicle fuscous; legs flavous; dorsal terga ferruginous; wings hyaline; petiole absent; ovipositor 5.7 × body length, 10.5 × abdomen length, apex swollen	非传粉 Non-pollinator 寄生蜂-寄居蜂 Parasite-inquiline
金小蜂亚科Pteromalinae	Philotrypesis longicaudata	体黄黑色, 触角柄节黄色, 梗节棕色, 鞭节黑色; 前胸背板整体黄色, 足黄色, 不具腹柄, 产卵器的长度近似身体的4倍 Body yellow and black; scape flavous, pedicel fuscous, funicle niger; pronotum entirely flavous; legs flavous; petiole absent; ovipositor ca. 4 × body length	非传粉 Non-pollinator 寄居蜂 Inquiline
长鞘榕小蜂亚科Sycophaginae	Sycophaga sp. 1	体呈黑色, 复眼和单眼红色, 前胸背板和足黄色, 翅透明; 不具腹柄, 产卵器散开, 其长度约为身体的3.7倍, 是腹部的8.2倍 Body niger; compound eyes and ocelli rufous; pronotum and legs flavous; wings hyaline; petiole absent; ovipositor exserted, ca. 3.7 × body length, 8.2 × abdomen length	非传粉 Non-pollinator 造瘿蜂 Gall maker
	Sycophaga sp. 2	体呈黑色, 复眼和单眼红色, 足黄色, 翅透明; 不具腹柄, 产卵器散开, 其长度约为身体的5.7倍, 是腹部的14.3倍 Body niger; compound eyes and ocelli rufous; legs flavous; wings hyaline; petiole absent; ovipositor exserted, ca. 5.7 × body length, 14.3× abdomen length	未知 Unkown
	Sycophaga sp. 3	体呈黑色, 复眼和单眼红色, 足黄色, 翅透明; 不具腹柄, 产卵器散开, 产卵器短 Body niger; compound eyes and ocelli rufous; legs flavous; wings hyaline; petiole absent; ovipositor exserted, short	未知 Unkown

科 Family	物种 Species	分类特征 Taxonomic characteristics	生物学功能 Biological function
榕小蜂科Agaonidae	Ceratosolen emarginatus	体棕黑色, 足黄色, 翅棕色, 单复眼黑红色, 翅棕色, 无腹柄 Body brownish-black; legs flavous; wings brown; ocelli and compound eyes nigro-rufous; petiole absent	传粉者 Pollinator
金小蜂亚科Pteromalinae	Sycoscapter roxburghi	体呈金属黄绿, 单、复眼红色, 触角梗节和鞭节棕色, 足黄色, 腹部背板背面铁锈色, 翅透明, 不具腹柄, 产卵器的长度约是身体5.7倍, 是腹部的10.5倍, 产卵器尾部膨大 Body metallic yellowish-green; ocelli and compound eyes rufous; pedicel and funicle fuscous; legs flavous; dorsal terga ferruginous; wings hyaline; petiole absent; ovipositor 5.7 × body length, 10.5 × abdomen length, apex swollen	非传粉 Non-pollinator 寄生蜂-寄居蜂 Parasite-inquiline
金小蜂亚科Pteromalinae	Philotrypesis longicaudata	体黄黑色, 触角柄节黄色, 梗节棕色, 鞭节黑色; 前胸背板整体黄色, 足黄色, 不具腹柄, 产卵器的长度近似身体的4倍 Body yellow and black; scape flavous, pedicel fuscous, funicle niger; pronotum entirely flavous; legs flavous; petiole absent; ovipositor ca. 4 × body length	非传粉 Non-pollinator 寄居蜂 Inquiline
长鞘榕小蜂亚科Sycophaginae	Sycophaga sp. 1	体呈黑色, 复眼和单眼红色, 前胸背板和足黄色, 翅透明; 不具腹柄, 产卵器散开, 其长度约为身体的3.7倍, 是腹部的8.2倍 Body niger; compound eyes and ocelli rufous; pronotum and legs flavous; wings hyaline; petiole absent; ovipositor exserted, ca. 3.7 × body length, 8.2 × abdomen length	非传粉 Non-pollinator 造瘿蜂 Gall maker
	Sycophaga sp. 2	体呈黑色, 复眼和单眼红色, 足黄色, 翅透明; 不具腹柄, 产卵器散开, 其长度约为身体的5.7倍, 是腹部的14.3倍 Body niger; compound eyes and ocelli rufous; legs flavous; wings hyaline; petiole absent; ovipositor exserted, ca. 5.7 × body length, 14.3× abdomen length	未知 Unkown
	Sycophaga sp. 3	体呈黑色, 复眼和单眼红色, 足黄色, 翅透明; 不具腹柄, 产卵器散开, 产卵器短 Body niger; compound eyes and ocelli rufous; legs flavous; wings hyaline; petiole absent; ovipositor exserted, short	未知 Unkown

互作网络 Interaction networks	连接度 Connectance	互作专化度 Specialization	加权嵌套性 WNODF	模块性 Modularity	稳健性 Robustness
自然生境 Natural habitat	0.87 (0.85 ± 0.03)	0.21 (0.29 ± 0.05)	35.92 (37.37 ± 4.13)	0.14 (0.29 ± 0.04)	0.75 (0.68 ± 0.01)
植物园 Botanical garden	0.31 (0.33 ± 0.03)	0.36 (0.78 ± 0.09)	46.81 (16.37 ± 3.87)	0.01 (0.04 ± 0.13)	0.49 (0.40 ± 0.04)
置换检验 Permutation t-test	Z = 6.21, P < 0.05	Z = -5.99, P < 0.05	Z = 5.84, P < 0.05	Z = -3.02, P < 0.05	Z = 6.14, P < 0.05

互作网络 Interaction networks	连接度 Connectance	互作专化度 Specialization	加权嵌套性 WNODF	模块性 Modularity	稳健性 Robustness
自然生境 Natural habitat	0.87 (0.85 ± 0.03)	0.21 (0.29 ± 0.05)	35.92 (37.37 ± 4.13)	0.14 (0.29 ± 0.04)	0.75 (0.68 ± 0.01)
植物园 Botanical garden	0.31 (0.33 ± 0.03)	0.36 (0.78 ± 0.09)	46.81 (16.37 ± 3.87)	0.01 (0.04 ± 0.13)	0.49 (0.40 ± 0.04)
置换检验 Permutation t-test	Z = 6.21, P < 0.05	Z = -5.99, P < 0.05	Z = 5.84, P < 0.05	Z = -3.02, P < 0.05	Z = 6.14, P < 0.05