The spatio-temporal distribution patterns of Tragopan temminckii in Wanglang National Nature Reserve

doi:10.17520/biods.2024537

Abstract

Abstract:

Aims: Understanding the spatio-temporal distribution of wildlife is crucial for the effective conservation of forest ecosystems. Studies on the spatio-temporal distribution patterns of wildlife provides key insights into ecosystem structure and function analysis, contributing to the precise formulation of conservation strategies and management plans. As a national second-class protected species, Tragopan temminckii plays an important role in maintaining forest ecosystem balance.

Methods: To explore the spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of Tragopan temminckii, a total of 83 infrared cameras were deployed at different periods from January 2011 to May 2019 in Wanglang National Nature Reserve (WLNNR). The optimized MaxEnt model, kernel density estimation, and one-sample t-test were applied to analyze the species’ suitability and activity rhythm from both spatial and temporal perspectives.

Results: (1) The potential suitable habitat area of Tragopan temminckii was 6,858 ha, accounting for 22.2% of the total area in WLNNR. (2) Vegetation was the main factor affecting the habitat distribution, while annual precipitation, mean temperature of driest quarter, and aspect were secondary factors. (3) Tragopan temminckii showed a typical diurnal activity pattern (diurnal-nocturnal index β > 13/24), and a unimodal pattern in daily activity rhythm (Φ = 17.777), peaking at around 11:00 AM. (4) There was no significant difference in the monthly daily-discrepancy index (α = 0.069 (t= -1.6847, df= 11, P > 0.05)) or in the diurnal-nocturnal index (β= 0.68 (t= -0.0764, df= 11, P > 0.05)). (5) Cold and warm season activity rhythms exhibited a moderate overlap (∆₄ = 0.78) but differed significantly (P < 0.01). During the cold season, peak activity occurred around 8:00 AM and 18:00 PM, whereas in the warm season, peak activity was delayed by 3 to 4 hours, occurring at around 11:00 AM.

Conclusion: The study identified vegetation as the primary factor influencing the spatio-temporal distribution of Tragopan temminckii, with climatic and topographical variables also playing significant roles. The species exhibited a diurnal activity pattern, with peak activity at noon, and its daily activity rhythm varied significantly with season, reflecting ecological adaptation strategies. By filling the knowledge gap of spatio-temporal ecological niche for Tragopan temminckii in WLNNR, this study provides a scientific foundation for future conservation and management within the reserve.

Key words: MaxEnt model, suitable habitat, activity rhythm, kernel density estimation, infrared camera

Lü Zhou, Hua Guo, Shimao Yao, Cheng Tian. The spatio-temporal distribution patterns of Tragopan temminckii in Wanglang National Nature Reserve[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2025, 33(7): 24537.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2024537

https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/Y2025/V33/I7/24537

Figures/Tables 8

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编号 Number	代码 Code	变量 Variable
1	bio 1	年均温 Annual mean temperature
2	bio 6	最冷月最低温 Min. temperature of coldest month
3	bio 8	最湿季平均温 Mean temperature of wettest quarter
4	bio 9	最干季平均温 Mean temperature of driest quarter
5	bio 12	年降水量 Annual precipitation
6	bio 13	最湿月降水量 Precipitation of wettest month
7	Altitude	海拔 Altitude
8	Aspect	坡向 Aspect
9	Slope	坡度 Slope
10	NDVI	归一化植被指数 Normalized difference vegetation index

编号 Number	代码 Code	变量 Variable
1	bio 1	年均温 Annual mean temperature
2	bio 6	最冷月最低温 Min. temperature of coldest month
3	bio 8	最湿季平均温 Mean temperature of wettest quarter
4	bio 9	最干季平均温 Mean temperature of driest quarter
5	bio 12	年降水量 Annual precipitation
6	bio 13	最湿月降水量 Precipitation of wettest month
7	Altitude	海拔 Altitude
8	Aspect	坡向 Aspect
9	Slope	坡度 Slope
10	NDVI	归一化植被指数 Normalized difference vegetation index

环境要素 Environmental factor	贡献率 Contribution rate (%)
归一化植被指数 Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)	63.0
年降水量 Annual precipitation (bio 12)	16.0
最干季平均温 Mean temperature of driest quarter (bio 9)	5.7
坡向 Aspect (Aspect)	4.8
坡度 Slope (Slope)	3.3
海拔 Altitude (Altitude)	3.1
最湿季平均温 Mean temperature of wettest quarter (bio 8)	1.6
最湿月降水量 Precipitation of wettest month (bio 13)	0.9
最冷月最低温 Min. temperature of coldest month (bio 6)	0.8
年均温 Annual mean temperature (bio 1)	0.7

环境要素 Environmental factor	贡献率 Contribution rate (%)
归一化植被指数 Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)	63.0
年降水量 Annual precipitation (bio 12)	16.0
最干季平均温 Mean temperature of driest quarter (bio 9)	5.7
坡向 Aspect (Aspect)	4.8
坡度 Slope (Slope)	3.3
海拔 Altitude (Altitude)	3.1
最湿季平均温 Mean temperature of wettest quarter (bio 8)	1.6
最湿月降水量 Precipitation of wettest month (bio 13)	0.9
最冷月最低温 Min. temperature of coldest month (bio 6)	0.8
年均温 Annual mean temperature (bio 1)	0.7