Research progress on acoustic monitoring of cetaceans

doi:10.17520/biods.2024556

Abstract

Abstract:

Background & Aim: Cetaceans are key indicator species of marine ecosystems, and effective monitoring of their population dynamics is essential for biodiversity conservation. Traditional ship-based visual survey methods are constrained by multiple factors such as sea conditions, weather visibility and labor costs, making it difficult to achieve spatial and temporal continuity of ecological monitoring. Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) breaks through the traditional monitoring bottleneck by deploying hydrophones to receive cetacean acoustic signals and environmental noise in real-time, achieving all-weather, non-invasive and three-dimensional monitoring of cetaceans. We conducted a systematic review of cetacean acoustic monitoring literature published between 2004 and June 2024, categorizing findings into five thematic areas. Our analysis identified recent research achievements and persistent challenges, and proposes strategic recommendations for advancing acoustic monitoring applications in China.

Review Results: Our meta-analysis identified 1,089 relevant papers, revealing limited publication output between 2004 and 2010 followed by exponential growth post-2016. The analyzed literature coalesces into five research domains: (1) equipment development and technical methods (19.9%), (2) acoustic signals and communication patterns (18.7%), (3) population and spatial ecology (38.0%), (4) ecological behavioral patterns of cetaceans (15.1%), and (5) conservation and management applications (8.3%). Technological convergence such as deep learning has revolutionized high-throughput acoustic data processing. Contemporary research extends beyond acoustic signal types to population dynamics, soundscape ecology and behavioral patterns, establishing acoustic monitoring as a critical tool in cetacean conservation and management.

Perspectives: This review synthesizes contemporary advancements in cetacean bioacoustics and outlines strategic pathways for China’s nascent research initiatives. We propose five evidence-driven priorities to advance both scientific understanding and conservation applications: (1) advance technological innovation by developing next-generation autonomous recording systems and intelligent analytical tools tailored to cetacean vocalizations; (2) implement holistic monitoring systems that synergize multi-dimensional acoustic data with environmental and behavioral datasets through sensor network integration; (3) establish unified national archives featuring standardized protocols for data sharing and collaboration, incorporating blockchain technology for traceability; (4) strengthen interdisciplinary capacity through specialized training programs integrating marine acoustics, ecology, and computational modeling; (5) expand participatory science frameworks via targeted science communication campaigns and citizen science platforms for coastal communities. These strategic priorities aim to bridge existing research gaps and advance evidence-based cetacean conservation.

Key words: cetaceans, acoustic monitoring, deep learning, population dynamics, habitat use, conservation management

Fengxiang Zhou, Xixia Lu, Liming Yong, Qianhui Zeng, Liangliang Yang, Ping Li, Yuke Zhang, Xianyan Wang. Research progress on acoustic monitoring of cetaceans[J]. Biodiv Sci, 2025, 33(7): 24556.

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URL: https://www.biodiversity-science.net/EN/10.17520/biods.2024556

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Figures/Tables 5

References 152

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	须鲸 Mysticeti	齿鲸 Odontoceti
核心听觉/发声器官 Core auditory/vocal organs	耳蜗、喉部结构 Cochlear and laryngeal structures	额隆、鼻腔系统 Melon and nasal system
敏感频段 Sensitive frequency band	10 Hz−1 kHz	2−150 kHz
最佳听阈 Optimal hearing threshold	90−120 dB re 1 µPa (以水声强度为基准 Based on the intensity of underwater sound)	50−70 dB re 1 µPa
生态适应 Ecological adaptation	减少信道衰减, 利于深潜通讯 Reduce channel attenuation for deep-sea communication	精准空间感知, 利于捕猎 Accurate spatial perception facilitates prey capture

	须鲸 Mysticeti	齿鲸 Odontoceti
核心听觉/发声器官 Core auditory/vocal organs	耳蜗、喉部结构 Cochlear and laryngeal structures	额隆、鼻腔系统 Melon and nasal system
敏感频段 Sensitive frequency band	10 Hz−1 kHz	2−150 kHz
最佳听阈 Optimal hearing threshold	90−120 dB re 1 µPa (以水声强度为基准 Based on the intensity of underwater sound)	50−70 dB re 1 µPa
生态适应 Ecological adaptation	减少信道衰减, 利于深潜通讯 Reduce channel attenuation for deep-sea communication	精准空间感知, 利于捕猎 Accurate spatial perception facilitates prey capture